SUBJECT Business research method

ASSIGNMENT Proposal of factors effecting the air traffic management

SUBMITTED TO Miss khansa iram

SUBMITTED BY Abdul latif (10157)

ABSTRACT
As the demand of the use of air space increase day by day with in the aviation world so the need of active flow of traffic is become demand .with the help of air traffic management traffic can assist and manage at airport and in the air .there are many factors which effect the air traffic management which are airport ground capacity, air traffic services and new technology including new aircrafts, navigational systems etc. These factors have an important role in air traffic management and also express in previous study but there are many loopholes in previous studies on which work can done. This paper will use to find out the effects of above mention variables on air traffic management. Data for this purpose is collected through questionnaire and analyze through different tests.

INTRODUCTION:
As air transport demand keeps growing more quickly than the system capacity. Efficient and effective management of system capacity becomes essential to the operation of the future global air traffic system. Although research in the past two decades has made significant progress in relevant research fields, e.g. air traffic flow management and airport capacity modeling, research loopholes in air traffic management still exist and links between different research areas are required to enhance the system performance of air traffic management. Aviation is a wide and continues growing industry. Aviation industry is growing up so rapidly. New Aircrafts with latest technologies and new electronic systems are developing and using in aircrafts and at ground as well, humans efforts are reducing in operating them and wide bodied aircraft having a capacity of more than 800 passengers are made. But on the other way the Air traffic is become dangerous enough to operate and handle. Due to lot of Air Traffic the work load of Air Traffic Controllers are increased. Air traffic management becomes important need of recent era. The objective is to research about the issue of air traffic management to prioritize productive research areas. Air traffic management is categorized into two levels: System and Airport.. Advance aircrafts and technology is also an important thing which directly affects the air traffic management. In the past researches some scholars and investigators overlook the factors that effecting the air traffic management. Odoni.N examines the problem of scheduling flight at single runway airport and multi-runway airport for the flow of air traffic .Moreover Krozel.j and

Peter.E.M emprise on decentralize techniques for the separation of air and ground traffic. Wim Den.B also contributes to explain advance air ground data link system for air traffic management. Purpose statement: The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between air traffic management and different factors which directly or indirectly affects its capacity. The factors including ground capacity, air traffic services and new advance technology (latest aircrafts, navigational systems and air to ground data link system) which affect the air traffic management. Background information is important for this study. Through background information the previous work and important critical points which helpful in air traffic management will findout.one part of the study define the air traffic management that is, how traffic manage and accommodate in airfield and at the ground, the other factors including ground capacity, ATC services (separation minimas,radar and navigational services etc.)and new advance air crafts which are responsible for the flow of air traffic and manage it . Objective statement: The objective of this study is To make the air traffic management effective To know how ground capacity at airports important in flow of air traffic To understand the abilities of air traffic services for accommodate and manage air traffic To understand the new technology for the air traffic management

Research Question and Hypothesis: The research question for this study is: What are the factors that affecting the air traffic management? Hypothesis:

H1: There is relation between airport ground capacity and air traffic management. H0: There is no relationship between airport ground capacity and air traffic management. H2: There is a relationship between air traffic services and air traffic management. H0: There is no relationship between air traffic services and air traffic management. H3: There is a relation between new aviation technology and air traffic management. H0: There is no relationship between new aviation technology and air traffic management. Significance statement: Air traffic management is so much important for the airport managers as well because at ground level all the air traffic is manage and control under their instructions .aircrafts ground holding ,bay planning ,allocations of parking bays are controlled by air traffic controllers which are directly under the instructions of managers .air traffic management is a complex term which cover a lot of terms including air crafts operations ,human factors ,technology factors ,ground capacity, and air traffic services etc. properly planed air traffic management concept will help the managers to accommodate and manage the air traffic at ground and in air side of the airport .a proper planned ATM will reduce the aircrafts delays , ground holdings ,on ground and in air accidents .at busiest airports of the world air traffic management concept will help the managers to assist the traffic to remain in flow In aviation world ICAO(international civil aviation authority define all the policies and procedures and give recommended practices. The standard and recommended practices are implemented on each country according to their operational limitations .Air traffic management will also help the policy makers to define procedures for ground holding , ground capacity ,airport capacity, airport designing ,airspace separations ,vertical and horizontal separation ,use and installation of new technology including (radars , navigational systems etc )which assist the air traffic and manage it through ATM standers will be given for aircrafts airworthiness and operations and it will helpful to make policies effective and to meet the future requirement of air traffic flow management

