Adams, T. (2000). "Effect of diet and mating on oviposition in the twospotted sti nk bug Perillus bioculatus (F.

) (Heteroptera : pentatomidae)." Annals of the Ent omological Society of America 93(6): 1288-1293. Control females of the twospotted stink bug, Perillus bioculatus (F.), a nd those given an artificial diet mated repeatedly over their lifetimes when hel d with males. The average number of observed matings was 4 and 8.4 in the contro ls and those given the artificial diet, respectively. Mating and an adequate die t are prerequisites for laying a full compliment of eggs in this insect. Virgins laid an average of 22 eggs compared with 138 in the multiply mated controls, 84 in singly mated females and 42 in multiply mated females given an artificial di et. The number of clutches deposited was not significantly affected by treatment , but the number of eggs per clutch was significantly lower in virgins and those given the artificial diet than in the controls or once mated females. The numbe r of eggs per clutch showed no significant changes as the female aged. Ovipositi on rates were calculated over 5-d periods for each female and presented as eggs per day. In all experimental groups the number of eggs deposited per interval de creased as the females aged. By 27.5 d after the start of oviposition, females f rom all treatments laid one or fewer eggs per day. The decrease in eggs per day deposited by females as they aged is attributed to an increase in the time betwe en clutch deposition. Egg viability showed no significant differences among the multiply mated controls, once mated females, or the multiply mated females given the artificial diet. This suggests that multiple mating is not required to main tain egg viability, but is necessary to maintain oviposition over the lifetime o f the female. Low numbers of eggs oviposited by females given the artificial die t is attributed to the production of fewer mature follicles than in the controls and not to an impairment of the process of oviposition. In contrast, the lower number of eggs laid by virgin females results from an impairment of the oviposit ion process and not the impairment of ovarian follicle maturation. Adams, T. (2000). "Effect of diet and mating status on ovarian development in a predaceous stink bug Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93(3): 529-535. A method is presented to quantitatively score the degree of ovarian matu ration in a predacious pentatomid with asynchronous follicle development. The ef fects of artificial diet and mating status on ovarian maturation rates were exam ined. Ovarian scores were not influenced by mating status but were significantly lower in females fed the artificial diet. Ovarian follicles start forming when females are 2.3 d old, reaching a peak at 4.5 d. In controls, the rate of new fo llicle formation decreases after the onset of vitellogenesis. By 4.5 d, all cont rol ovarioles contained at least 1 vitellogenic follicle, and by 9.5 d all ovari oles had chorionated follicles. in contrast, females fed the artificial diet had 40% of the ovarioles with a vitellogenic and chorionated follicle at 10.5 d of age. Mating started when females were 3.5 d old and correlated with the start of vitellogenesis. Two peaks in mating were observed, one at 4.5 d and the other a t 9.5 d. Regulatory mechanisms for oogenesis are discussed. Adams, T. and R. Sterner (2000). "The effect of dietary nitrogen content on trop hic level N-15 enrichment." Limnology and Oceanography 45(3): 601-607. Given the great potential value of stable isotopes in a variety of scien tific investigations, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the underly ing physiological and biochemical mechanisms that account for trophic increases in delta(15)N values. This has lead to a general call for controlled studies inv estigating the relationship between organismal diet and corresponding isotopic c omposition. We conducted a series of laboratory studies varying dietary nitrogen content and measuring corresponding variations in organismal delta(15)N values. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between the delta(15)N values of the anomopod crustacean, Daphnia magna, and the C:N ratio of its food, the gree n algae, Scenedesmus acutus. Daphnids were raised to a standard life stage on th ree types of S. acutus as food, which ranged in C:N (atomic) from 7.3 to 24.8. T he average C:N of the daphnids was 6.0. N-15 enrichment was found to be strongly

linearly related to the C:N of the algae, ranging from nearly zero to approxima tely 6 parts per thousand, which would normally be considered a span of almost t wo trophic levels. The delta(15)N values of the daphnids and the diet-tissue iso tope fractionation factor (Delta(dt) = D. magna delta(15)N - S. acutus delta(15) N), were inversely related to the nitrogen content of the algae (R-2 = 0.82 and 0.99 in two separate runs). To our knowledge, this is the first controlled study of nitrogen balance and delta(15)N values in animals. Adams, T. S. (2000). "Effect of diet and mating on oviposition in the twospotted stink bug Perillus bioculatus (F.) (Heteroptera : pentatomidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93(6): 1288-1293. Control females of the twospotted stink bug, Perillus bioculatus (F.), a nd those given an artificial diet mated repeatedly over their lifetimes when hel d with males. The average number of observed matings was 4 and 8.4 in the contro ls and those given the artificial diet, respectively. Mating and an adequate die t are prerequisites for laying a full compliment of eggs in this insect. Virgins laid an average of 22 eggs compared with 138 in the multiply mated controls, 84 in singly mated females and 42 in multiply mated females given an artificial di et. The number of clutches deposited was not significantly affected by treatment , but the number of eggs per clutch was significantly lower in virgins and those given the artificial diet than in the controls or once mated females. The numbe r of eggs per clutch showed no significant changes as the female aged. Ovipositi on rates were calculated over 5-d periods for each female and presented as eggs per day. In all experimental groups the number of eggs deposited per interval de creased as the females aged. By 27.5 d after the start of oviposition, females f rom all treatments laid one or fewer eggs per day. The decrease in eggs per day deposited by females as they aged is attributed to an increase in the time betwe en clutch deposition. Egg viability showed no significant differences among the multiply mated controls, once mated females, or the multiply mated females given the artificial diet. This suggests that multiple mating is not required to main tain egg viability, but is necessary to maintain oviposition over the lifetime o f the female. Low numbers of eggs oviposited by females given the artificial die t is attributed to the production of fewer mature follicles than in the controls and not to an impairment of the process of oviposition. In contrast, the lower number of eggs laid by virgin females results from an impairment of the oviposit ion process and not the impairment of ovarian follicle maturation. Adams, T. S. (2000). "Effect of diet and mating status on ovarian development in a predaceous stink bug Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93(3): 529-535. A method is presented to quantitatively score the degree of ovarian matu ration in a predacious pentatomid with asynchronous follicle development. The ef fects of artificial diet and mating status on ovarian maturation rates were exam ined. Ovarian scores were not influenced by mating status but were significantly lower in females fed the artificial diet. Ovarian follicles start forming when females are 2.3 d old, reaching a peak at 4.5 d. In controls, the rate of new fo llicle formation decreases after the onset of vitellogenesis. By 4.5 d, all cont rol ovarioles contained at least 1 vitellogenic follicle, and by 9.5 d all ovari oles had chorionated follicles. in contrast, females fed the artificial diet had 40% of the ovarioles with a vitellogenic and chorionated follicle at 10.5 d of age. Mating started when females were 3.5 d old and correlated with the start of vitellogenesis. Two peaks in mating were observed, one at 4.5 d and the other a t 9.5 d. Regulatory mechanisms for oogenesis are discussed. Arijs, Y. and P. De Clercq (2004). "Liver-based artificial diets for the product ion of Orius laevigatus." Biocontrol 49(5): 505-516. Different meat- and liver-based artificial diets were designed for the g eneralist predator Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Anthocoridae) and their suitabilit y was compared to that of its factitious food, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Pyral idae) eggs. The quality of the food was measured by its ability to promote growt

h and oviposition of the insect. Nymphal development was slower on artificial di ets than on the control food, taking 15.0 - 15.9 days vs. 14.3 days, respectivel y. Survival of nymphs fed artificial diets varied from 68.0 - 92.5%, compared wi th 96% for those fed E. kuehniella eggs. Adult weights were, however, not affect ed by diet. Fecundity of females provided with liver diets was similar to or som ewhat lower than that of females fed Ephestia eggs. Oviposition rate and egg hat ch were similar on all diets tested. The results suggest that beef liver was the most important component of the diets tested, offering the essential nutrients to sustain growth and reproduction of O. laevigatus. Supplementing ingredients, like ground beef, egg yolk, sucrose and vitamin C can improve the nutritional va lue of the diet for O. laevigatus, but effects are rather small. Artificial diet s containing liver and egg yolk as the main components may prove useful to make mass production of O. laevigatus and other heteropteran predators more cost effe ctive. Azevedo, D., J. Zanuncio, et al. (2007). "Biochemical and morphological aspects of salivary glands of the predator Brontocoris tabidus (Heteroptera : Pentatomid ae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology: 469-477. The aim of this work was to study the feeding habits of the predator Bro ntocoris tabidus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) analyzing the salivary gland comple x (SGC). The SGC was dissected and subjected to histological analyses and bioche mical assays. Results showed that a pair of bilobed principal salivary glands an d one pair of tubular accessory salivary glands form the SGC and different parts of salivary gland synthesizes similar substances. Lipases, alpha-amylase and tr ypsin-like enzymes were detected at both lobes of the principal salivary gland. These data together with observations related to the predator's diet suggested t hat it could be considered an obligate zoophytophagous. Bonte, M. and P. De Clercq (2011). "Influence of predator density, diet and livi ng substrate on developmental fitness of Orius laevigatus." Journal of Applied E ntomology 135(5): 343-350. Mass rearing of Orius laevigatus on non-insect foods could substantially increase the cost-effectiveness of the production of this biological control ag ent which is largely based on the use of expensive eggs of the Mediterranean flo ur moth Ephestia kuehniella. In this study, the effect of substrate quality and predator density on nymphal development of O. laevigatus fed on E. kuehniella eg gs, honeybee pollen or an egg yolk based artificial diet was assessed using seve ral types of substrates as shelter materials in the rearing containers (wax pape r, bean pod or no extra substrate). In general, E. kuehniella eggs proved to be a nutritionally superior food compared to pollen and artificial diet. Pollen sup ported nymphal development of O. laevigatus better than the artificial diet. Ove rall, increasing nymphal density resulted in higher mortality, which may be due in part to cannibalism. The addition of a bean pod compensated for the nutrition ally suboptimal artificial, but had a negative effect when O. laevigatus was fed on pollen. The non-insect foods tested could not adequately replace lepidoptera n eggs as a food source for O. laevigatus but they may be useful as an alternati ve food or in a part of the rearing process. Chloridis, A., D. Koveos, et al. (1997). "Effect of photoperiod on the induction and maintenance of diapause and on development of the predatory bug Podisus mac uliventris (Hem.: Pentatomidae)." Entomophaga 42(3): 427-434. The predatory bug Podisus maculiventris Say displays a reproductive diap ause. In the laboratory, at 23 +/- 1 degrees C, when the pre-imaginal stages wer e reared on larvae of Galleria melonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under a sho rt photoperiod of 8L: 16D, diapause was induced in all adult females, whereas un der a long photoperiod of 16L: 8D none entered diapause. Nymphal development was faster under the diapause-inducing short photoperiod than under the diapause-av erting long photoperiod. By contrast, embryonic development was faster under the long than under the short photoperiod. Diapause maintenance was also under the control of photoperiod. After a 10-d-period of chilling at 4 degrees C, diapause

was quickly terminated in adults kept under long photoperiod whereas it was mai ntained in most of those kept under short photoperiod. The predation rate of non diapause or postdiapause adult females was much higher than that of diapause fe males. Chloridis, A. S., D. S. Koveos, et al. (1997). "Effect of photoperiod on the ind uction and maintenance of diapause and on development of the predatory bug Podis us maculiventris (Hem.: Pentatomidae)." Entomophaga 42(3): 427-434. The predatory bug Podisus maculiventris Say displays a reproductive diap ause. In the laboratory, at 23 +/- 1 degrees C, when the pre-imaginal stages wer e reared on larvae of Galleria melonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under a sho rt photoperiod of 8L: 16D, diapause was induced in all adult females, whereas un der a long photoperiod of 16L: 8D none entered diapause. Nymphal development was faster under the diapause-inducing short photoperiod than under the diapause-av erting long photoperiod. By contrast, embryonic development was faster under the long than under the short photoperiod. Diapause maintenance was also under the control of photoperiod. After a 10-d-period of chilling at 4 degrees C, diapause was quickly terminated in adults kept under long photoperiod whereas it was mai ntained in most of those kept under short photoperiod. The predation rate of non diapause or postdiapause adult females was much higher than that of diapause fe males. Coll, M. and M. Guershon (2002). "Omnivory in terrestrial arthropods: Mixing pla nt and prey diets." Annual Review of Entomology 47: 267-297. Many terrestrial communities include omnivorous arthropods that feed on both prey and plant resources. In this review we first discuss some unique morph ological, physiological, arid behavioral traits that enable omnivores to exploit such dissimilar foods, and we explore possible evolutionary pathways to omnivor y. We then examine possible benefits and costs of omnivory, describe the relatio nships between omnivory and other high-order complex trophic interactions, and c onsider the stability level of communities with closed-loop omnivory. Finally, w e explore some of the implications of omnivory for crop damage and for biologica l, chemical, and cultural control practices. We conclude. that the growing reali zation of the ubiquity of omnivory in nature may require a change in our view of the structure and function of ecological systems. Coll, M. and M. Guershon (2002). "Omnivory in terrestrial arthropods: Mixing pla nt and prey diets." Annual Review of Entomology 47: 267-297. Many terrestrial communities include omnivorous arthropods that feed on both prey and plant resources. In this review we first discuss some unique morph ological, physiological, arid behavioral traits that enable omnivores to exploit such dissimilar foods, and we explore possible evolutionary pathways to omnivor y. We then examine possible benefits and costs of omnivory, describe the relatio nships between omnivory and other high-order complex trophic interactions, and c onsider the stability level of communities with closed-loop omnivory. Finally, w e explore some of the implications of omnivory for crop damage and for biologica l, chemical, and cultural control practices. We conclude. that the growing reali zation of the ubiquity of omnivory in nature may require a change in our view of the structure and function of ecological systems. Costello, S., P. Pratt, et al. (2002). "Morphology and life history cilaracteris tics of Podisus mucronatus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." Florida Entomologist 8 5(2): 344-350. Podisus mucronatus Uhler is a generalist predator found in Florida and t he islands of the Caribbean. Adult P. mucronatus were observed preying on larvae of the Australian weevil Oxyops vitiosa (Pascoe), a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake. To facilitate field-based identifica tion of this predator, we present descriptions of eggs, nymphal stages, and adul ts. Life history traits of P. mucronatus when held with no food or either of two prey species (O. vitiosa and Tenebrio molitor (L.) larvae) are also reported. T

he potential use of this species as a biological control agent of arthropods and its interference with weed biological control are discussed. Costello, S. L., P. D. Pratt, et al. (2002). "Morphology and life history cilara cteristics of Podisus mucronatus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." Florida Entomolo gist 85(2): 344-350. Podisus mucronatus Uhler is a generalist predator found in Florida and t he islands of the Caribbean. Adult P. mucronatus were observed preying on larvae of the Australian weevil Oxyops vitiosa (Pascoe), a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake. To facilitate field-based identifica tion of this predator, we present descriptions of eggs, nymphal stages, and adul ts. Life history traits of P. mucronatus when held with no food or either of two prey species (O. vitiosa and Tenebrio molitor (L.) larvae) are also reported. T he potential use of this species as a biological control agent of arthropods and its interference with weed biological control are discussed. Cuddington, K. and P. Yodzis (2002). "Predator-prey dynamics and movement in fra ctal environments." American Naturalist 160(1): 119-134. Previous research suggests that local interactions and limited animal mo bility can affect population dynamics. However, the spatial structure of the env ironment can further limit the mobility of animals. For example, an animal confi ned to a river valley or to a particular plant cannot move with equal ease in al l directions. We show that spatial architecture could influence the population d ynamics of predator-prey systems using individual-based computer simulations par ameterized with allometric relationships from the literature. Spatial forms (rep resenting geographical features or plant architecture) of differing fractal dime nsion were generated, and simulated predators and prey were introduced into thes e computer environments. We claim that the alteration in interaction rates and p opulation dynamics found in these simulations can be explained as a consequence of the anomalously slow rates of movement associated with fractal spaces and the diffusion-limited nature of predator-prey interactions. As a result, functional responses and numerical responses are substantially reduced in fractal environm ents, and the overall stability of the system is determined by the interaction b etween individual mobility and spatial architecture. De Bortoli, S., A. Otuka, et al. (2011). "Comparative biology and production cos ts of Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) when fed different types of prey." Biological Control 58(2): 127-132. The objective of our work was to identify the prey that offers optimum p roduction of the predator, Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas). The cost of predator pr oduction was determined for each prey. We test the hypothesis that prey types su pporting optimal development do not facilitate cost-effective rearing of P. nigr ispinus. Second-instar nymphs of P. nigrispinus were reared in 1000-ml transpare nt plastic containers and maintained under controlled conditions (temperature, 2 5 +/- 1 degrees C; photophase duration, 12 h; relative humidity, 70 +/- 10%), an d the following biological aspects were evaluated: nymph viability, length of th e nymphal period, and weight of fifth-instar nymphs. The adults were isolated in pairs (one female and one male) in Petri dishes, and the following biological a spects were evaluated: lifespan, adult weight after emergence, number of eggs pe r female, egg mass in females, number of eggs per egg mass, durations of the pre -oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition periods, viability, and length o f the embryonic period. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the prey t hat leads to optimal development of P. nigrispinus is the larvae of Diatraea sac charalis (Fabr.), and the most cost effective prey for rearing P. nigrispinus is the larvae of Musca domestica L. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. De Clercq, P., F. Merlevede, et al. (1998). "Predation on the tomato looper Chry sodeixis chalcites (Esper) (Lep., Noctuidae) by Podisus maculiventris (Say) and Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae)." Journal of Applied Entomolog

