Single Carrier
Noise TX TX Filter Filter
Data bits
MOD MOD
e.g., QAM
h(t, ) h(t, )
RX RX Filter Filter
DEMOD DEMOD
Wireless Channel
Multicarrier
Data bits 1
MOD MOD
TX TX Filter Filter
Noise
RX RX Filter Filter
DEMOD DEMOD
Data bits
h(t, ) h(t, )
+
RX RX Filter Filter
MOD MOD
TX TX Filter Filter
Wireless Channel
DEMOD DEMOD
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
L.D. Kabulepa
Multicarrier Transmission
f
Basic principle: Split the transmision bandwidth into many narrow subchannels which are transmitted in parallel (Ideally) Each subchannel is narrow enough so that it experiences a flat fading although the overall radio propagation environment is frequency-selective.
| h(f) |2
FSC
| h() |2
Tsymb, SC
f
FSC
| h(f) |2
The time dispersion effects are less significant as the symbol duration increases
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
F= N
Multicarrier
3
t
TS = N Tsymb, SC
L.D. Kabulepa
1 Tsymb,SC
> BC
1 N Tsymb,SC
(BC = Coherence bandwidth)
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
< BC
No interference
Bandwidth = 5 MHz
max = 25 Tsymb,SC
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
L.D. Kabulepa
Orthogonal Multicarrier
Frequency
Orthogonality between the sub -carriers allows their overlapping while disabling the occurrence of crosstalks. Thus, a significant power saving can be achieved by using an orthogonal multicarrier technique
Bandwidth saving
Frequency
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
L.D. Kabulepa
ri (t ) = K g (T0 t )
i
2. Convolution condition
c j,n (t = 0 ) =
=
+
g j ( ) h n (t ) d
n
1 , = g j ( ) g (t ) d = j,n = = 0 ,
(Assumption: Perfect synchronization, T0 = 0, K = 1)
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
j=n j n
L.D. Kabulepa
Conventional OFDM
OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing In a conventional OFDM system, the orthogonality between the subcarriers is achieved by means of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) Baseband OFDM signal
N 1 k =0
s(t) = a k
Passband OFDM signal
j2 k f t
,0 t T
N 1 s(t) = Re a k k =0
j2 (f C + k f ) t
,0 t T
1 1 = = T N TS
L.D. Kabulepa
ak = complex-valued modulated symbols (e.g., QAM) N = number of subcarriers fC = carrier frequency Ts = sampling period, f = subcarrier spacing f The inverse DFT is used at the transmitter side
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
Conventional OFDM(contd)
1 subcarrier
6 subcarriers
The receiver is expected to compute the spectra values at those points corresponding to the maxima of individual subcarriers As a maximum of a subcarrier corresponds to zeros of other subcarrier, each subcarrier can demolutated independently of the others (by assuming a perfect synchronization)
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
L.D. Kabulepa
|h()|2
Interference
Symbol (i-1)
Symbol (i)
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
10
L.D. Kabulepa
Cyclic Extension
Cyclic Extension
i-1
G OFDM Symbol
Channel Power Delay Profile
i
G
OFDM Symbol
i+1
G
OFDM Symbol
|h()|2
Interference induced by the channel are canceled by inserting a cylic extension with Tg > max
(at the expense of the data Rate)
Symbol (i-1)
Symbol (i)
Tg
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
T
11
L.D. Kabulepa
Circular Convolution
In the presence of interference induced by the channel
12
L.D. Kabulepa
OFDM Transceiver
sk xk sk
Transmitter
S/P
IDFT
P/S
Channel
Multipath Propagation Environment
Remove CP
{
S/P
Receiver
+
Receive Receive Filter Filter
AWGN
P/S
DFT
yn rk
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
13
L.D. Kabulepa
OFDM Drawbacks
1. High sensitivity to synchronization errors Synchronization errors Interference, loss of orthogonality
Frequency
Timing Errors
FFT Window
Time
Q I
= 2 fC t
f (t t )
Frequency
F (f ) e
j 2 f t
f f
fC
FFT Window
f f
Time
Frequency
f (t ) e
j 2 t f f
F (f ) (f f f )
14
f-1
f0
f1
f2
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
L.D. Kabulepa
OFDM Drawbacks(contd)
2. Occurrence of very high peak values
Amplitude Peak amplitude RMS amplitude
time
A reduction of the PAPR is highly desirable. The higher the PAPR, the lower The efficiency of circuits such as power amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters
CR =
PAPR =
CR2 =
OFDM Drawbacks(contd)
DLC DLC (MAC) (MAC) Append Cyclic Prefix Tx Analog Tx Analog Append Preambles
DAC DAC
MPX MPX
InterInterpolation polation
Mapping
Nonlinear effects generated by the power amplifier may introduce intercarrierinterfrence and thus destroy the orthogonality
VLSI_Comms WS03-04/Generalities
IFFT
DAC DAC I/Q I/Q Mod. Mod. DAC DAC PA LO1 LO2
Transmit Filter
16
L.D. Kabulepa