LITERATURE REVIEW:
Odoni.N (1987) examine problem of scheduling flight at single runway airport and multi-runway airport for the flow of air traffic. The purpose of his work is to make decisions about ground holds of single runway airports and multi-runway airports .he works on airport ground capacity and its attachment with ATFM (air traffic flow management). Deterministic vs stochastic models are use which are distinguished by weather the capacity of the system (airport and sector of airspaces) are assumed deterministic or probabistic. Slattery.R and Steve.G(1994) describe the conflict free trajectory planning for air traffic atomization. The purpose of their study is long range planning for the arrival traffic and development in central TRACON atomization system (CTAS). They work on arrival traffic load and ability of air traffic controller to assist them. Through CTAS they determine optimum land schedules for arrival traffic and assist controllers to meet them safely and effectively. Wim Den.R(1992)explore the advance air ground data link system for air traffic management. The purpose of the study is focused on airborne and ground based procedures for handling aircraft equipped with 4 dimensional flight management system and ensure conflict free traffic flow. He work on link between ATC (air traffic controller) communication and advance 4 dimensional (flight management system) aircrafts and data link messages . Data is collected through questionnaire, surveys at ATC System Command Center and analyze the data link recorded messages. The findings of their studies is air-ground data-link system was developed to investigate integration of aircraft and ATC system capabilities. Dimitris.B(1996) understand the air traffic flow management problem with enroute capacities. The purpose of his studies is to build a model for managing the capacity of national airspace system (NAS) and capacity of airports .he focus on how each flight going to be held on ground and in air, in order to minimize the total delay cost. He collect data through surveys and proposed models. Krozel .J and peter.E.M(2000) emphasizing on decentralized control techniques for distribution of air and ground traffic separation .the purpose of his study is to allow distributed decision making for traffic separation and traffic flow management .they focus on positive air traffic control system including distributed control system ,hybrid control system. The conclusions of their studies are,

Hierarchical Control: it forms the structure of a high level ATM working with a lower level ATC system, Distributed Control: the ATC system is designed to be spatially distributed to those airspace locations where clusters of aircraft form conflicts. Todd.J and Johnson.W.W (2000) works on agent based support for distributed air /ground traffic management simulation research .the purpose of the study is extending a large scale distributed simulation to access the feasibility, benefits, flexibility and scalability of distributed air /ground traffic management concept. They work on different variables including air traffic control positions, flight simulations; aircrafts control stations and simulation support function. Data is collected from air traffic controllers, simulation pilots through interview and open ended questionnaires .the conclusion of their studies is that simulation process help the pilots and controllers to handles the different situation in air and on the ground. Had .B and Bakker.G.J(1995) describe the accident risk assessment for advance air traffic management .the purpose of their studies is first to design advance ATM (air traffic management) which provide sufficient capacity and next to extend the design with safety features .they work on air traffic management ,aircraft operations and technical systems( software and hardware).data is collected through survey and analysis done through different models including accident risk modeling cognitive human modeling . Wolfe.S.R (2000) examine the supporting of air traffic flow management with agent . the purpose of his study is air traffic flow management with careful planning and re-planning requiring controllers to react anticipate development in dynamic system in order to keep traffic flowing without compromising safety. He works on different variables including beneficial air traffic management decisions and agentbased decisions .findings of his work is air traffic management is high strike complex system that has maintained a remarkable safety record and agent based decision will improve the system. Nilim.A and dowong.V(1992)explain the multi-aircraft routing and traffic flow management under uncertainty. The purpose of their study is to find solution for delay and uncertainty in the air traffic due to poor weather condition. They work on different variables included traffic management, storm zones and weather conditions. Data is collected through survey and simulator result. The finding of their study is that the air traffic flow management is a tool that can be by air traffic

controllers or flight dispatchers to dynamically route multiple aircrafts under uncertain weather conditions.

Theoretical model

Airport ground capacity

Air Traffic Services

Air Traffic Management

New Aviation technology

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
Positivism is scientific methods and a philosophical approach, theory, or system based on the view that, knowledge is based on experience and senses and can be obtained by observation and experience. Positivism is a deductive approach in which theory is generated. The process of theory generation is done in this paradigm. Positivism is also called Scientific Method, Empirical Science, Post positivism and Quantitative Research. Interpretivism refers to approaches emphasizing the meaningful nature of people's participation in social and cultural life. The methods of natural science are seen as inappropriate for such

investigation. This approach is used for the theory verification. It is also called Constructivism, Social Constructivism and Qualitative research. Individuals seek an understanding of the world in which they live and work. Interpretivism relates to various historical debates in the philosophy and sociology of science. Interpretivism use research methods which rely more on ethnographic fieldwork, conversation/discourse analysis or open-ended interviews. Pragmatism is typically associated with the mixed method research. Pragmatism is not committed to any one system of philosophy and reality the researchers are free to use form both quantitative and qualitative assumption method, techniques and procedures of research that meet their best needs.it is also called multitrait, multimethod, integrated or combine research. The data collection also involves gathering both numeric information as well as text information so that the final database represents both quantitative and qualitative information.

Tools of data collections: Positivism research approach will use for this study through questionnaire. Questionnaire is preformulated written set of questions to which respondents records their answers. Questionnaires are self-explanatory, read and answered by respondents by themselves .they are relatively cheaper, quicker to administer unbiased and convenient for respondents. Questionnaire can be either online or postal questionnaire.