y-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie 122(2-3): 93-98. Predation by the predatory stinkbugs Podisus maculiventris (Say) and Pod isus nigrispinus (Dallas) on the tomato looper Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) wa s studied under laboratory conditions. Nymphs of both Podisus spp. readily attac ked eggs, larvae of the second, fourth and sixth instar, and pupae of the prey. However, developmental durations of predator nymphs were generally shorter on fo urth- and sixth-instar caterpillars. Adult females also displayed high predation rates against larvae and pupae of C. chalcites, but did not feed on eggs. At 23 degrees C, predation rates of P. maculiventris were generally similar to those of the smaller-sized P. nigrispinus. Functional responses of adult females of P. maculiventris and P. nigrispinus to the density of fifth-instar caterpillars of C. chalcites on sweet pepper plants closely approximated Holling's type II resp onse. Estimated values for attack rate and handling time were 0.057/h and 4.71 h for P. maculiventris, and 0.046/h and 4.37 h for P. nigrispinus. In addition, t wo greenhouse experiments were conducted in which nymphs of P. maculiventris wer e released against caterpillars of the tomato looper on sweet pepper plants. Whe n fourth-instar nymphs of the predator were released at a predator:prey ratio of 1:3.3, populations of fourth-instar caterpillars were reduced by 40% in 48 h, a nd leaf-feeding damage after 1 week was reduced by 65%. The potential of these p redatory stinkbugs to control outbreaks of noctuid caterpillars in glasshouse cr ops is discussed. De Clercq, P., F. Merlevede, et al. (1998). "Unnatural prey and artificial diets for rearing Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." Biological Con trol 12(2): 137-142. Development and reproduction of the predatory pentatomid Podisus maculiv entris (Say) was assessed on three types of unnatural prey and two presentation systems of an artificial diet. Predator nymphs developed faster on pupae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., than on larvae of the beetle or caterpilla rs of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L., but nymphal survival and adu lt weights were similar on all prey tested. Females reared on wax moth larvae, h owever, produced about twice as many eggs (i.e., ca. 1000 eggs per female) as th ose fed on larvae or pupae of the tenebrionid. Overall performance of P. maculiv entris on two presentation methods of an oligidic artificial diet based on bovin e meat was inferior to that on live prey. Packaging the meat diet in stretched P arafilm sheets yielded better results than a gelled form of the diet. Female pre dators reared on the artificial diets were significantly smaller than those prod uced on live prey, but had a fecundity similar to that of females fed on larvae or pupae of T. molitor. The practical value of the different foods for the mass rearing of P. maculiventri is discussed. (C) 1998Academic Press. De Clercq, P., I. Mestdagh, et al. (1998). "Variation in susceptibility to pyrip roxyfen in four laboratory strains of Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Het., Pentato midae)." Journal of Applied Entomology 122(7): 405-408. The susceptibility of four laboratory strains of the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), to the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen was exa mined in the laboratory. Fifth instar nymphs (<24 h old) were exposed to pyripro xyfen via ingestion of treated drinking water. LC50 values fora long-term labora tory strain originating from Florida (FLO), a more recently introduced strain fr om Indiana (IND), and two mildly inbred strains (IS1, IS2) of the latter origin, were comparable, ranging from 39.8 to 61.6 mg a.i.. l(-1). However, slopes of d ose-mortality curves indicated that the susceptibility of the four populations o f P. maculiventris decreased in order of IS2 > IS1 approximate to FLO > IND. The results of this study are discussed with respect to strain maintenance and qual ity control of natural enemies used to test side-effects. De Clercq, P., J. Mohaghegh, et al. (2000). "Effect of host plant on the functio nal response of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." Biological Control 18(1): 65-70. Effect of host plant on the functional response of Podisus nigrispinus f

emales to densities of fourth instar Spodoptera exigua was investigated using po tted sweet pepper, eggplant, and tomato plants. Logistic regression analysis rev ealed a type II response on sweet pepper and eggplant, but a type III response o n tomato. The results were analyzed by both the random predator and disc equatio ns. Attack rates (a) on sweet pepper and eggplant were estimated by the disc equ ation to be 0.048 h(-1) and by the random predator equation to be 0.093 and 0.10 8 h(-1), respectively. On tomato, attack rate was a function of prey density (a = bN), with b averaging 0.006 and 0.008 for the disc and random predator equatio ns, respectively. Handling times (Th) On eggplant and sweet pepper were similar, with estimated values of 2.5-2.8 h for the disc equation and 3.0-3.2 h for the random predator equation. Predators showed significantly greater handling times on tomato, with an estimated value of 5.6 h in both models. In an additional exp eriment, residence of nymphal predators on the different plants was compared in the absence of prey. Predators were found in over 60% of cases on eggplant and s weet pepper plants but only in 25% of cases on tomato plants. It is suggested th at glandular trichomes on the plant surface and allelo-chemicals may interfere w ith the predator's performance on tomato, resulting in an impaired searching eff iciency and predation ability. (C) 2000 Academic Press. De Clercq, P., I. Peeters, et al. (2003). "Interaction between Podisus maculiven tris and Harmonia axyridis, two predators used in augmentative biological contro l in greenhouse crops." Biocontrol 48(1): 39-55. Intraguild predation (IGP) between the pentatomid Podisus maculiventris (Say) and the coccinellid Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) in the absence or presence of the extraguild prey Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) and Myzus persicae (Sul zer) was studied in the laboratory. Interactions were asymmetric in favor of the pentatomid. Podisus maculiventris readily fed upon eggs and larvae of H. axyrid is, but adult beetles were rarely attacked. Success of attacks by P. maculiventr is was stage dependent, fourth instars and adults being more successful in killi ng ladybeetle larvae than second instars. Attacks by H. axyridis on the pentatom id were rare and none of them were successful. The effect of introducing extragu ild prey on the level of IGP was tested both in petri dishes and on caged sweet pepper plants. When sufficient numbers of S. littoralis larvae were present to s atiate the pentatomid, predation on H. axyridis larvae decreased significantly, indicating that the coccinellid is a less preferred or less vulnerable prey. Whe n the aphid M. persicae was presented as extraguild prey, levels of IGP were not altered. Nymphs of P. maculiventris successfully completed development when exc lusively fed on larvae of H. axyridis, but developmental time was longer than on lepidopteran prey. No pentatomid nymphs reached adulthood on aphids alone. IGP by P. maculiventris on H. axyridis may be of some importance in greenhouse crops , where both predators are being used increasingly in augmentative biological co ntrol programs. Nonetheless, it is expected that in practice larger larvae and a dults of H. axyridis will escape most attacks by the pentatomid. De Clercq, P., M. Vandewalle, et al. (1998). "Impact of inbreeding on performanc e of the predator Podisus maculiventris." Biocontrol 43(3): 299-310. Effects of inbreeding on the development and reproduction of the predato ry pentatomid Podisus maculiventris were assessed throughout 30 generations foll owing introduction in the laboratory. Developmental and reproductive fitness of two mildly inbred lines did not differ dramatically from that of a reference pop ulation. In most generations, egg weight, egg hatch and developmental rate of ny mphs were greater in the reference strain than in both inbred strains, but fecun dity and longevity did not differ among strains. In the 30th generation, fecundi ty of all strains had dropped to about half of that observed in the 15th generat ion, which was presumably related to non-genetic factors. There were consistent differences among strains for adult body weight and size, indicating heritable v ariation. A positive relationship between weight at day 14 and humeral width of P. maculiventris females was found, but neither of these parameters was associat ed with total fecundity. In the 30th generation, predators from both inbred line s had generally similar predation capacities to those from the reference populat

ion. No significant relationship could be detected between body weights and pred ation rates of either nymphs or adults. The use of inbreeding to minimize select ive adaptation during rearing or to select for favourable traits in P. maculiven tris is discussed. De Clercq, P., K. Wyckhuys, et al. (2002). "Predation by Podisus maculiventris o n different life stages of Nezara viridula." Florida Entomologist 85(1): 197-202 . Predation capacity of fourth instars and male and female adults of Podis us maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on the different life stages of the southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was measured in the laboratory. Both nymphal and adult predators displayed high predation rates on eggs, nymphs and adults of the southern green stinkbug. Howev er, developmental times of fourth instar R maculiventris on eggs or nymphal inst ars of N. viridula were longer than on fifth instars of the cotton leafworm, Spo doptera littoralis (Boisdaval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), suggesting that N. viri dula is suboptimal prey for the spined soldier bug. Preference experiments in wh ich fourth instar R maculiventris were given a choice between fourth instars of N. viridula and fifth instars of S. littoralis indicated that the stinkbugs were less vulnerable to predation than the caterpillars, mainly because of their gre ater agility. The potential role of R maculiventris in augmentation or conservat ion biological control of the southern green stinkbug in greenhouse and field cr ops is discussed. De Medeiros, R., A. Da Silva, et al. (2004). "Oviposition pattern of the predato r Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) under different temperatures. " Biocontrol Science and Technology: 487-498. The daily reproductive rate of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) fed with Alabama argillacea (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) la rvae was studied at constant temperatures of 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 33 +/- 0.2de greesC, relative humidity of 60 +/- 10% and photoperiod of L: D 14:10. Daily rep roductive rate of P. nigripinus was affected by age of this predator. Each P. ni grispinus female laid 5.3 (20degreesC) to 19.9 eggs/day (28degreesC) which devel oped into 4.3-16.5 nymphs, respectively. Highest daily reproductive rate of P. n igrispinus was recorded at 28 and 30degreesC for 5-30-day-old females. This pred ator showed higher daily reproductive rate than its prey A. argillacea at 25degr eesC. It was also able to reproduce at temperatures from 20 to 33degreesC with m aximum daily reproductive rate between 25 and 30degreesC. These results are impo rtant for optimizing mass rearing of P. nigrispinus in the laboratory. de Oliveira, H., M. Espindula, et al. (2011). "Development and Reproduction of P odisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Fed with Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepid optera: Geometridae) Reared on Guava Leaves." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 54(3): 429-434. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development and reproduction o f P. nigrispinus in laboratory when fed with T. arnobia reared on guava leaves. This predator showed nymphal stage of 21.11 days, survival of 60% and periods of pre-oviposition, number of eggs/mass and eggs/female and egg viability of 6.10 days, 26.24 eggs, 314.90 eggs and 82.65%, respectively. These results demonstrat ed that T. arnobia fed with guava leaves was an adequate supply of food to P. ni grispinus. Delbeke, F., P. Vercruysse, et al. (1997). "Toxicity of diflubenzuron, pyriproxy fen, imidacloprid and diafenthiuron to the predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae)." Entomophaga 42(3): 349-358. The susceptibility of the predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Fieber) to the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, the nitroguanidine insect icide imidacloprid and the thiourea compound diafenthiuron was investigated in t he laboratory. Fifth-instar nymphs were exposed to formulated materials of each compound and adults were exposed to formulated materials of diafenthiuron and im

idacloprid. In each case, exposure via ingestion and residual contact was tested . Pyriproxyfen was harmless to O. laevigatus nymphs by both ways of exposure. Th e respective LC50-values of diflubenzuron via ingestion and residual contact wer e 229.9 and 391.1 mg a.i./l. Diafenthiuron did not cause significant mortality t o fifth-instar nymphs and adults via ingestion but was toxic by residual contact with LC50-values of 329.4 mg a.i./l and 125.9 mg a.i./l for nymphs and adults r espectively. Imidacloprid proved to be the most toxic compound with LC,, values of 1.1 and 0.04 mg a.i./l for nymphs and 2.1 and 0.3 mg a.i./l for adults, via i ngestion and residual contact, respectively. The results suggest that use of pyr iproxyfen in an integrated pest management programme will not cause any problems but that imidacloprid, and to a lesser extent, also diflubenzuron and diafenthi uron could be harmful to the predator. Evangelista, W., R. Santos, et al. (2011). "Effect of gossypol on survival and r eproduction of the zoophytophagous stinkbug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas)." Revis ta Brasileira De Entomologia 55(2): 267-271. Effect of gossypol on survival and reproduction of the zoophytophagous s tinkbug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas). Gossypol is a sesquiterpene aldehyde found in cotton plants conferring resistance against herbivory. Although the effect o f this sesquiterpenoid on insect pests of cotton is known, the interaction of th is compound with zoophytophagous predators such as Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) has not been studied so far. Thus, the objective of th is study was to evaluate the effect of the purified gossypol on nymphs and adult s of P nigrispinus. Nymphs and adults of this predator were fed on Tenebrio moli tor pupae and supplemented with solutions of gossypol at concentrations of 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20% (w/v) during the nymphal and adult stages or, only during the adult stage of P nigrispinus. The nymphal stage of the predator was, on ave rage, two days longer when suplemmented with gossypol. Emerged adults had lower fecundity and egg hatching, especially at the highest gossypol concentration (0. 20%) ingested during the nymphal and adult stages. However, this predator was no t affected when it ingested the compound only during the adult stage. P nigrispi nus can have delayed nymphal development and lower reproductive performance when ingesting the gossypol during the nymphal and adult stages, but only at higher concentrations of gossypol than that produced by cotton plants. Ferreira, J., J. Zanuncio, et al. (2008). "Predatory behaviour of Podisus nigris pinus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) on different densities of Anticarsia gemmatal is (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae." Biocontrol Science and Technology: 711-719 . The functional response of the predatory bug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas ) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) feeding on its prey, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was studied in a greenhouse compartment. Each cage enc losed three soybean plants plus two, four, six, eight, 10, 12 or 14 prey larvae. One adult predator was released and kept inside the cages for 24h. The predatio n rate of adult male P. nigrispinus was highest at densities of eight or more A. gemmatalis larvae with a handling time of 5.76h and an attack rate of 0.68h(-1) . Adult females had higher predation rates on plants with 10 or more A. gemmatal is larvae, with a handling time of 3.84h and an attack rate of 0.65h(-1). The ma ximum number of larvae consumed by males and females of this predator were 4.1 a nd 6.0 per day, respectively, in groups of three plants. The results suggest tha t P. nigrispinus may be used in biological control programmes against A. gemmata lis in soybean fields. Ferreira, J., J. Zanuncio, et al. (2008). "Predatory behaviour of Podisus nigris pinus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) on different densities of Anticarsia gemmatal is (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae." Biocontrol Science and Technology 18(7): 7 11-719. The functional response of the predatory bug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas ) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) feeding on its prey, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was studied in a greenhouse compartment. Each cage enc

losed three soybean plants plus two, four, six, eight, 10, 12 or 14 prey larvae. One adult predator was released and kept inside the cages for 24h. The predatio n rate of adult male P. nigrispinus was highest at densities of eight or more A. gemmatalis larvae with a handling time of 5.76h and an attack rate of 0.68h(-1) . Adult females had higher predation rates on plants with 10 or more A. gemmatal is larvae, with a handling time of 3.84h and an attack rate of 0.65h(-1). The ma ximum number of larvae consumed by males and females of this predator were 4.1 a nd 6.0 per day, respectively, in groups of three plants. The results suggest tha t P. nigrispinus may be used in biological control programmes against A. gemmata lis in soybean fields. Freitas, S., W. Evangelista, et al. (2006). "Development, survival and reproduct ion of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) with salt and amino acids solutions supplementary diet." Brazilian Archives of Biology an d Technology: 449-455. This study presents the effect of a supplementary diet with amino acids and sodium chloride solutions in addition to prey on the development, survival a nd reproduction of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Both solutions showed deleterious effects on nymph survival, adult weight, fema le longevity, number of egg masses, eggs per female, eggs per egg mass and nymph s per female besides egg viability of P. nigrispinus when compared with diet wit h water and prey. When compared with plant supplements in the diet the use of am ino acids and salt solutions for mass rearing of P. nigrispinus was inferior. Grosman, A., M. van Breemen, et al. (2005). "Searching behaviour of an omnivorou s predator for novel and native host plants of its herbivores: a study on arthro pod colonization of eucalyptus in Brazil." Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applica ta: 135-142. Adaptation to novel host plants is a much-studied process in arthropod h erbivores, but not in their predators. This is surprising, considering the atten tion that has been given to the role of predators in host range expansion in her bivores; the enemy-free space hypothesis suggests that plants may be included in the host range of herbivores because of lower predation and parasitism rates on the novel host plants. This effect can only be important if natural enemies do not follow their prey to the novel host plant, at least not immediately, thus al lowing the herbivores to adapt to the novel host plant. Hence, depending on the speed with which natural enemies follow their prey to a new host plant, enemy-fr ee space on novel host plants may only exist for a limited period. This situatio n may presently be occurring in a system consisting of the herbivorous moth Thyr inteina arnobia Stoll (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) that attacks various species of Myrtaceae, such as guava (Psidium guajava L.) and jaboticaba (Myrciaria spp.), in Brazil. Since the introduction of eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) species into this co untry some 100 years ago, the moth has included this plant species in its host r ange and frequently causes outbreaks, a phenomenon that does not occur on the na tive host plant species. This suggests that the natural enemies that attack the herbivore on native species are not very effective on the novel host. We tested this hypothesis by studying the searching behaviour of one of the natural enemie s, the omnivorous predatory bug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Penta tomidae). When offered a choice between plants of the two species, the predators (originally collected in eucalyptus plantations) preferred guava to eucalyptus when both plant species were clean, infested with herbivores, or damaged by herb ivores but with herbivores removed prior to the experiments. The bugs preferred herbivore-damaged to clean guava, and showed a slight preference for damaged to clean eucalyptus. These results may explain the lack of impact of predatory arth ropods on herbivore populations on eucalyptus and suggests that eucalyptus may o ffer an enemy-free space for herbivores. Hamdan, A. (2006). "Functional and numerical responses of the predatory bug Macr olophus caliginosus Wagner fed on different densities of eggs of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)." Journal of Biological Research-

Thessaloniki 6: 147-154. Laboratory experiments under standard conditions ( 25 C, 50-75% relative humidity, 16: 8 L: D) were conducted to determine the functional and numerical responses of the adult female of Macrolophus caliginosus to different densities of the greenhouse whitefly on tobacco leaf discs. The results showed that the fu nctional response of M. caliginosus was density-dependent with regard to the con sumption of Trialeurodes vaporariorum eggs at different prey densities, up to 30 0 T. vaporariorum eggs/arena/day. This response fitted the type III functional r esponse. The numerical response of M. caliginosus was positively related to prey density, with more oocytes per female, a higher age-specific fecundity and high er intrinsic rate of increase at high prey densities than medium or low prey den sities. Holtz, A., G. de Almeida, et al. (2011). "Phytophagy on eucalyptus plants increa ses the development and reproduction of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Hemipt era: Pentatomidae)." Acta Scientiarum-Agronomy 33(2): 231-235. The effect of plant feeding on biological aspects of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was evaluated. Nymphs and adults of this p redator were fed with Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae on E ucalyptus urophylla plants in the field or only with pupae of this prey in the l aboratory. The development and nymphal survival, as well as the pre-oviposition period, number of egg masses, number, fertility and viability of eggs and the lo ngevity of females of this predator were evaluated. The eucalyptus plants improv ed the development of P. nigrispinus. This demonstrates that this predator can p resent higher population growth with eucalyptus plants and T. molitor pupae than in the laboratory (controlled conditions) only with this prey. These plants can supply nutrients that can the population growth and efficiency of P. nigrispinu s for biological control in eucalyptus plantations. Holtz, A., G. de Almeida, et al. (2009). "SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION OF Podisus n igrispinus (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE): EFFECTS OF PREY SCARCITY AND PLANT FEEDI NG." Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research: 468-472. The spined soldier bug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentat omidae) is a generalist predator that can alternatively feed on plant tissue to survive under prey scarcity. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of plan t feeding forced by a shortage of prey on the survival and reproduction of P. ni grispinus on Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake (Myrtaceae) plants in the field. P odisus nigrispinus adults were enclosed on branches of eucalyptus by using gauze bags. These adults were fed daily with Tenebrio molitor pupae (T1) or after 5 ( T2), 10 (T3) or 15 (T4) days from mating to simulate prey shortage. The pre-ovip osition period, number of egg masses, number and viability of eggs and longevity of females were evaluated. Females of P. nigrispinus had a longer pre-ovipositi on period and produced lower number of egg masses as the period of prey shortage increased. However, the average number of eggs per egg mass, emergence of nymph s and longevity of P. nigrispinus females were not affected by prey shortage. Fe males of P. nigrispinus can survive 15 days without prey by feeding on eucalyptu s leaves and if it finds prey afterwards can still reproduce. This shows that pl ant feeding is a successful incidental strategy to survive periods of food scarc ity (and thus increase the efficiency) of this predator as a biological control agent. Holtz, A., A. Pallini, et al. (2010). "Antibiosis of Eucalyptus plants on Podisu s nigrispinus." Phytoparasitica: 133-139. The predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) ha s been used as a natural enemy to control herbivorous insects in eucalyptus plan tations. However, because of the short co-evolutionary history of the predator w ith this imported plant species, the defensive compounds of eucalyptus may have a negative effect on the predator. Therefore, the survival and development of P. nigrispinus were studied on eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla; exotic host plant ) and guava (Psidium guajava; native host plant). P. nigrispinus performance was

indeed superior on guava plants than on eucalyptus. The number of fertile eggs and nymphal survival were 52.6% and 12.0% on guava compared with 20.0% and 1.3% on eucalyptus, respectively. Longevity of P. nigrispinus was 115 days on guava a nd 98 days on eucalyptus. This shows that the predator is not yet fully adapted to the exotic host plant. One possible reason is that the plant toxic compounds in eucalyptus act on this predator by antibiosis. Jalali, M., L. Tirry, et al. (2010). "Effect of temperature on the functional re sponse of Adalia bipunctata to Myzus persicae." Biocontrol 55(2): 261-269. The effect of temperature on the functional response of female adults of the two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was exa mined in petri dish arenas containing sweet pepper leaves infested with differen t densities of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphidi dae). The predator showed a type II functional response at three tested temperat ures ranging from 19A degrees C to 27A degrees C. The theoretical maximum number of prey captured by the predator increased with temperature. Based on the rando m predator equation, the estimated attack rates ranged from 0.13 h(-1) at 19A de grees C to 0.35 h(-1) at 27A degrees C on a leaf area of 20-25 cm(2). There was no significant difference between the attack rates of the predator at 23A degree s C and 27A degrees C. Handling time significantly decreased as temperature incr eased from 19A degrees C (0.39 h) to 27A degrees C (0.24 h). This study shows th at A. bipunctata displays high predation rates on M. persicae for a wide range o f temperatures, indicating its potential for augmentative releases against this aphid pest. The limitations of the predictions generated by functional response experiments are discussed. Legaspi, J. (2004). "Life history of Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera : Pentat omidae) adult females under different constant temperatures." Environmental Ento mology 33(5): 1200-1206. Life table analysis was performed on Podisus maculiventris (Say) adult f emales at constant temperatures of 16, 26, 30, and 36degreesC. Survivorship curv es were linear type 11, with steeper rates of decline at higher temperatures. Lo ngevity at 16degreesC (47.2 d) was significantly longer than that at 26degreesC (14.3 d) or 30degreesC (12 d). Adults under the 36degreesC survived only 4.9 d a nd laid no eggs. Percentage of eggs that hatched was relatively constant at appr oximate to or about 40% at 16, 26, and 30degreesC. Numbers of egg clutches (rang ing from 5.9 to 9.4), eggs per clutch (13.6-14.6), and eggs in the first clutch (9.0-15.1) did not differ significantly at these three temperatures. However, pr eoviposition period was significantly longer at 16degreesC (20.3 d) than at 26de greesC (6.3 d) and 30degreesC (4.9 d). Number of eggs laid was related to body w eight by the equation E = -139.1 + 3.49w, where E is number of eggs laid per fem ale lifetime, and w is the weight of the predator female. Life table analysis of P. maculiventris female adults showed that both net reproductive rate (R,,) and gross reproductive rate (GRR) were highest at 26degreesC, estimated at 47.8 and 156.0 females per female, respectively. However, the shorter generation times a t 30degreesC (T = 42.2 d) resulted in higher values for the intrinsic rate of in crease (r = 0.09), the finite rate of increase (lambda = 1.09), and doubling tim e (DT = 7.7 d). Analysis of cumulative egg production suggests that 26degreesC m ay be more suitable for maintaining colonies of P. maculiventris because of the sustained levels of egg production over a longer period, compared with the 30deg reesC treatment. LEGASPI, J., R. CARRUTHERS, et al. (1994). "LIFE-HISTORY OF CHRYSOPERLA-RUFILABR IS (NEUROPTERA, CHRYSOPIDAE) PROVIDED SWEET-POTATO WHITEFLY BEMISIA-TABACI (HOMO PTERA, ALEYRODIDAE) AND OTHER FOOD." Biological Control 4(2): 178-184. We studied predation, development, longevity, survival, body length, hea d width, body weight, and prey preference of the predator, Chrysoperla rufilabri s (Burmeister) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) feeding on the sweetpotato whitefly (SP W), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), Aphis gossypii Glover ( Homoptera: Aphididae), an artificial diet (meridic casein-yeast), and eggs of Si

totroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie ) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Sphingida e). C. rufilabris larvae attacked an average of 532 SPW per day when prey was ma inly eggs. Development of C. rufilabris larvae was longer when SPW, aphids, or a n artificial diet alone was provided. However, with a combination of eggs and fi rst instars of SPW and an artificial diet or S. cerealella eggs, development of larvae was shortened with increased survivorship, adult emergence, and body weig ht. Larvae of C. rufilabris preferred S. cerealella eggs over H. zea and M. sext a eggs or B. tabaci. An artificial diet may be an appropriate supplementary food for rearing C. rufilabris where labor costs are high. The impact of C. rufilabr is on sweetpotato whitefly population dynamics is discussed. (C) 1994 Academic P ress, Inc. Legaspi, J. and B. Legaspi (2004). "Does a polyphagous predator prefer prey spec ies that confer reproductive advantage?: Case study of Podisus maculiventris." E nvironmental Entomology 33(5): 1401-1409. The purpose of this study was to determine whether preferred prey of Pod isus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) adult females also conferre d maximal fecundity. We also studied egg development and maturation as a functio n of predator age, i.e., "ovigeny" as used predominantly in the context of paras itoids. To determine prey preference, adult females were simultaneously offered five pest prey: 1) beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctu idae); 2) fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctui dae); 3) cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); 4) g reater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); and 5) yello w mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (n = 20). In a sec ond experiment, adult P. maculiventris females were provided a single species of prey (for each of the five prey species, n = 10). This experiment was repeated over four durations: 7,15, 22, and 30 d. After each time trial, egg load dissect ions were performed, and numbers of mature and immature eggs were recorded. P. m aculiventris displayed a preference of beet armyworm, whether measured as number s attacked or estimated biomass consumed. However, no significant differences we re found in cumulative numbers of eggs laid under the different prey treatments, with the exception of the 22-d trial where significantly more eggs were laid wh en feeding on the cabbage looper. During the 22-d trial, the number of egg clutc hes and numbers of eggs per clutch were highest when fed cabbage looper and lowe st with yellow mealworm. Percentage of egg hatch combined across time trials was highest in cabbage looper (81.7%) and lowest in greater wax moth (63.8%). Egg l oad dissections revealed that the total number of eggs and numbers of mature egg s declined significantly with predator age. However, numbers of immature eggs in creased. The mean number of mature eggs in 7-d-old predators represented only ap proximate to 5% of mean cumulative numbers of eggs laid by 30-d-old predators, i ndicating that P. maculiventris is strongly synovigenic, where egg development a nd maturation continues during adulthood. The implications of these results are discussed from the context of P. maculiventris as a biological control agent. Legaspi, J. and B. Legaspi (2005). "Body weights and egg loads in field-collecte d Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." Florida Entomologist 88(1 ): 38-42. Body weights and egg loads of field populations of the spined soldier bu g, Podisus maculiuentris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were studied from gra pe vineyards in Florida from April to November, 2003. Two main generation peaks were found in June and September. Mean female body weight throughout the year wa s similar to those obtained in various crops in Indiana. In both studies, body w eights were comparable to those found in laboratory experiments where females we re fed 1 prey item every 3 to 9 days. Egg loads in Florida were similar to those found in field populations in Indiana. The increase in numbers of immature eggs later in the Florida season may be an indication of continued egg production in older females. We interpret this as possible evidence of synovigeny in the fiel d. This result is consistent with previous laboratory data showing that immature

eggs are continuously produced throughout female lifetime. Larger females predi ctably had higher mean egg loads. The similarity in biological characteristics f ound in field populations in Indiana and Florida suggest that the predator has s imilar impacts on pest species by low feeding rates. Legaspi, J. and B. Legaspi (2005). "Life table analysis for Podisus maculiventri s immatures and female adults under four constant temperatures." Environmental E ntomology 34(5): 990-998. Detailed life tables and reproduction were studied in nymphs and adult f emales of Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed larvae of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at constant temperatures of 18, 22, 26, and 30 degrees C. Development rates were fitted to the equation Y = a + b In x. The theoretical development threshold was calculated as T-0 = exp (-a/b) , resulting in To = 12.48 and 12.78 degrees C for females and males, respectivel y. Degree-days for development ranged from 233.92 in males at 18 degrees C to 33 8.73 in females at 30 degrees C. In all temperature treatments, P. maculiventris immatures consumed a mean of approximately eight prey items. Mean immature body weights were higher at higher temperatures, but females were heavier than males only at the fifth instar. In adult female P. maculiventris, age at first ovipos ition ranged from 2.7 d at 30 degrees C to 13.4 d at 18 degrees C. Percentage of egg hatch was lowest at 18 degrees C (11%) and highest at 30 degrees C (36.4%). Survivorship curves showed a linear decline with time, the steepest curves at t he highest temperatures. Total number of eggs laid per female ranged from 429.4 at 18 degrees C to 755.4 at 26 degrees C. Mean egg numbers were fitted to a surf ace equation as eggs = (-6.658 + 0.432T) d exp(-0.002Td) where d and T are age ( days) and temperature (T), respectively. Net and gross reproductive rates were h ighest at 26 degrees C R, = 379.126; gross reproductive rate [GRR] = 491.273 fem ale / female) and lowest at 18 degrees C (R-0 = 207.873; GRR = 294.972). Generat ion and doubling times were shortest at 30 degrees C (T = 35.021 and DT = 4.270 d). Intrinsic and finite rates of increase were also highest at 30 degrees C (r = 0.1623; lambda = 1.1763). Reproductive parameters were recalculated using numb ers of eggs that actually hatched, resulting in lower values, although the effec ts of temperature did not change. In the context of mass rearing P. maculiventri s, 26 degrees C is the optimal temperature tested, but female predators > 21 d s hould be not be used because they may not be capable of laying viable eggs. Legaspi, J. and B. Legaspi (2007). "Bioclimatic model of the spined soldier bug (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) using CLIMEX: Testing model predictions at two spat ial scales." Journal of Entomological Science 42(4): 533-547. A bioclimatic model of the polyphagous predator, Podisus maculiventris ( Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), was developed using CLIMEX software (Hearne Sc ientific Software, Melbourne, Australia). Calibration distribution was fitted us ing known distribution records for the United States and Canada, after which the model was used to generate a potential distribution map for the entire world. A s expected, potential distribution maps agreed with known distribution records f or North America. However, apparent mismatches were found for distributions in E urope, South America, midAfrica, and Southeast Asia. Using historical weather da ta, CLIMEX 11 growth indices" (measures of climate suitability for insect develo pment) were compared against multiyear pheromone trap counts in the northern (In diana) and southern (Florida) United States. Growth index curves did not appear to match pheromone trap data in either location when examined separately by year , location and insect sex. However, a weak relationship was found between trap c ounts and growth index when data were pooled across years, locations and sex. Legaspi, J. and B. Legaspi (2008). "Ovigeny in selected generalist predators." F lorida Entomologist 91(1): 133-135. Legaspi, J., B. Legaspi, et al. (2008). "Life table analysis for immatures and f emale adults of the predatory beetle, Delphastus catalinae, feeding on whiteflie s under three constant temperatures." Journal of Insect Science 8: -.