Sampling: In this research of the purpose of data collection aviation segment will use ,in aviation segment questionnaire will place in air traffic control section ,area control section and to the airport managers.30 questionnaire will place in each section .

METHODOLOGY:

In methodology descriptive and inferential analysis are explain .in addition of these analysis different test r used for analyzing the collected data these test including histogram, regration and Co-relation test. Inferential statistics are use to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone. For instance, use inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population might think. Or, use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in this study. Thus, use inferential statistics to make inferences from our data to more general conditions Descriptive research does not fit neatly into the definition of either quantitative or qualitative research methodologies, but instead it can utilize elements of both, often within the same study. The term descriptive research refers to the type of research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given topic. Descriptive statistics tell what is, while inferential statistics try to determine cause and effect. Descriptive statistics comprises the kind of analyses we use when we want to describe the population we are studying, and when we have a population that is small enough to permit our including every case. In statistics, A graphical representation, similar to a bar chart in structure, that organizes a group of data points into user-specified ranges. The histogram condenses a data series into an easily interpreted visual by taking many data points and grouping them into logical ranges or bins. A histogram consists of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval. The height of a rectangle is also equal to the frequency density of the interval, i.e., the frequency divided by the width of the interval. The total area of the histogram is equal to the number of data. A histogram may also be normalized displaying relative frequencies. Correlation refers to any of a broad class of statistical relationships involving dependence. The correlation is one of the most common and most useful statistics. A correlation is a single number that describes the degree of relationship between two variables. For example, height and weight are related; taller people tend to be heavier than shorter people. The relationship is not perfect. People of the same height vary in weight, and you can easily think of two people you know where the shorter one is heavier than the taller one. Nonetheless, the average weight of people 5'5'' is less

than the average weight of people 5'6'', and their average weight is less than that of people 5'7'', etc. Correlation can tell you just how much of the variation in peoples' weights is related to their heights. Although this correlation is fairly obvious your data may contain unsuspected correlations. You may also suspect there are correlations, but don't know which are the strongest. An intelligent correlation analysis can lead to a greater understanding of your data. The main result of a correlation is called the correlation coefficient (or "r"). It ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. The closer r is to +1 or -1, the more closely the two variables are related. In statistics, regression analysis includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Most commonly, regression analysis estimates the conditional expectation of the dependent variable given the independent variables that is, the average value of the dependent variable when the independent variables are held fixed. Regression analysis is widely used for prediction and forecasting, where its use has substantial overlap with the field of machine learning.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION:
Following issues will considered in connection with ethics: It would be clearly defined that it is the survey of the factors that affects the air traffic management The participant in this study would be completely voluntary. All the information provided would be held in strict confidence. It will be made sure to secure and protect the information gathered from the respondent to avoid any harmful consequences for them. Questionnaire fill by the respondents will held confidential Any type of negativity or negative views will not show off

All the work done will be ethically sound.

LIMITATIONS AND DE-LIMITATIONS:

Due to limited resources this study is limited in some phases but this study will be helpful to identify the factors that affect the air traffic management. Limitation will occur because most of the developmental work in the field of air traffic management done in western countries. This thing will limitize the work.

REFERENCING:

www.google.com http://scholar.google.com.pk/ AGENT-BASED SUPPORT FOR DISTRIBUTED AIR/GROUND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SIMULATION RESEARCH http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov/publications/Ca2003-AgntsSuprtngDAG.pdf Supporting Air Traffic Flow Management with Agents {Shawn R. Wolfe( Intelligent Systems Division) NASA Ames Research Center}

Multi-Aircraft Routing and Traffic Flow Management under Uncertainty Arnab Nilimy , Vu Duong : Models and results. In Proc. of the Fourth International Air Trac Management R&D Seminar ATM, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 2001.

Conflict-Free Trajectory Planning for Air Traffic Control Automation Rhonda Slattery and Steve Green(1994) Design and Evaluation of an Advanced Air-Ground Data-Link System for Air Traffic Control Wim den Braven(1992)

DECENTRALIZED CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR DISTRIBUTED AIR/GROUND TRAFFIC SEPARATION

Jimmy Krozel, Ph.D., and Mark Peters Future Air Traffic Management: A Perspective on Distributed Automation Thomas Prevot, , Nancy Smith and Todd Callantine The Air Traffic Flow Management Problem with Enroute Capacities. (Dimitris Bertsimas And Sarah Stock Patterson ) Airport capacity and delay(airport planning & management) Strategic planning for airport capacity www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspace_class Aeronautical Information Manual (3-1-4 and 3-2-3.a.) Pilot handbook of aeronautical knowledge (chapter 14) airspaces AOPA air safety foundation (regulation. 1) Airspace for everyone http://www.atns.co.za/operations/level-4/air-traffic-flow-managemen