Immature development and reproductive life history of Delphastus catalin ae (Horn) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Genna dius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) (= B. argentifolii Bellows and Perring) immatures was studied at three constant temperatures: 22, 26 and 30 degrees C. Lower deve lopmental threshold temperatures (T-0) were estimated at 9 and 9.9 degrees C, fo r males and females, respectively. Female adults weighed slightly more than male s (0.587 and 0.505 mg, respectively). As temperature increased from 22 to 30 deg rees C, developmental time from eggs to eclosion of the adult declined from 24 t o 15 days. Thermal units required for immature development was similar to 300 de gree-days. Percentage egg hatch declined at increasing temperatures, but no sign ificant effect of time was found. The intrinsic rate of increase, r, increased f rom 0.048 to 0.082 and doubling time decreased from 14.44 to 8.45 days as temper ature increased from 22 to 26 degrees C. Mean daily fecundity was modeled as a f unction of time and temperature to create a 3-dimensional surface. Overall, Delp hastus catalinae was found to perform better at 22 and 26 degrees C while 30 deg rees C was detrimental to immature development and adult reproduction. LEGASPI, J. and R. ONEIL (1993). "LIFE-HISTORY OF PODISUS-MACULIVENTRIS GIVEN LO W NUMBERS OF EPILACHNA-VARIVESTIS AS PREY." Environmental Entomology 22(5): 1192 -1200. Body weight, reproduction, and longevity of mated and unmated female Pod isus maculiventris (Say) were measured under low and high numbers of prey, Epila chna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Under low rates of predatio n, the predator maintained longevity apparently at the expense of reproduction. Predators fed less frequently oviposited less often and later in life. Body weig ht of females was dependent on diet; females fed more frequently weighed more th an those fed infrequently. Results are compared with previous life history studi es of this predator. We found similarities in our results to other studies on lo ngevity and reproduction of P. maculiventris provided other types of prey. The t rade-off between reproduction and longevity may be a response to environments wi th temporal variation in prey abundance. LEGASPI, J. and R. ONEIL (1994). "DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSE OF NYMPHS OF PODISUS-MA CULIVENTRIS (HETEROPTERA, PENTATOMIDAE) REARED WITH LOW NUMBERS OF PREY." Enviro nmental Entomology 23(2): 374-380. Effects of maternal diet, maternal age, and nymphal diet on developmenta l time and survivorship of nymphs of Podisus maculiventris (Say) were studied us ing Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant as prey. Developmental tim e of nymphs was shorter if nymphs were well fed and came from well fed and young mothers than if nymphs were poorly fed and came from poorly fed and older mothe rs. Nymphal survival was related to nymphal diet. Well-fed nymphs showed higher survirorship than poorly fed nymphs. Nymphs supplied prey at the lowest rates fa iled to reach adulthood and died, usually in the act of molting. Body sizes of a dults from well-fed nymphs were larger than those from poorly fed nymphs. Impact of maternal effects on population dynamics of P. maculiventris is discussed. LEGASPI, J. and R. ONEIL (1994). "LIPIDS AND EGG-PRODUCTION OF PODISUS-MACULIVEN TRIS (HETEROPTERA, PENTATOMIDAE) UNDER LOW RATES OF PREDATION." Environmental En tomology 23(5): 1254-1259. Spined soldier bugs, Podisus maculiventris (Say), were fed different reg imens of prey and then dissected at different ages to measure lipid content and reproductive status to determine how the predator allocates food reserves betwee n metabolic and reproductive needs under low prey inputs. We found that as the interfeeding interval increased, the amount of lipids increased and the number o f eggs oviposited decreased. When starved individuals were switched from a lowto a high-prey input regimen, the number of eggs laid increased after 4 d. The se findings suggest that to maintain longevity, lipids were stored, while at the same time, reproduction declined. Such trade-offs probably allow P. maculivent ris to persist in various environments, including those characterized by scarce or unpredictable food inputs.

Legaspi, J., R. ONeil, et al. (1996). "Trade-offs in body weights, egg loads, an d fat reserves of field-collected Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomid ae)." Environmental Entomology 25(1): 155-164. The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), was collected in 8 field sites in Indiana during the summers of 1987-1989. The insects were collect ed using both pheromone traps and sweep nets. Insect weights were recorded for a ll 3 yrs, and egg loads and lipid content in the fat body were recorded for 1988 and 1989. Analysis of the weights revealed that females were heavier than males . Female body weight, egg load, and lipid content were compared against correspo nding measurements of predators subjected to different prey regimens in the labo ratory. These comparisons indicate that field populations often had measurements similar to predators provided 1 prey item every 3-9 d. Predators collected duri ng the summer of 1988 revealed higher mean lipid content, smaller egg loads, and lower weights than those collected in 1989. These traits, together with the rel ative scarcity of predators found in 1988, suggest that the predators were respo nding to greater food stress by conserving energy reserves in the fat body and d iverting then away from reproduction. We discuss possible implications of these observations. LEGASPI, J., V. RUSSELL, et al. (1994). "MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE SPERMATH ECA AS AN INDICATOR OF MATING SUCCESS IN PODISUS-MACULIVENTRIS (SAY)." Southwest ern Entomologist 19(2): 189-190. Legaspi, J., J. Shapiro, et al. (2004). "Biochemical comparison of field and lab oratory populations of Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) in Flo rida." Southwestern Entomologist 29(4): 301-303. Lemos, W., F. Ramalho, et al. (2003). "Effects of diet on development of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae), a predator of the cotton leafworm." Journal of Applied Entomology: 389-395. The effects of diet on development of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het. , Pentatomidae) were studied at 25degreesC, relative humidity of 60+/-10%, and p hotoperiod of 14 h light : 10 h dark. Development times of P. nigrispinus nymphs were similar when fed with third or fifth instar larvae of cotton leafworm (Ala bama argillacea Hubner) (Lep., Noctuidae) or Tenebrio molitor L. (Col., Tenebrio nidae). When fed with housefly larvae (Musca domestica L.) (Dipt., Muscidae) or artificial diet, the predator had a longer development time. Independent of diet , instar or sex, the females of P. nigrispinus showed a longer longevity than th e males. The total survival of the nymphal stage, on the different diets, varied from 22.46 (fed with housefly) to 77.33% (fed with T. molitor larvae). P. nigri spinus males were heavier when fed with third or fifth instar cotton leafworm la rvae than when fed with artificial diet. The weight of the females varied from 3 7.91 (with artificial diet) to 64.68 mg (with fifth instar cotton leafworm larva e). Independently of the diet, newly emerged females of P. nigrispinus were heav ier than the males. Females of P. nigrispinus which were fed with fifth instar c otton leafworm larvae had heavier ovaries than those fed other diets. Lemos, W., F. Ramalho, et al. (2005). "Morphology of female reproductive tract o f the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) fed on different diets." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology: 129-138. The morphology of the reproductive tract of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) females fed with Alabama argillacea (Hubner) larvae, artificial diet, Tenebrio molitor L. larvae or Musca domestica L larvae were studied. The reproductive tra ct of females of this species presented yellow coloration and independent of the diet, each ovary had seven ovarioles joined through terminal filaments and form ing a bunch shape structure. The histological data revealed that the ovary of P. nigrispinus was of meroistic telotrophic type, with each individual ovariole di vided in a terminal filament, a tropharium (trophic chamber), a vitellarium, and a pedicel. The prey type affected the development and morphometry of these stru

ctures. Females of P. nigrispinus fed with 3(rd) or 5(th) instar larvae of cotto n leafworm (A. argillacea) presented developed ovaries with ovarioles showing a great number of oocytes in advanced stages of development. Females fed with arti ficial diet presented atrophic ovaries and ovarioles practically without oocytes . Females fed with T. molitor or M. domestica showed ovailes in intermediary sta ge of development. The central ovariole was longer in females fed with 5(th) ins tar larvae of cotton leafworm and shorter in those fed with artificial diet. Mos t developed oocytes were observed in ovaries of females fed with 5(th) or 3(rd) instar larvae of cotton leafworm, and the majority of atrophic oocytes were foun d in females fed with artificial diet. Lemos, W., F. Ramalho, et al. (2006). "Diet affects reproduction and number of o ocytes per ovary of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera : Pen tatomidae)." Animal Biology: 279-287. The effect of the type of diet consumed on the reproduction of Podisus n igrispinus (Dallas) was studied. Females of R nigrispinus fed on an artificial d iet had a longer preoviposition period than those fed on 3rd or 5th instar cotto n leafworm larvae [Alabama argillacea (Hubner)] or mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L. ) larvae. P nigrispinus females fed on 3rd or 5th instar cotton leafworm larvae or mealworm larvae had a longer oviposition period than females on an artificial diet. The numbers of egg masses per female and of egg masses per female per day were higher when P. nigrispinus was fed on 3rd or 5th instar cotton leafworm la rvae than when fed on an artificial diet. Podisus nigrispinus females fed on 5th instar cotton leafworm larvae produced a greater number of eggs per female, egg s per egg mass, and eggs per female per day, had a higher nymphal hatch rate tha n those fed other diets and-had higher numbers of oocytes per central ovariole o r per ovary than those fed on 3rd instar cotton leafworm larvae, artificial diet , house fly (Musca domestica L.) larvae or mealworm larvae. Lemos, W., F. Ramalho, et al. (2003). "Age-dependent fecundity and life-fertilit y tables for Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) (Dermaptera : Anisolabididae) a cotton boll weevil predator in laboratory studies with an artificial diet." Environmen tal Entomology: 592-601. Little information regarding the biology and ecology of dermapteran pred ators has been reported. For possible use of Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) (Aniso labididae) in biological control programs against the cotton boll weevil Anthono mus grandis grandis Boheman (Curculionidae), it is important to know the effect of temperature on reproduction in this predator. Our objective was to evaluate t he reproductive potential and the longevity of females of E. annulipes under lab oratory conditions using an artificial diet, at 25 and 30degreesC, and to estima te life-fertility tables and growth rates. Fecundity began to decline on clay 84 at 25degreesC and on day 74 at 30degreesC of adult age and ended with the death of the females at both temperatures. Females of E. annulipes oviposited an aver age of 206 and 306 eggs, and had a mean longevity of 198 and 149 d at 25 and 30d egreesC, respectively. The gross reproductive rates were 89.2 at 25degreesC and 91.4 at 30degreesC; the net reproductive rates were 65.3 at 25degreesC and 40.3 at 30degreesC; the generation times were 195.2 d at 25degreesC and 142.9 d at 30 degreesC; the doubling time was 33.0 d at 25degreesC and 26.7 d at 30degreesC; t he intrinsic rates of increase were 0.02 at 25degreesC and 0.03 at 30degreesC, a nd the finite rates of increase were 1.02 at 25degreesC and 1.03 at 30degreesC. The predator population increased by 52 at 25degreesC and 20 at 30degreesC adult progeny per female per generation in the laboratory. The best age for inoculati ve releases of E. annulipes against cotton boll weevil populations is the age wi th the highest age-specific reproductive values, that is, newly emerged females at 25 or 30degreesC. Lemos, W., J. Serrao, et al. (2009). "Body weight and protein content in the hae molymph of females of the zoophytophagous predator Brontocoris tabidus (Heteropt era: Pentatomidae) with different diets and ages." Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection: 218-222.

The effect of different diets [1. Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Teneb rionidae) pupae; 2. T molitor pupae and Eucalyptus cloeziana plants; 3. T molito r pupae and Eucalypt-us urophylla plants; and 4. T. molitor pupae and guava plan ts (Psidium guajava L.)] on the body weight and the protein content of haemolymp h of Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) females were ana lyzed. Fifteen days old females of B. tabidus were heavier on plants and T molit or pupae than only with pupae of this prey. Twent-one days old females of this p redator were heavier with E. cloeziana or guava plants and lower with E. urophyl la and T molitor pupae or only with pupae of this prey. The body weight of 15 an d 21 days old females of B. tabidus was similar in. most treatments and lower wi th E. urophylla and T molitor pupae. Fifteen days old females of this predator w ere heavier when fed on T molitor pupae and guava plants than those 21 days old. The protein content in the haemolymph of females of this predator was similar i n all diets and ages. The phytophagy increased the body weight, but not the prot ein content in the haemolymph of females of the predator B. tabidus. Lemos, W., J. Zanuncio, et al. (2009). "Fat body of the zoophytophagous predator Brontocoris tabidus (Het.: Pentatomidae) females: Impact of the herbivory and a ge." Micron: 635-638. The effect of different diets [Tenebrio molitor L (Coleoptera: Tenebrion idae) pupae; T. molitor pupae and Eucalyptus cloeziana plant; T. molitor and Euc alyptus urophylla plant and T molitor pupae and guava plant (Psidium guajava)] o n the morpho-physiological features of the fat body of Brontocoris tabidus (Sign oret) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) females was studied in the field. Adult female s of B. tabidus have trophocytes about twofold larger (966.32 mu m(2)) when fed on E. urophylla and T. molitor than those fed on other diets. The trophocytes of B. tabidus showed similar morphological aspects with the different diets and ag e of this predator. The histochemical tests indicated a reduced quantity of prot eins and carbohydrates in the fat body of B. tabidus females with all diets and age of this predator. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Lemos, W., J. Zanuncio, et al. (2005). "Attack behavior of Podisus rostralis (He teroptera : Pentatomidade) adults on caterpillars of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology: 975-981. Attack behavior of the predator Podisus rostralis (Stal) (Heteroptera: P entatomidae) adults on fourth instar Bombyx mori L (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) cat erpillars was studied in laboratory conditions. Ten 24 hours old adults of this predator were observed during two hours with the following attack behavior: (1) Predator: prey finding; prey observation; touching prey with antenna; attack beh avior; prey paralysis; predator retreat after attack; attack cessation; successi ve attacks; and (2) Prey: defense. The predator P. rostralis found its prey befo re attacking and it approached it with slow circular movements. The attack was u sually made in the posterior part of the prey to reduce defense reaction. Larger size of prey in relation to the predator resulted difficult prey paralysis but it occurred in less than two hours. Mahdian, K., J. Kerckhove, et al. (2006). "Effects of diet on development and re production of the predatory pentatomids Picromerus bidens and Podisus maculivent ris." Biocontrol 51(6): 725-739. The effects of five diets (larvae of Galleria mellonella L., larvae of S podoptera littoralis (Boisduval), eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, cysts of A rtemia franciscana Kellogg and an artificial diet based on bovine meat) on devel opment, survival and reproduction of two predatory stinkbugs, Picromerus bidens L. and Podisus maculiventris (Say), were studied in the laboratory. Both species successfully completed immature development on the foods offered, except for P. bidens on cysts of A. franciscana. Significant effects of diet on developmental duration were found in both species. Total developmental time from second insta r to adult ranged from 25.0 to 41.5 days and from 18.7 to 46.0 days in P. bidens and P. maculiventris, respectively. Nymphal survival of P. maculiventris was su perior to that of P. bidens on all diets tested. Nymphal survival of P. maculive

ntris was greater than 92% on all diets except on A. franciscana cysts, yielding only 50% survival to adulthood. Survival of P. bidens fed on eggs of E. kuehnie lla was higher than that of conspecifics fed on caterpillar prey or artificial d iet (89% on. our moth eggs vs. 68 and 80% on G. mellonella and S. littoralis and only 50% on meat diet). Fresh weight of newly emerged females of both pentatomi ds was affected by the diet offered to the predators during their nymphal stage. Females of P. maculiventris produced viable eggs on all diets except on cysts o f A. franciscana and had mean fecundities of 691, 436, 608 and 344 eggs per fema le on S. littoralis, G. mellonella, E. kuehniella eggs and the meat diet, respec tively. Females of P. bidens laid eggs only on live prey with mean fecundities o f 94 and 38 eggs per female on S. littoralis and G. mellonella, respectively. Th e results indicate a lower nutritional plasticity of P. bidens as compared with P. maculiventris. Mahdian, K., T. Van Leeuwen, et al. (2007). "Susceptibility of the predatory sti nkbug Picromerus bidens to selected insecticides." Biocontrol 52(6): 765-774. The Palaearctic stinkbug Picromerus bidens L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae ) has been considered as a potential biocontrol agent of several defoliator pest s in various agricultural and forest ecosystems. It may therefore be a valuable alternative for the Nearctic pentatomid Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae), the augmentative use of which has largely been abandoned in Eur ope given its possible environmental impact as an exotic polyphagous predator. H owever, no study has yet documented the impact of insecticides on P. bidens, whi ch is essential to evaluate the possible combination of this predatory pentatomi d with current insecticide applications in integrated pest management (IPM) prog rammes. This study reports on laboratory experiments investigating the susceptib ility of P. bidens to five insecticides with different modes of action: the pyre throid deltamethrin, the diacylhydrazine methoxyfenozide, the juvenile hormone m imic pyriproxyfen, the spinosyn spinosad, and the neonicotinoid imidacloprid, al l of which are used to control defoliator pests. Fourth-instar nymphs and female adults of the predator were exposed to formulated materials of the insecticides by residual contact. Methoxyfenozide and spinosad did not cause significant mor tality to 4th instars and female adults of P. bidens. In contrast, deltamethrin and imidacloprid were harmful to nymphs and adults of the predator, with LC50 va lues ranging between 1.5 and 9.9 mg a.i./l. Pyriproxyfen was toxic to 4th instar s with an LC50 value of 13.9 mg a.i./l but did not affect female adults. Reprodu ction and longevity of P. bidens were not adversely affected when the predator w as exposed to field concentrations of spinosad, methoxyfenozide, or pyriproxyfen , or sublethal concentrations (around LC10) of deltamethrin and imidacloprid. Th e results from residual contact experiments suggest that methoxyfenozide, spinos ad, and to a lesser extent, pyriproxyfen may be compatible with P. bidens in an IPM programme. Further experiments assessing food chain toxicity of these compou nds should offer a more complete picture of their selectivity. Mahdian, K., I. Vantornhout, et al. (2006). "Effects of temperature on predation by the stinkbugs Picromerus bidens and Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera : Pen tatomidae) on noctuid caterpillars." Bulletin of Entomological Research 96(5): 4 89-496. Environmental risks associated with the use of non-indigenous organisms for augmentative biological control have received growing attention. In Europe, the native pentatomid predator Picromerus bidens (Linnaeus) has been considered a potential alternative to the North American pentatomid Podisus maculiventris ( Say) for the control of lepidopteran, coleopteran and hymenopteran defoliator pe sts. In the current study, prey consumption and developmental duration of the pr edatory stages of P. bidens and P. maculiventris were investigated at three temp eratures (18, 23 and 27 degrees C) in the laboratory using caterpillars of Spodo ptera littoralis as prey. Development time from second to fifth instar was longe r for P. bidens than for P. maculiventris, taking on average 17-44 and 14-32 day s, respectively, at the different temperatures. Total nymphal consumption of fou rth instar S. littoralis caterpillars indicated a greater voracity of P. bidens

as compared with P. maculiventris at both the low and high temperatures tested ( 18 and 27 degrees C). At 23 degrees C, however, the predation rate of P. maculiv entris nymphs exceeded that of P. bidens nymphs. Effect of temperature on the fu nctional response of P. bidens to densities of fourth instar Spodoptera exigua w as assessed on potted green bean plants. Female adults of P. bidens exhibited a type II functional response at 18 and 23 degrees C but a type III response at 27 degrees C. Searching efficiency was not affected by temperature but handling ti me decreased from 4.2 to 1.4 h as temperature increased from 18 to 23 degrees C. However, the predator spent twice as much time handling prey at 27 degrees C (2 .9 h) than at 23 degrees C. This study indicates high predation rates of P. bide ns at a wide range of temperatures and suggests that the species may be a valuab le asset for the biological control of defoliating caterpillars, provided that o bstacles to its mass production can be overcome. Medeiros, R., F. Ramalho, et al. (2000). "Age-dependent fecundity and life-ferti lity tables for Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae)." Journal of A pplied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie: 319-324. The reproductive potential and longevity of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) were determined under laboratory conditions at a constant temperature of 25 deg reesC. The data were used to calculate life-fertility tables and rates of increa se. The fecundity plateau of P. nigrispinus lasted 18 days, and during this peri od mean fecundity was 8.89 eggs per female per day. It started at the eighth day of age and ended at the 18th day of age. The declining fecundity period started at 18 days of age and ended with the death of the females. The female of P. nig rispinus oviposited a mean of 188.54 eggs, and had a mean longevity of 31.21 day s. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) was 104.374 females/female; the net reprodu ctive rate (R-o) was 31.945 females/female; the generation time was 47.390 days; the doubling time was 9.480 days; the intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) was 0.0 73, and the finite rate of increase (lambda) was 1.076. The predator population increased by 16.61 adult progeny per female per generation in the laboratory. Medeiros, R., F. Ramalho, et al. (2003). "Temperature influence on the reproduct ion of Podisus nigrispinus, a predator of the noctuid larva Alabama argillacea." Biocontrol: 695-704. The influence of temperature on the reproduction and longevity of Podisu s nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed with Alabama argillacea ( Hubner) ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae was studied. This predator was reared a t constant temperatures of 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 33 +/- 0.2 degreesC, all at re lative humidity of 60 +/- 10%, and a photoperiod of L: D 14: 10. Fecundity of P. nigrispinus at the various temperatures ranged from 401.2 (33degreesC) to 841.3 (28degreesC) eggs/female. The preoviposition, oviposition peak, and declining o viposition periods of P. nigrispinus were affected by temperature [ preovipositi on period: 4.0 (33degreesC) to 13.2 (20degreesC) days; duration of oviposition p eak period: 9.0 (33degreesC) to 33.0 (20degreesC) days; and duration of declinin g oviposition period: 16.0 (33degreesC) to 46.0 (20degreesC) days]. Longevity of females and males of P. nigrispinus ranged from 28.4 (33degreesC) to 88.6 (20de greesC) days, and from 42.7 (33degreesC) to 114.3 (20degreesC) days, respectivel y. These data are useful in relation to the development of population dynamics m odels to underpin programmes of biological control. Medeiros, R., F. Ramalho, et al. (2004). "Estimative of Podisus nigrispinus (Dal las) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) development time with non linear models." Neot ropical Entomology: 141-148. The objective of this study was to evaluate the precision of the non lin ear models of Davidson (1942, 1944), Stinner et al. (1974), Sharpe & DeMichele ( 1977), and Lactin et al. (1995) to describe relationship between developmental r ate of different stages of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) and temperature. Lower v alues of R-2 for the models of Davidson (0.1593 to 0.2672, and 0.1406 to 0.2804 for males and females, respectively) and of Stinner et al. (0.2136 to 0.6389, an d 0.1417 to 0.3045 for males and females, respectively) showed that these models

were not adequate to estimate developmental rate of P. nigrispinus as function of temperature. However, high values of R-2 for the models of Sharpe & DeMichele (0.9226 to 0.9893, and 0.8818 to 0.9914 for males and females, respectively), a nd of Lactin et al. (0.9485 to 0.9997, and 0.8961 to 0.9997 for males and female s, respectively) showed that these models are suitable to estimate developmental rate of P. nigrispinus as function of temperature. Females of P. nigrispinus sh owed high tolerance to high temperature which is represented by high values of H -H for immature stage of this insect obtained with the Sharpe & DeMichele model. According to this model females of P. nigrispinus present thermal stress at 33. 3degreesC, which indicates that maximum thermal estimated by this model was clos e to the real one. Medeiros, R., F. Ramalho, et al. (2003). "Effect of temperature on life table pa rameters of Podisus nigrispinus (Het., Pentatomidae) fed with Alabama argillacea (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae." Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewa ndte Entomologie: 209-213. The influence of temperature on life table parameters of Podisus nigrisp inus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae) fed with Alabama argillacea (Hubner) (Lep., N octuidae) larvae was studied. This predator was kept at constant temperatures of 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 33+/-0.2degreesC, at relative humidity of 60+/-10% and p hotoperiod of L:D 14:10. Gross (GRR) and net (R-0) reproductive rates of P. nigr ispinus ranged from 1.6 to 366.6 and from 0.02 to 189.5 females/female at temper atures of 33 and 28degreesC, respectively; generation time (T) ranged from 33.3 (33degreesC) to 85.5 (20degreesC) days; doubling time (D ) from 0.82 (33degreesC ) to 17.8 (20degreesC) days; intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) from -0.13 (33deg reesC) to 0.12 (28degreesC) per day; and the finite rate of increase (lambda) fr om 0.88 (33degreesC) to 1.12 (28degreesC) females/female added to the population per day. The ideal age to release P. nigrispinus should be when this predator p resents higher reproductive values (VRx); that is, its adults are about 7 days o ld, independent of prevailing temperature. Population growth of P. nigrispinus w as affected by temperature with maximum numerical response between 28 and 30degr eesC. The negative population growth shown at 33degreesC may not occur in natura l conditions due to milder microclimate in the cotton agroecosystem and due to o scillations of temperature in the course of the day. Menezes, L., M. Rossi, et al. (2005). "Consequences of refuge for the functional response of Dermestes ater (Coleoptera : Dermestidae) to Musca domestica (Dipte ra : Muscidae)." Population Ecology 47(3): 213-219. It is well known that a predator has the potential to regulate a prey po pulation only if the predator responds to increases in prey density and inflicts greater mortality rates. Predators may cause such density-dependent mortality d epending on the nature of the functional and numerical responses. Yet, few studi es have examined the relationship between the addition of refuges and the charac teristic of functional response fits. We investigated whether addition of a refu ge changed the type of functional response exhibited by Dermestes ater on Musca domestica, comparing the inherent ability of D. ater to kill houseflies in the a bsence and in the presence of refuge. An additional laboratory experiment was al so carried out to assess handling and searching times exhibited by D. ater. Logi stic regression analyses revealed a type III functional response for predator-pr ey interaction without refuge, and results were described by the random predator equation. The mean number of prey killed did not differ between experimental ha bitats, indicating that the addition of refuge did not inhibit predation. Howeve r, predators that interacted with prey without refuge spent less time searching for prey at higher densities, increasing predatory interaction. We concluded tha t this interaction may be weak, because data from experiments with refuge fitted poorly to models. However, the high variability and the nonsignificance of the data from the experiment with refuge show the importance of refuge for promoting spatial heterogeneity, which may prevent prey extinction. Mohaghegh, J., P. De Clercq, et al. (1998). "Effects of maternal age and egg wei

ght on developmental time and body weight of offspring of Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 91 (3): 315-322. Effects of egg size of young (2-wk-old) and old (7-wk-old) parents on th e developmental time and weight of Podisus maculiventris (Say) offspring were in vestigated. Maternal age was the only significant source of variation affecting egg development: eggs deposited by young females took longer to develop than egg s deposited by old females. Nymphal development was affected by both maternal ag e and egg size: offspring from small eggs and old females showed longer developm ental times compared with offspring from large eggs or young females. Sex had no significant impact on egg and nymphal development. Effects of egg weight, mater nal age, and sex on body weights of 5th instars and adults were significant. Wit hin each sex, offspring from large eggs and young females were heavier than thos e from small eggs or old females. Variation of egg weight over time observed in mothers was reflected by that of their offspring, with the exception of offsprin g from small eggs and young parents. Maternal age and egg weight did not signifi cantly influence egg hatch, nymphal survival, and sex ratio. Also, a positive co rrelation between the body weight of 5th instars and that of corresponding adult s was detected. Significance of these findings for the mass rearing and quality control of this predatory-insect is discussed. Mohaghegh, J., P. De Clercq, et al. (1998). "Maternal age and egg weight affect offspring performance in the predatory stink bug Podisus nigrispinus." Biocontro l 43(2): 163-174. To investigate influences of maternal age and egg weight on developmenta l time and body weight of offspring in the Neotropical pentatomid Podisus nigris pinus, a study was carried out using large (0.36 mg) and small (0.32 mg) eggs of young (two-week-old) females and large eggs of old (seven-week-old) females. In cubation period of eggs was influenced only by egg weight, i.e. small eggs took a relatively shorter time to hatch. Both maternal age and egg weight had signifi cant effects on total nymphal and egg-to-adult developmental times. Overall, off spring of young parents had shorter developmental times. None of the development al periods were significantly affected by sex. No significant differences were f ound among various offspring groups for percentages of egg hatch, nymphal surviv al, and sex ratio. Variation of egg weight in relation to the number of eggs per day observed within the first month of life suggests a trade-off between weight of individual eggs and oviposition rate. It is concluded that for mass producti on of the predators in view of their use in augmentative biocontrol programmes, young parents (2-4 weeks old) should be preferred. Mohaghegh, J., P. de Clercq, et al. (1999). "Effects of rearing history and geog raphical origin on reproduction and body size of the predator Podisus nigrispinu s (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." European Journal of Entomology 96(1): 69-72. The relationship between body size and reproduction was investigated for two laboratory strains of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas). A strain originating fr om Surinam and maintained for about 15 years under laboratory conditions, did no t demonstrate any significant relationship between body length and fecundity. A second strain originated from Brazil where it had been reared in the laboratory for several generations but under different conditions of climate, food and hous ing. In the first generation of the Brazilian strain, a significant positive rel ationship was found between body length and total number of eggs. Results sugges t that colonization might act initially in favour of a positive body size/fecund ity relationship. In contrast, females of the fifth and tenth generations, like those of the Surinamese strain, showed no significant relationship between body length and reproduction. Fecundity of the tenth generation of the Brazilian stra in, with an average of 317 eggs per female, was significantly greater than that or the first and fifth generation, with 220 and 243 eggs per female, respectivel y. The strain from Surinam, with 545 eggs per female, had a markedly higher repr oductive capacity than any generation of the Brazilian strain. Adult body weight s of different generations of the Brazilian strain increased consistently from t

he first to the tenth generation, indicating an adaptation to the new t. Females and males of the Surinamese strain lived longer than those zilian one. Besides differences related to the geographical origin of s, greater fecundity and longevity in long-term laboratory strains of inus may reflect selective adaptation to food and climatic conditions oratory environment.

environmen of the Bra the strain P. nigrisp in the lab

Mohaghegh, J., P. de Clercq, et al. (2000). "Toxicity of selected insecticides t o the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." B iocontrol Science and Technology 10(1): 33-40. Susceptibility of Podisus maculiventris to the insect growth regulator t eflubenzuron, the carbamate methomyl, the pyrethroid deltamethrin, and the bioin secticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp, kurstaki (Bactospeine) was evaluated in the laboratory: Newly-moulted fourth instars and seven-day-old female adults wer e exposed to formulated materials of each compound via ingestion for 48 h. Teflu benzuron was highly toxic to fourth instars (LC50 = 14.7 mg a.i. l(-1)) of the p redator bur pi-oven to be harmless to female adults. Both fourth instars and fem ales suffered the highest mortality when they were exposed to methomyl (LC50 = 5 .4 and 10.6 mg a.i. l(-1), respectively). Deltamethrin was relatively safe for t he predator in either stage; however fourth instars were more tolerant to the py rethroid than females (LC50 = 158.8 and 43.4 mg a.i. l(-1), respectively). Neith er fourth instars nor females were affected by B. thuringiensis at 10000 mg form ulated material l(-1). Reproductive capacity of the predator was also examined w hen applying concentrations of teflubenzuron (200 mg a.i. l(-1)) or deltamethrin (12.5 mg a.i. l(-1)) via ingestion. Treatment with deltamethrin only prolonged preoviposition period. A marked decline in egg hatch was observed when the insec ts were exposed to teflubenzuron compared with the control (7 vs 63%, respective ly). Fourth and fifth instars that had ingested sublethal closes of teflubenzuro n demonstrated longer developmental times than did those of the control. Ingesti on experiments suggest that use of deltamethrin and B. thuringiensis may be comp atible with releases of P. maculiventris. In contrast, populations of the predat or may be harmed when methomyl or teflubenzuron are applied . Mohaghegh, J., P. De Clercq, et al. (2001). "Functional response of the predator s Podisus maculiventris (Say) and Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomid ae) to the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lep., Noctuidae): effect o f temperature." Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomol ogie 125(3): 131-134. Predation abilities of Podisus maculiventris and Podisus nigrispinus on caterpillars of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), were compared at three different temperatures (18, 23 and 27 degreesC) by performing functional r esponse tests. In both species, predation capacity was a function of temperature and prey density: more prey were captured as temperature and number of prey off ered increased. Results indicated that type II and III functional responses prov ided the best fit to the data obtained for P. nigrispinus at 18 and 23 degreesC, and at 27 degreesC, respectively. However, the data for P. maculiventris showed a better fit to type II at 18 degreesC and to type III at higher temperatures. Tn both pentatomids the handling time decreased with increasing temperature. At higher temperatures, P. nigrispinus demonstrated greater predation rates than P. maculiventris. The implications of these findings for the control of caterpilla r pests in glasshouses are discussed. Molina-Rugama, A., J. Zanuncio, et al. (1997). "Longevity and fecundity of Podis us nigrispinus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) fed Musca domestica (Diptera : Musci dae) and bean." Revista De Biologia Tropical: 1125-1130. At Vicosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil) the longevity and fecundity of female P odisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were studied under labor atory conditions (24 +/- 3 degrees C, RH of 70 +/- 10% and photophase of 12 hour s). They were fed for 24 hours each time at one, two, four, eight or 16 day inte rvals with Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae and a continuous supply

of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Reproduction and survival were significantly affected by feeding intervals. Total number of eggs was similar for females fed every one (167.9 +/- 123.0 eggs), two (143.1 +/- 61.2 eggs) and four days (67.9 +/- 17.9 eggs) with reduced number and no eggs recorded for females fed every ei ght (9.0 +/- 10.5 eggs) and 16 days respectively. Longer longevities were record ed for females fed every two (27.2 +/- 2.9) and four (28.6 +/- 8.9) days than fo r those fed every 16 days (11.7 +/- 1.3). Molina-Rugama, A., J. Zanuncio, et al. (1997). "Longevity and fecundity of Podis us nigrispinus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) fed Musca domestica (Diptera : Musci dae) and bean." Revista De Biologia Tropical 45(3): 1125-1130. At Vicosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil) the longevity and fecundity of female P odisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were studied under labor atory conditions (24 +/- 3 degrees C, RH of 70 +/- 10% and photophase of 12 hour s). They were fed for 24 hours each time at one, two, four, eight or 16 day inte rvals with Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae and a continuous supply of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Reproduction and survival were significantly affected by feeding intervals. Total number of eggs was similar for females fed every one (167.9 +/- 123.0 eggs), two (143.1 +/- 61.2 eggs) and four days (67.9 +/- 17.9 eggs) with reduced number and no eggs recorded for females fed every ei ght (9.0 +/- 10.5 eggs) and 16 days respectively. Longer longevities were record ed for females fed every two (27.2 +/- 2.9) and four (28.6 +/- 8.9) days than fo r those fed every 16 days (11.7 +/- 1.3). Molina-Rugama, A., J. Zanuncio, et al. (1998). "Reproductive strategy of Podiscu s rostralis (Stal) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) females under different feeding intervals." Biocontrol Science and Technology: 583-588. The reproduction and survival of Podisus rostralis was evaluated under d ifferent feeding intervals using Tenebrio molitor larvae as food and a continuou s supply of bean slices. There was a linear relationship between the pre-oviposi tion period and the periods without feeding. Females fed at intervals of 1-4 day s laid their first egg mass 8-10 days after emergence, while those fed every 8 a nd 16 days did so after 13.6 and 20 days respectively. The oviposition period nu mber of egg masses, total number of eggs, number of eggs/egg mass, total number of nymphs and rate of egg consumption/day showed negative linear correlations wi th the increase in feeding interval The longevity of P. rostralis was not affect ed by feeding interval (P > 0.05). The present results suggest a type of trade-o ff, where longevity is maintained at the expense of reproduction. This behaviour or attribute of P. rostralis can contribute to its establishment and survival i n an environment of fluctuating food supply. Molina-Rugama, A., J. Zanuncio, et al. (1998). "Reproductive strategy of Podiscu s rostralis (Stal) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) females under different feeding intervals." Biocontrol Science and Technology 8(4): 583-588. The reproduction and survival of Podisus rostralis was evaluated under d ifferent feeding intervals using Tenebrio molitor larvae as food and a continuou s supply of bean slices. There was a linear relationship between the pre-oviposi tion period and the periods without feeding. Females fed at intervals of 1-4 day s laid their first egg mass 8-10 days after emergence, while those fed every 8 a nd 16 days did so after 13.6 and 20 days respectively. The oviposition period nu mber of egg masses, total number of eggs, number of eggs/egg mass, total number of nymphs and rate of egg consumption/day showed negative linear correlations wi th the increase in feeding interval The longevity of P. rostralis was not affect ed by feeding interval (P > 0.05). The present results suggest a type of trade-o ff, where longevity is maintained at the expense of reproduction. This behaviour or attribute of P. rostralis can contribute to its establishment and survival i n an environment of fluctuating food supply. Neto, F., H. de Oliveira, et al. (2004). "Weight gain of the predator Podisus di stinctus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) with combinations of the preys Tenebrio mo

litor (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) and Musca domestica (Diptera : Muscidae)." Re vista De Biologia Tropical: 101-108. Little is known about Podisus distinctus (Stal) (Heteroptera: Pentatomid ae) one of the Asopinae species with good possibilities for mass rearing and rel easing against defoliator caterpillars in eucalyptus reforested areas in Brazil. We evaluated the impact of prey combinations on weight of nymphs and adults of P. distinctus. The prey were Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Tenebrio molitor L (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The experiment was developed under 25 +/ - 0.5degreesC, 60 +/- 10% R.H. and photophase of 14 hr, with nymphs of P. distin ctus individualized in Petri dishes and fed as: T1- larvae of M. domestica durin g its whole nymphal phase; T2- larvae of M. domestica during its II instar and o f T molitor during the other instars; T3-larvae of M. domestica during II and II I instars and of T. molitor during the other instars; T4- larvae of M. domestica during II, III and IV instars and of T. molitor during the V instar; T5- larvae of T. molitor during all instars. P distinctus presents lower weight when fed w ith larvae of M. domestica. For this reason it is recommended to feed R distinct us with T molitor during its whole nymphal phase or with larvae of M. domestica only during II and III instars and T molitor during IV and V instars. Neto, F., J. Zanuncio, et al. (2002). "Reproductive characteristics of the preda tor Podisus nigrispinus fed with an insect resistant soybean variety." Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira: 917-924. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the insect resistant soybean genotype IAC 17 on reproductive characteristics of Podisus nig rispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera Pentatomidae) females compared to the soybean ins ect susceptible genotype UFV 16. Treatments were: T1) females of P. nigrispinus fed on plants of the UFV 16 and Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctu idae) caterpillars reared on leaves of this variety; T2) females of P. nigrispin us fed on plants of the IAC 17 and A. gemmatalis caterpillars reared on leaves o f this variety. Longevity of females, pre-oviposition, oviposition and pos-ovipo sition periods, number of eggs and egg masses/female, egg weight, interval betwe en egg mass laying, number of eggs/egg mass, percentage of nymphs, number of nym phs/female and total number of prey killed/female of P. nigrispinus were evaluat ed. Most of the characteristics evaluated showed similar results between treatme nts, but the oviposition period was longer for females reared on the resistant g enotype than on the susceptible one and the percentage of total females that lai d eggs was lower on the IAC 17. Also, the resistant genotype caused higher morta lity of P. nigrispinus females at the beginning of its adult stage and egg produ ction by females of this predator was better spread along its adult stage with t his resistant genotype. On the other hand, results suggest no effect of the resi stant genotype on the offspring of this predator. Oliveira, I., J. Zanuncio, et al. (2005). "Effect of female weight on reproducti ve potential of the predator Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret, 1852) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology: 295-301. The objective of this work was to determine the fecundity of the predato r Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) females of two weig ht classes aiming to define, which one presented higher productivity in the labo ratory. Males and females of B. tabidus were reared from nymphs fed with Tenebri o molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae in laboratory. Females of B. tabi dus weighting 95 to 150 mg and those with 160 to 220 mg constituted two treatmen ts. Oviposition period and numbers of egg masses, eggs and nymphs per female of B. tabidus were higher in the treatment with heavier females,while the periods o f previposition, between egg mass laying egg incubation and number of eggs per e gg mass,besides the percentage of nymphs hatched and adult longevity wee similar between treatments. Heavier females of B. tabidus presented better productivity and for this reason they should be used in programs of mass rearing this predat or. ONeil, R., K. Nagarajan, et al. (1996). "A simulation model of Podisus maculiven

tris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varive stis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), population dynamics in soybean, Glyc ine max (L)." Biological Control 6(3): 330-339. We present a predator-prey model (PREDPREY) that describes the populatio n dynamics of the generalist predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in soybean, Glycine max (L.). PREDPREY is a state-variable mode l that uses a distributed-delay function to represent temperature-dependent deve lopment of both predator and prey species. The predator submodel includes descri ptions of immigration, predator search, functional response, survivorship, and r eproductive characteristics. The prey submodel includes descriptions of immigrat ion, survivorship, and reproductive characteristics. The plant model describes p lant growth as a function of leaf area accumulation over time. The model tracks changes in predator and prey populations over a single growing season using a 1day time step. The model captures the essence of predator-prey dynamics to provi de reasonable predictions of population patterns. Comparison of the no-predator scenario to the standard simulation (1000 predators/ha) indicates that predators bring about a 24% reduction in peak prey (larval) density and a 47% reduction i n overwintering prey (adult) numbers. Sensitivity analyses indicate that reprodu ctive and survivorship characteristics of the prey have a relatively large impac t on pest density. Among predator characteristics, developmental rate and most r eproductive parameters have a greater impact than do search parameters and survi vorship. Plant growth rate has a greater impact than the initial size of plants. The model can be used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of natural enemies , investigate augmentative biological control strategies, and evaluate biologica l control strategies as part of larger IPM programs. (C) 1996 Academic Press, In c. Pereira, A., F. Ramalho, et al. (2009). "Age-Dependent Fecundity of Podisus nigr ispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) with Sublethal Doses of Gammacyhalo thrin." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology: 1157-1166. Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was exposed to gammacyhalothrin to study the stimulatory effect of low concentrations of this p yrethroid. The closes studied were 23.4375, 11.7188, 5.8594, 2.9297, 1.4648, 0.7 324 mg.litre(-1) and water, as control. The third, fourth, and fifth instars P. nigrispinus were shorter with all the doses of this insecticide. The survival an d longevity of this predator was highest with the lowest doses. The oviposition period of P. nigrispinus decreased as the doses increased. The lowest pre- and p ostoviposition periods were found with 11.7188 mg.litre(-1) of gammacyhalothrin. The dose 0.7324 mng.litre(-1) increased the clutch interval. The egg viability was similar between the treatments. The number of eggs per clutch, clutches per female, incubation period, and female body weight were not affected. The hormesi s response could be used as a tool,for IPM programs, allowing the manipulating p arameters of this predator in synergism with this insecticide. Pereira, A., F. Ramalho, et al. (2008). "Density of Alabama argillacea larvae af fects food extraction by females of Podisus nigrispinus." Phytoparasitica: 84-94 . The food extraction by adult females of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (He teroptera: Pentatomidae) from 3(rd) instar Alabama argillacea (Hubner) larvae wa s evaluated in the laboratory. The densities studied were converted to weight of prey offered: 15.7 (one larva); 44.1 (three larvae); 71.4 (five larvae); 117.4 (seven larvae) and 148.8 mg (nine larvae). The adult weight, the amount of food consumed, the weight of remaining larvae and the time taken to ingest the food w ere recorded every 24 h during 9 days to estimate the percentage of food consume d, the quantity and the percentage of food extracted from each larva, the quanti ty of food extracted per minute and the relative consumption rate. The quantity of food consumed (88.5% to 35.5%) and extracted (90.8% to 35.5%) by P nigrispinu s females from each larva decreased as the food available increased. The time sp ent by R nigrispinus to ingest food and the quantity of remaining food were simi

lar during the 9-day period of the adult stage of this predator. No interactions were observed between the age of females of this predator and the prey density. The weight gained (1.2-5.8 mg/9 days), body weight (35.5-42.3 mg) and the relat ive consumption rate (0.4-1.4 mg/mg/day) by females of this predator increased a t a declining rate with the quantity of food available. P. nigrispinus may chang e its predatory behavior as a function of food available. Pereira, A., F. Ramalho, et al. (2005). "Susceptibility of Podisus nigrispinus ( Dallas) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidea) to gammacyhalothrin under laboratory condit ions." Scientia Agricola: 478-482. Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is an important biological control agent of the cotton leafworm [Alabama argillacea (Hubner)] i n the cotton crops in Brazil. The use of selective products such as pyrethroids has been emphasized in this agroecosystem. Then, the susceptibility of the preda tory stinkbug P. nigrispinus to the pyrethroid insecticide gamma-cyhalothrin was studied in the laboratory. Nymphs and adults of the predator were exposed to se ven concentrations of the gamma-cyhalothrin via topical contact and ingestion th rough treated water. The concentrations studied of this insecticide via topical application were relatively harmless for adults of P. nigrispinus (females: LC50 = 143.5 ppm a.i., and males: LC50 = 145.1 ppm a.i.) and 5th-instar nymphs (LC50 = 103.9 ppm) as compared to via ingestion (females: LC50 = 1.98 ppm a.i., males : LC50 = 1.91 ppm a.i., and 5th-instar nymphs: LC50 = 2.05 ppm a.i.). The use of pyrethroids and beneficial insects in IPM programs should be better evaluated. Picanco, M., L. Ribeiro, et al. (1997). "Selectivity of insecticides to Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) predator of Ascia monuste orsei s (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)." Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira: 369-372. The objective of this research was to evaluate the selectivity of Carbar yl, Deltamethrin, Methyl Parathion, Permethrin and Thrichorfon to the predator P odisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) testing dosages of these insecticides which caused 90% mortality of 4th and 5th instars Ascia monuste or seis (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) caterpillars. The most selective insectici de to P. nigrispinus was Permethrin, followed by Deltamethrin and Methil Parathi on. Nymphs of 5th instar of this predador were more tolerant to Thrichorfon than adults and nymphs of 3th instar. Females of P. nigrispinus were more tolerant t o Methil Parathion than males. Ramalho, F., J. Mezzomo, et al. (2008). "Reproductive strategy of Podisus nigris pinus females under different feeding intervals." Phytoparasitica: 30-37. An attempt was made to quantify the influence of prey scarcity on longev ity and on the reproductive variables of females of the predator Podisus nigrisp inus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). The predators received prey (Alabama argillacea) of different sizes, viz., 50 mg (small prey) or 220 mg (large prey), for a period of 24 h, daily or every 2, 4, 8 or 16 days. In an additional trial , the predators were provided only with water or kept without food, in which lat ter condition they lived a significantly shorter time. Individuals that received large prey in excess (every day) and at 16-day intervals lived significantly le ss, while the longevity of those that fed on small prey did not differ significa ntly between feeding intervals. Predators that fed less frequently laid fewer eg gs, with increased intervals between clutches. The results were more marked in f emales fed on small prey; however, evidence of trade-off between reproduction an d survival was detected only in predators that received large prey. The results suggest a type of trade-off, where longevity is maintained at the expense of rep roduction. This strategy can contribute to the establishment and survival of P. nigrispinus in an environment of fluctuating food supply. Saavedra, J., J. Zanuncio, et al. (1997). "Prey capture ability of Podisus nigri spinus (Dallas) (Het, Pentatomidae) reared for successive generations on a merid ic diet." Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie: 327-330.

Adults and nymphs of Podisus nigrispinus reared for three and four gener ations, respectively, on a meat-based artificial diet were able to find, capture and feed on velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hub. (Lep., Noctuidae )) in laboratory and in greenhouse. In laboratory, nymphs reared on artificial d iet were more aggressive to their prey than those reared on house fly larvae (Mu sca domestica L. (Dipt., Muscidae)), an alternative prey currently used for rear ing this predatory species. Adults reared on the artificial diet behaved similar ly to those reared on house fly larvae. In greenhouse, adults and nymphs of P. n igrispinus previously reared on artificial diet and released on soybean plants ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) exhibited prey capture ability comparable to those reare d on house fly larvae. Therefore, predators reared on this meat-based artificial diet seem to be as suitable for biological control programmes as those reared o n house fly larvae. Shapiro, J. and J. Legaspi (2006). "Assessing biochemical fitness of predator Po disus maculiventris (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) in relation to food quality: Ef fects of five species of prey." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 9 9(2): 321-326. Preferences of female predators for various species of prey may not corr elate with nutritional value of the prey, notably with regard to resulting rates of reproduction in the female predator. This study assessed the biochemical sta tus of adult female Podisus maculiventris (Say) as affected by prey species. Col ony-reared females were fed one of five species of natural or factitious prey: b eet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda ( J.E. Smith); cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner); wax moth, Galleria mellon ella (L.); or yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (L.). Fresh weights and contents of lipid, protein, and yolk protein were compared over periods of 7,15, and 22 d. Fresh weights and protein showed no significant differences by trial length o r by prey species. Total lipid content was the most significant parameter in rel ation to time and species of prey, ranging from 5.3 to 15.5% of mean fresh weigh t. Female P. maculiventris varied significantly in total lipid content by prey s pecies at 1.5 and 22 d, and by week only when fed fall armyworm. Highest lipid c ontents were observed in females fed yellow mealworm, and lowest lipid contents were observed in females fed cabbage looper and beet armyworm. Yolk protein cont ent did not correlate with cumulative oviposition, but it did vary with time in those females fed on the beet armyworm or the wax moth. Lipid content in female predators may vary inversely with reproductive potential or egg load and offers a quantitative measure of food quality. Shishehbor, P. and N. Zandi-Sohani (2011). "Investigation on functional and nume rical responses of Encarsia acaudaleyrodis parasitizing Bemisia tabaci on cucumb er." Biocontrol Science and Technology 21(3): 271-280. Functional and numerical responses of Encarsia acaudaleyrodis Hayat para sitizing Bemisia tabaci Gennadius were investigated under laboratory conditions. Newly emerged pairs of parasitoids were confined for 24 h in 8 cm Petri dishes together with 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, or 100 individuals of B. tabaci at their third nymphal stage. The parasitoid exhibited a type II functional response, attacking up to 9.6 nymphs when 100 had been provided. The rate of attack and handling ti me were 0.0554 and 2.3068 h, respectively. The number of eggs deposited by a sin gle parasitoid depended on the number of host individuals, the maximum being 44. 4 when the number of nymphs was 100. At the above-mentioned densities, the paras itoid lived 8.5 days on average. Soares, M., J. Zanuncio, et al. (2009). "Does Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) use different defense behaviours against predators?" Journal of Pla nt Diseases and Protection: 30-33. The efficiency of biological control programs with predators depends on knowing defense behaviour of caterpillars to avoid or to reduce predation. The o bjective was to evaluate whether caterpillars of Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepidopter a: Geometridae) associate different defense behaviours against the predator Podi

sus distinctus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and to describe them. Adults of this predator were released in three wood screen cages (50 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm) and ma intained without food for two days. Caterpillars of T arnobia of different insta rs were released inside each cage. Behaviour patterns of these caterpillars were evaluated during 6 consecutive hours. The caterpillars, initially, explored the environment and they assumed camouflage position. They attacked the predators w ith the jaws. A new defense behaviour was observed in 43% of T arnobia caterpill ars. They hung from silk threads in the cage when upset by the predators. Caterp illars of this herbivore presented different defense behaviour including camoufl age, attacking the predator with its jaws and hung from silk threads. This last one is the most efficient defense behaviour against the predator P. distinctus. Sousa-Souto, L., W. Evangelista, et al. (2006). "Sperm depletion: A cost for sin gle mated females of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Heteroptera : Pentatomi dae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology: 923-926. The aim of this work was to test if egg viability of polyandrous females was increased with increasing number of matings. Longevity and reproductive out put of females of the predatory stinkbug Podisus nigrispinus that were allowed t o mate for 0, 1, 2, 3 times or were in the continuous presence of the same male was evaluated. Polyandry resulted in diminished sperm depletion. Females that ha d mated three times or that were in continuous presence of a male produced more offspring than females that mated once or twice throughout their lifetime. There was a negative correlation of mating history on female longevity. Results indic ated that reinating, either with same male or with different males were crucial maximization of the reproductive success of females. STAMOPOULOS, D. and A. CHLORIDIS (1994). "PREDATION RATES, SURVIVORSHIP AND DEVE LOPMENT OF PODISUS-MACULIVENTRIS (HET, PENTATOMIDAE) ON LARVAE OF LEPTINOTARSA-D ECEMLINEATA (COL, CHRYSOMELIDAE) AND PIERIS-BRASSICAE (LEP, PIERIDAE), UNDER FIE LD CONDITIONS." Entomophaga 39(1): 3-9. The mean predation rate per day and the effect of the prey on the develo pment and survival of the various nymphal stages of Podisus maculiventris (Say) were studied under field-cage conditions. Third instar larvae of the Colorado p otato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and the large white butterfly Pieri s brassicae (Linnaeus) were used as the prey.|The results show that under climat ic conditions similar to those occurring in the Thessaloniki region (N. Greece), the 5th instar nymphs and the adults of the predator P. maculiventris would be promising agents for the biological control of larvae of L. decemlineata and P. brassicae. STAMOPOULOS, D., G. DIAMANTIDIS, et al. (1993). "ENZYMATIC-ACTIVITIES REGISTERED IN GUT TISSUES OF PODISUS-MACULIVENTRIS [HEM, PENTATOMIDAE]." Entomophaga 38(4) : 493-499. Twenty enzymatic activities of the gut tissues of nymphs and adults of P odisus maculiventris (Say) have been determined using mainly the API ZYM(R) micr omethod. The activities registered increased progressively when the nymphs reach ed the last instar. The zymogmmmes of the adults arc almost identical to those o btained from the 5th-instar nymphs and almost no differences were recorded betwe en the two sexes. From the recorded values it seems that there are a lot of simi larities between The enzymatic system of nymphs and adults. due, very probably, to their identical feeding regimen. The enzymatic equipment of the gut tissues o f this predator was found to be rich in phosphatase, esterase. aminopeptidase an d carbohydrase activities. Tores, J. and J. Zanuncio (2001). "Effects of sequential mating by males on repr oductive output of the stinkbug predator, Podisus nigrispinus." Biocontrol: 469480. Reproductive output of the stinkbug predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas ) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was investigated as a function of the number of ma tings that the male had made with a range of females. After being placed with a

female, virgin males were most likely to mate within 12 hours, while non-virgin males were most likely to mate within 12-24 hours. Although males lost weight du ring their first mating, the weights of mated and unmated males were not signifi cantly different throughout their lifetime. Longevity was significantly greater for unmated males (36.0 days) than for mated males (29.8 days). Survival curves for both mated and unmated males were Type II. The capacity of males to transfer sperm to virgin females was not affected by previous matings. From 65.7 to 76.4 % of eggs were viable and 206.7 to 274.6 nymphs were produced per female. Regard less of the number of matings that the male had made, females that had mated onl y once exhausted their stored sperm progressively and produced an increasing pro portion of infertile eggs, which peaked at the end of their lives. These results show that R nigrispinus females need more than one mating to maintain fertility , but their performance is not affected by the number of previous matings that t he male has made or by male weight. Thus, the strategy of pairing with males mul tiple times improved production efficiency by increasing output and reducing foo d waste in mass production systems. This is achieved by temporarily pairing fema les at intervals of about 20 days during their entire lifetime. Torres, J., D. Musolin, et al. (2002). "Thermal requirements and parasitism capa city of Trissolcus brochymenae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera : Scelionidae) under const ant and fluctuating temperatures, and assessment of development in field conditi ons." Biocontrol Science and Technology: 583-593. In order to understand the relative importance of Trissolcus brochymenae , a common egg parasitoid of the predatory stinkbug Podisus nigrispinus in areas where this predator is released, the thermal requirements and developmental per iods (egg to adult) at constant (17, 20, 25, 28 and 32degreesC) and fluctuating (10-20, 13-23, 15-25, 17-27, 20-30 and 25-35degreesC) temperatures, and the effe ct of constant and fluctuating temperatures systems on the longevity and parasit ism capacity of T. brochymenae were investigated. Based on thermal requirements of the parasitoid and field day/night temperature variation in the regions where P. nigrispinus was released, we calculated monthly and yearly number of generat ions of the parasitoid. Parameters of biological and thermal requirements of T. brochymenae were not affected when the insects were reared under constant or flu ctuating temperatures. It was shown that males have a shorter developmental peri od and lower thermal requirements than females. The lowest parasitism capacity a nd shortest longevity of T. brochymenae were observed under fluctuating temperat ure regimes of 10-20degreesC and 25-35degreesC. A higher parasitism capacity was obtained under a 20-30degreesC regime (96.0 +/- 33.6 offspring per female), whi le longevity was longer at a constant temperature of 27degreesC (17.6 +/- 0.6 da ys). T. brochymenae showed a continuous development during all seasons through t he year under field conditions, accomplishing 2.7, 2.4, 2.9 generations per mont h in the CAF, Pains, and Reftoralje areas. An average of 26.4 and 25.8, 25.8 and 25.3, and 24.7 and 23.6 generations per year under constant and fluctuating tem peratures systems was estimated for the CAF, Pains, and Refloralje areas, respec tively. No significant difference between thermal systems in each area was obser ved; however, a significantly smaller number of generations per year were estima ted to occur in the Reftoralje area. Implications of these results for the forec asting of parasitoid population development and its impact on the host stinkbug predator are discussed. Torres, J., J. Zanuncio, et al. (1998). "Nymphal development and adult reproduct ion of the stinkbug predator Podisus nigrispinus (Het., Pentatomidae) under fluc tuating temperatures." Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie: 509-514. Developmental rates, egg and nymph survival. and adult reproduction of P onisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae) were investigated under six flu ctuating temperatures and night-day regimes with a photoperiod of 14 h light: 10 h dark compared with a check temperature of 27 +/- 1.5 degrees C. Lower develop ment threshold temperatures for egg, nymphal stage and from egg to adult were es timated at 13.70, 11.96 and 12.68 degrees C with a requirement, respectively, of

54.34, 284.25 and 327.13 degree-days. The highest egg-adult development rate wa s achieved at 25-35 degrees C. At 10-20 degrees C only 7.0% of nymphs reached ad ult stage, whereas at 27, 15-25 and 17-27 degrees C, 93.0, 87.3 and 91.1% adult emergence was achieved, respectively. The females that emerged at 10-20 degrees C laid no eggs, while those ar 25-35, 15-25, 17-27 and 27 degrees C produced a t otal of 92.1, 453.2, 415.0 and 325.0 eggs, respectively. Results for threshold t emperature and thermal requirement were approximately those reported at constant temperatures by other researchers, while the reproductive parameters of P. nigr ispinus were better at intermediate temperatures ranging from 15-25 to 20-30 deg rees C. Torres, J., J. Zanuncio, et al. (1997). "Population parameters of three parasito ids (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae, Encyrtidae) hosted by the predator Podisus nigris pinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)." Revista De Biologia Tropical: 233-240. The reproductive parameters of Telenomus podisi, Trissolcus brachymenae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Ooencyrtus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were stu died for three generations on their natural host Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 18 51) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). A parasitism rate of 10 eggs/day/species was used under laboratory conditions of 27 +/- 1 degrees C, 60 +/- 10% RH and 14 h of ph otophase. No significant differences were detected between generations in terms of net reproductive rate (R-0), intrinsic rate of natural increase (r(m)), gener ation time (T) and the effect of doubling time on population increase (DT). Howe ver, T. podisi and T. brochymenae had significantly higher R-0 and r(m) values, and lower T and DT values, with r(m) 1.59 and 1.50 times higher than Ooencyrtus sp., respectively. In addition the former species also had shorter egg-adult per iod, greater longevity of females and reproduction period than the other species . These results confirm the greater reproductive potential of T. podisi and T. b rochymenae, which are commonly found parasitizing P. nigrispinus. Vandekerkhove, B. and P. De Clercq (2004). "Effects of an encapsulated formulati on of lambda-cyhalothrin on Nezara viridula and its predator Podisus maculiventr is (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)." Florida Entomologist 87(2): 112-118. Insecticidal effects of an encapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothri n on the southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula (L.) and one of its predators, Podisus maculiventris (Say), were investigated in the laboratory. Both pentatomi ds were exposed to the insecticide via contaminated drinking water and by residu al contact. Nymphs and adults of N. viridula were more susceptible to the insect icide than nymphs of P. maculiventris, both by ingestion and contact exposure. F or the respective ways of exposure, LC50 values calculated for R maculiventris f ourth instars were 30-190 times and 3-13 times higher than those of N. viridula fourth instars. Insecticidal activity of the pyrethroid by ingestion was 6-10 ti mes greater against nymphs of N. viridula than against adults of the pest. In bo th the ingestion and residual contact experiments, nymphs of P. maculiventris re covered from initial knockdown. LC50 values for predator nymphs increased 1.7- t o 2.7-fold between 24 and 48 h after the start of the experiment. Recovery from knockdown was not observed in N. viridula. The data from the current laboratory study suggest that encapsulated lambda-cyhalothrin may be effective for controll ing the southern green stinkbug with little adverse effects on the predator P. m aculiventris, but field experiments are needed to confirm this. Possible reasons for the differential toxicity of the insecticide to both pentatomids are discus sed. Vandekerkhove, B., L. Parmentier, et al. (2009). "Artemia cysts as an alternativ e food for the predatory bug Macrolophus pygmaeus." Journal of Applied Entomolog y 133(2): 133-142. The suitability of cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia sp. as a factitious food for the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur was investigated. The influen ce of decapsulation time and hydration of the cysts on the performance of the pr edator were studied in the absence of plant material. A longer time of decapsula tion had a positive influence on the development of the predator. Hydration of c

ysts had a significant impact on nymphal survival when cysts where non-decapsula ted or poorly decapsulated. An experiment in which nymphs were switched from a d iet of hydrated cysts to non-hydrated cysts showed that in the absence of plant material the relative importance of hydrating the cysts decreased with nymphal a ge. Especially, the first instar and to a lesser extent the second instar appear to be susceptible to water shortage. Effects of prolonged rearing on developmen t and reproduction on brine shrimp cysts from different origins were tested in t he presence of plant material. Rearing M. pygmaeus on Artemia sp. (Jingyu Lake) cysts yielded similar survival, development, adult weight and fecundity in the f ourth as in the second generation. In contrast, for Artemia franciscana cysts, a n increase in nymphal development was notable. Biochemical analyses showed that total amino acid content and the concentration of the different amino acids did not differ among diets and generations. There were, however, differences in tota l fatty acid content between the different diets and generations and in the conc entration of certain fatty acids, indicating that insects fed brine shrimp cysts may show nutritional deficiencies compared to those reared on a diet of Ephesti a kuehniella eggs. Our results indicate that decapsulated brine shrimp cysts are an economically viable alternative food source in at least part of the rearing process for M. pygmaeus. Vandekerkhove, B., E. Van Baal, et al. (2006). "Effect of diet and mating status on ovarian development and oviposition in the polyphagous predator Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera : Miridae)." Biological Control 39(3): 532-538. The mirid bug Macrolophus caliginosus is commercially reared on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, constituting an effective but expensive factitious food. Ar tificial diets can decrease the rearing costs of this natural enemy, but develop ing and evaluating an artificial diet is a very time-consuming activity. In the current study, development and reproduction of M. caliginosus on two artificial diets based on egg yolk were investigated. The artificial diets resulted in long er development and lower adult weights, but survival was comparable with that of control insects fed E kuehniella eggs. Reproductive potential of the predator r eared on factitious and artificial foods was assessed using a dissection method. The influence of nymphal food on fecundity was less important than that of adul t food. Adults fed E kuehniella eggs had a preoviposition period of about 4 days , whereas adults offered only plant material started laying eggs about 7 days af ter emergence. Ovarian scores at day 7 were higher for females fed E kuehniella eggs than for those given access only to a tobacco leaf. Ovarian scores were not significantly affected by mating status. In a final test, a parallel comparison of two methods for assessing reproductive response to diet was made. Here, adul t couples were offered one of four diets: E kuehniella eggs, one of two artifici al diets or no food. Half of the females were dissected and the other half was h eld for determining lifetime oviposition. Females fed E kuehniella eggs had supe rior ovarian scores and laid more eggs than those fed either artificial diet or those given no extra food. A good correlation (r = 0.97) was obtained between ov arian scores and oviposition data, indicating that dissecting females after I we ek provides a reliable estimate of fecundity as affected by diet quality. Rapid reproductive assessments as used in the current study will help to increase the rate of development of artificial diets and may contribute to more cost effectiv e production methods for augmentative biological control agents. (c) 2006 Elsevi er Inc. All rights reserved. Vivan, L., J. Torres, et al. (2002). "Predatory behavior and food conversion of Podisus nigrispinus preying on tomato leafminer." Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasilei ra: 581-587. This work aimed to determine the predatory behavior of nymphs and adults of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) and its reproduction preying upon Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) under open sided greenhouse (30 +/- 5degreesC, 61 +/- 23% RH and natu ral photophase) and laboratory (28 +/- 1degreesC, 53 +/- 5% RH and 14 hours of p hotophase) conditions. Second to later instars and adults of R nigrispinus were caged on processing tomato var. IPA-5 leaves infested with ten T absoluta third

or fourth instars. R nigrispinus from second to fifth instar preyed on 9.1, 11.1 , 8.7 and 12.9 caterpillars in the laboratory and 6.2, 6.6, 8.6 and 15,5 caterpi llars in the open sided greenhouse. Thus, P. nigrispinus fed on similar number o f T absoluta caterpillars under laboratory (43.1 +/- 2.19) and open sided greenh ouse (38.2 +/- 1.78) conditions, preying on 2.5 and 2.3 caterpillars per day, re spectively, in these environments. Average R nigrispinus female predation was 50 .8 +/- 6.1 and 50.3 +/- 10.6 caterpillars in laboratory and open sided greenhous e, respectively. Food conversion per P. nigrispinus female was similar between e nvironments with production of 0.31 eggs per consumed caterpillar in open sided greenhouse, and 0.41 eggs in laboratory. Yi, S. and T. Adams (2000). "Effect of pyriproxyfen and photoperiod on free amin o acid concentrations and proteins in the hemolymph of the Colorado potato beetl e, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)." Journal of Insect Physiology 46(10): 1341-1 353. North Dakota strain of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlin eata (Say), was reared under both short- (8L:16D) and long-day (17L:7D) conditio ns. Age-related and pyriproxyfen- (JHA-) induced changes in hemolymph free amino acids and proteins were examined. Under a short-day photoperiod, the total free amino acid concentration in the hemolymph increased gradually up to 20 days of adult life, but the long-day beetles showed marked increases during the first 10 days and then decreased afterwards. Proline, glutamine and valine were the most abundant free amino acids in both sexes of beetles held under either short or l ong-day photoregims. JHA treatment of diapausing adults, held under either short - or long-day conditions after treatment, terminated diapause as indicated by re -emergence from the vermiculite, feeding, mating, changes in foe amino acid leve ls, the disappearance of diapause protein 1 and appearance of vitellogenin in th e hemolymph. Furthermore, most of the JHA-treated females held under long-day co nditions also matured oocytes and oviposited, but those held under short-day con ditions did not. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. Zanuncio, J., V. Batalha, et al. (1998). "Insecticide selectivity to Supputius c incticeps (Stal) (Het., Pentatomidae) and its prey Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep., Noctuidae)." Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewan dte Entomologie: 457-460. The selectivity of malathion, carbaryl, permethrin, and deltamethrin to Supputius cincticeps (Stal) (Het., Pentatomidae) and its prey Spodoptera frugipe rda (J. E. Smith) (Lep., Noctuidae) (fall armyworm) was evaluated using leaves d ipped in insecticide dilutions. Based on LC,, values, malathion was the least to xic insecticide to the fall armyworm followed by carbaryl, permethrin and deltam ethrin which was the most toxic compound to this insect pest. Malathion was also the least toxic insecticide to the predaceous bug S. cincticeps, while carbaryl and permethrin showed intermediate toxicity and deltamethrin was the most toxic insecticide to this species. Malathion and carbaryl were more toxic to the pred ator than to the fall armyworm showing low selectivity in favour of the first. H owever, the pyrethroids showed the opposite effect with deltamethrin being the m ost selective insecticide in favour of S. cincticeps. Nymphs of the fifth instar and adults of the predator were more tolerant to the pyrethroids than third-ins tar nymphs. The other insecticides showed similar toxicity to all three developm ental stages of the predator. Zanuncio, J., E. Beserra, et al. (2005). "Reproduction and longevity of Supputiu s cincticeps (Het.: Pentatomidae) fed with larvae of Zophobas confusa, Tenebrio molitor (Col.: Tenebrionidae) or Musca domestica (Dip.: Muscidae)." Brazilian Ar chives of Biology and Technology: 771-777. Reproduction and longevity of Supputius cincticeps (Stal) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Zophobas confusa Gebien, Tenebrio molitor L (Coleoptera: Te nebrionidae) or Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae were studied dur ing two generations at 24.7 +/- 1.1 degrees C, 70 +/- 10% R.H. and 12 h of photo phase. Body weight of newly-emerged adults, oviposition period, number of egg ma

sses, total number of eggs and longevity of S. cincticeps were higher when fed o n Z. confusa or T. molitor larvae than on M. domestica larvae. Regardless of die t, S. cincticeps showed better reproduction and longevity in the second generati on in laboratory conditions. Zanuncio, J., E. Beserra, et al. (2005). "Reproduction and longevity of Supputiu s cincticeps (Het.: Pentatomidae) fed with larvae of Zophobas confusa, Tenebrio molitor (Col.: Tenebrionidae) or Musca domestica (Dip.: Muscidae)." Brazilian Ar chives of Biology and Technology 48(5): 771-777. Reproduction and longevity of Supputius cincticeps (Stal) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Zophobas confusa Gebien, Tenebrio molitor L (Coleoptera: Te nebrionidae) or Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae were studied dur ing two generations at 24.7 +/- 1.1 degrees C, 70 +/- 10% R.H. and 12 h of photo phase. Body weight of newly-emerged adults, oviposition period, number of egg ma sses, total number of eggs and longevity of S. cincticeps were higher when fed o n Z. confusa or T. molitor larvae than on M. domestica larvae. Regardless of die t, S. cincticeps showed better reproduction and longevity in the second generati on in laboratory conditions. Zanuncio, J., C. da Silva, et al. (2008). "Predation rate of Spodoptera frugiper da (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae with and without defense by Podisus nigrispi nus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology: 121-125. The effect of the defense of the prey Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on predation rates of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (He teroptera: Pentatomidae) females was studied. P. nigrispinus preyed 1.0, 1.4, 1. 2, 3.8 and 3.0 and 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.8 and 3.2 third instars of S. frugiperda lar vae with and without defense, respectively, with the densities of one, two, four , six and eight larvae. The attack rate and the manipulation time were, respecti vely, 0.67 +/- 0.39(-h) and 6.72 +/- 2.88 h for P. nigrispinus females fed with larvae with defense and 2.51 +/- 0.16(-h) and 0.51 +/- 0.77 h for those without defense. The functional response of the predator P. nigrispinus varies with the defense and the density of the prey S. frugiperda, with larger consumption of pr ey without defense at higher densities. Zanuncio, J., J. Diaz, et al. (1997). "Weight increase in nymphal and adult Podi sus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed two kinds of larvae." Revista De Biologia Tropical: 241-245. The daily weigth increment of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Hetero ptera: Pentatomidae) during 4((0) under bar) and 5((0) under bar) instars and th e adult stage was studied at 25+/-0.5 degrees C, 60+/-108 relative humidity and photophase of 12 h. Daily variations of weigth, after regression analysis, were highly significant for males and females during both instars when fed Musca dome stica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) and Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Co leoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae. A higher weight increase of P. nigrispinus was recorded during the first 24 hours of feeding. No weight increase was found for males but the females increased in weight after four days of age, reflecting rep roductive tissue growth. Zanuncio, J., A. Molina-Rugama, et al. (2002). "Effect of body weight on fecundi ty and longevity of the stinkbug predator Podisus rostralis." Pesquisa Agropecua ria Brasileira: 1225-1230. Considering the importance of predatory Pentatomidae as biological contr ol agents it is necessary to optimize mass production facilities of these specie s. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of body weight o n survival and reproductive parameters of females of Podisus rostralis (Stal) (H emiptera: Pentatomidae). Treatments were represented by females of this predator with the following mean weight: 39.5 mg, 45.5 mg, 51.5 mg, 57.5 mg and 63.5 mg. Heavier females of P. rostralis showed shorter preoviposition period while the number of eggs and of nymphs per day presented a positive linear relationship wi

th female weight of this predator. Longevity of females of P. rostralis was simi lar between treatments with no tendency of variations as a function of body weig ht of these females. Since the objective of mass rearing facilities of predatory bugs is to produce the maximum possible number of nymphs per day it is recommen ded to use females of P. rostralis with weight above 60.0 mg. Zanuncio, J., A. Molina-Rugama, et al. (2002). "Effect of body weight on fecundi ty and longevity of the stinkbug predator Podisus rostralis." Pesquisa Agropecua ria Brasileira 37(9): 1225-1230. Considering the importance of predatory Pentatomidae as biological contr ol agents it is necessary to optimize mass production facilities of these specie s. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of body weight o n survival and reproductive parameters of females of Podisus rostralis (Stal) (H emiptera: Pentatomidae). Treatments were represented by females of this predator with the following mean weight: 39.5 mg, 45.5 mg, 51.5 mg, 57.5 mg and 63.5 mg. Heavier females of P. rostralis showed shorter preoviposition period while the number of eggs and of nymphs per day presented a positive linear relationship wi th female weight of this predator. Longevity of females of P. rostralis was simi lar between treatments with no tendency of variations as a function of body weig ht of these females. Since the objective of mass rearing facilities of predatory bugs is to produce the maximum possible number of nymphs per day it is recommen ded to use females of P. rostralis with weight above 60.0 mg. Zanuncio, J., A. Molina-Rugama, et al. (2001). "Nymphal development and reproduc tion of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) fed with combinations o f Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) pupae and Musca domestica (Dipte ra : Muscidae) larvae." Biocontrol Science and Technology: 331-337. The development and reproduction of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hetero ptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) were studied in four treatments. P. nigri spinus was permitted to feed on: (1) T. molitor pupae (T-1); (2) Musca domestica larvae (T-2); (3) both prey supplied simultaneously (T-3); (4) both prey suppli ed on alternate days (T-4). Duration of the nymphal period of P. nigrispinus was similar in all diets studied with nymphal viability of approximately 75%. Heavi er females were obtained in T-1 and T-4, but no correlation between this factor and the reproductive rate of the predator was found. Therefore, the use of body weight as a parameter to evaluate rearing quality should be approached with caut ion. However; females of this predator showed higher egg and nymph production wh en they received both prey. For this reason P. nigrispinus should be reared with T. molitor and M. domestica simultaneously or on alternate days. Zanuncio, J., A. Molina-Rugama, et al. (2001). "Nymphal development and reproduc tion of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) fed with combinations o f Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) pupae and Musca domestica (Dipte ra : Muscidae) larvae." Biocontrol Science and Technology 11(3): 331-337. The development and reproduction of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hetero ptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) were studied in four treatments. P. nigri spinus was permitted to feed on: (1) T. molitor pupae (T-1); (2) Musca domestica larvae (T-2); (3) both prey supplied simultaneously (T-3); (4) both prey suppli ed on alternate days (T-4). Duration of the nymphal period of P. nigrispinus was similar in all diets studied with nymphal viability of approximately 75%. Heavi er females were obtained in T-1 and T-4, but no correlation between this factor and the reproductive rate of the predator was found. Therefore, the use of body weight as a parameter to evaluate rearing quality should be approached with caut ion. However; females of this predator showed higher egg and nymph production wh en they received both prey. For this reason P. nigrispinus should be reared with T. molitor and M. domestica simultaneously or on alternate days. Zanuncio, J., H. Oliveira, et al. (2000). "Egg parasitoids of Podisus sculptus d

istant (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) in an Eucalyptus plantation in the Brazilian Amazonian Region." Revista De Biologia Tropical: 989-992. Zanuncio, J., J. Saavedra, et al. (1996). "Development of the predatory stinkbug Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on different proport ions of an artificial diet and pupae of Tenebrio molitor L (Coleoptera: Tenebrio nidae)." Biocontrol Science and Technology: 619-625. The development of the Neotropical predatory pentatomid Brontocoris tabi dus on an artificial diet based on beef meat and liver was evaluated The predato r showed significantly longer nymphal development and lower adult weights on thi s diet than when reared on pupae of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor. The survival of nymphs fed exclusively on the artificial diet was somewhat lower compared wit h feeding on T. molitor pupae. When B. tabidus was bred on this artificial diet during part of its nymphal period (i.e. during the second; second and third; and second, third and fourth instars), and was subsequently returned to T. molitor pupae, the predator nymphs completed the nymphal stage with a developmental rate similar to that of nymphs fed on live prey throughout. The adults attained afte r switching from the artificial diet to live prey from the third and fourth inst ar onwards had similar weights to those in the control. Considering the relative ly good results obtained with B. tabidus and other members of the pentatomid sub family Asopinae, this meat-based diet may be a valuable alternative for use in t he mass production of predatory pentatomids. Zanuncio, T., J. Serrao, et al. (2003). "Permethrin-induced hormesis on the pred ator Supputius cincticeps (Stal, 1860) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)." Crop Prote ction: 941-947. The effect of permethrin on development of Supputius cincticeps (Stal) ( Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was evaluated to determine if exposure to low doses o f toxic agents can stimulate the performance of this predator, a phenomenon know n as hormesis. Permethrin at intermediary doses (5.74 x 10(-3), 5.74 x 10(-2), 5 .74 x 10(-1) and 5.74 ppb) shortened the duration of the third instar for female nymphs (F = 4.15, p<0.05) and increased the duration of the fifth instar for ma le nymphs (F = 5.18, p<0.05), the weight gain of females (F = 3.87, p<0.05) and the survival (F = 4.34, p<0.05) of S. cincticeps. The pre-oviposition period of this predator was reduced with doses of 5.74 x 10-3 and 5.74 x 10(-2)ppb (F = 4. 15, p<0.05) which suggests the occurrence of hormesis. However, oviposition peri od, number of egg masses and eggs per female, number of nymphs, nymph viability and adult longevity were not affected by permethrin. Permethrin selectivity to S . cincticeps reported in other articles and the favorable effects with sub-letha l doses stimulating the predator development suggest the potential of the combin ed use of this insecticide and predatory species in integrated pest management p rograms. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.