PDL ELECTRONICS LTD

General Application Note

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Product No. XV, ME, UE

Document No. 4216-027 Rev. F

Page 1 of 10

GENERAL APPLICATION NOTE

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Xtravert, Microdrive Elite and Ultradrive Elite

By: Title: Date:

Patrick Glencross Applications Engineer 22/02/2000

Checked: Approved:

N Smith I Hickey

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General Application Note

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Product No. XV, ME, UE

Document No. 4216-027 Rev. F 1.0 1.1 DEFINING THE PROBLEM: The Problem:

Page 2 of 10

Two Ultradrive Elites are to operate two 400V, 375kW sewage pump motors. The supply is to be via one 1MVA transformer. Will this application meet the requirements of the New Zealand Code of Practice for Harmonic Levels, NZECP 36:1993 (Appendix 1 contains the relevant portion of NZECP 36:1993). 1.2 Data Supplied:

As the site has its own transformer, the point of common coupling (p.c.c) is on the 11kV side of the supply. Fault level at the 11kV side of the transformer is 3.3kA. Fault level at the 400V side of the transformer is 23.5kA. The transformer's capacity is 1000kVA. The transformer's impedance is 4.75%. The system is to replace existing DC drives of similar size. NZECP36:1993 specifies that Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion may not exceed 5% at the point of common coupling.

1.3

Assumptions in Calculations:

All impedances are assumed to be inductive reactive. No allowance is made for resonant conditions. No allowance is made for existing harmonic levels at the p.c.c. Only the first four harmonics are significant in terms of power. The harmonics are to be assessed under full load conditions. The Ultradrive Elite acts as a harmonic current source. 1.4 Other Data:

The following levels of current harmonics are drawn by a fully loaded UE I5 = 34%, I7 = 9%, I11 = 6%, I13 = 3% 1.5 Definitions: (Note: These figures are approximate)

Point of common coupling (P.C.C) P.C.C means that busbar electrically closest to any consumer through which any current must flow to that consumer and one or more other consumers.

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General Application Note

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Product No. XV, ME, UE

Document No. 4216-027 Rev. F

Page 3 of 10

2.0 2.1

Analysis: Checking Information:

In supplying both fault levels and impedances, there is redundant information so it is possible to perform a useful check for consistency of data as follows: Transformer 1000kVA; I = = = = = = = = = = 1443A/phase @ 400V 52.5A/phase @ 11kV 3300A 100 x 52.5/3300 1.59% 4.75% 1.59% + 4.75% 6.34% 1443/.0634 22.76kA

Supply - 11kV fault capacity scc 11kV supply impedance Zs Zt ZT

Transformer impedance Total impedance

Calculated fault level is thus

which correlates (approx.) to the stated figure of 23.5kA

2.2

Calculate UE Fundamental Input Current:

UE load power = 2 x 375kW x (1/0.95) x (1/0.95) (correcting for motor and drive efficiencies) = 831kW UE input phase current = = = 831,000/(400 x 3) 1199A 0.831 pu

2.3

Calculate Harmonic Voltage Levels on the 400V Supply:

Harmonic voltage = ZT x (harmonic number) x (pu load current) x (pu harmonic level) Harmonic voltages 5th V5 = = = 0.0634 x 5 x 0.831 x 0.34 0.090 9.0%

PDL ELECTRONICS LTD

General Application Note

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Product No. XV, ME, UE

Document No. 4216-027 Rev. F

Page 4 of 10

7th

V7

= = = = = = = = = = = =

0.0634 x 7 x 0.831 x 0.09 0.033 3.3% 0.0634 x 11 x 0.831 x 0.06 0.035 3.5% 0.0634 x 13 x 0.831 x 0.03 0.021 2.1% 100 x Sqrt of Sum of Squares 100 x V5 + V7 + V11 + V13 10.4%
2 2 2 2

11th

V11

13th

V13

Total Harmonic Distortion, THD

This is a high level and may affect other equipment. This is beyond the recommended levels, but since this is within the consumers plant, it is up to the customer to decide whether or not it is acceptable.

2.4

A 12 Pulse Solution:

One possible solution to this would be to install a 12 pulse rectifier system. Such a system effectively eliminates the 5th and 7th harmonics and significantly reducing the THD as: THD (12 pulse) = = 100 x 4.1% V11 + V13
2 2

This does not exceed the regulating requirements but since this is not the point of common coupling, this is not relevant. It is up to the consumer to decide whether or not such a level is satisfactory.

2.5

Checking Harmonic Levels at the Point of Common Coupling (11kV Supply): = = = ZS/ZT 1.59/6.34 0.251

11kV proportion of impedance

PDL ELECTRONICS LTD

General Application Note

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Product No. XV, ME, UE

Document No. 4216-027 Rev. F

Page 5 of 10

The harmonic levels on the 11kV supply are represented in proportion, i.e.: 11kV harmonics = 0.251 x 400V harmonic levels

So : V5 V7 V11 V13 and THD = = = = = 2.3% 0.8% 0.9% 0.5% 2.6%

This is less than the maximum 5% level of NZECP 36:1993, and is acceptable.

3.0

Calculating the Total Current Draw of the Ultradrive Elites:

It is important to be aware that the total RMS current drawn by the UE includes harmonic currents, and exceeds the fundamental current drawn by some margin. It is calculated as follows: Total Current (including harmonics) to be supplied by transformer IT = Pu RMS current harmonic factor x fundamental current = = = Total load kVA = =

12 + 0.34 2 + 0.09 2 + 0.06 2 + 0.032

1.062 x 1199 1273A 1273 x 3 x 400/1000 882 kVA

x 1199A

4.0 i)

Conclusions: The level of harmonics at the P.C.C (11kV side) should be acceptable, baring unforeseen resonances and significant existing harmonic levels. The level of harmonics on the 400V system will be high and may affect other equipment. If this is thought to be a problem, a 12 pulse system may be installed. Alternatively, a cheaper solution may be to provide a separate low power 400V supply for sensitive/other equipment.

ii)

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General Application Note

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Product No. XV, ME, UE

Document No. 4216-027 Rev. F iii)

Page 6 of 10

iv)

It is understood that a similarly sized DC system is already installed. The disturbances created by DC drives are higher than by AC drives that have an uncontrolled rectifier and installing similarly rated AC drives that have a controlled rectifier will not increase any existing harmonic problems. Therefore, if no problem exists already, the AC drives can be installed with confidence that existing harmonic levels will not be increased and there should be no problems. Unlike DC drives, AC drives do not cause the significant notching of the supply which is often a bigger cause of problems than the actual voltage harmonics. In this case no additional precautions need be taken. When total RMS load current is considered, the UE kVA load is approximately 890 kVA of the 1000 kVA supply. When other aspects such as supply regulation (6.34%) are considered, it is clear that there will be significant voltage drop (approx. 6%) under full load. This drop will cause motor current to increase at rated torque by approximately 1/(1-0.06) which is about 6.4%, causing current load increase of a similar value - i.e. to 1273A x 1.064 = 1355A . This is closer to the full rating of the transformer than the original calculations suggested. Similarly, it is necessary to consider the effect of additional current loading with respect to the capability of the variable speed drive.

5.0

Summary:

This is an example of the problems which must be considered when applying AC drives when they represent the majority of connected load and will so cause significant distortion to the local 400V supply. This may or may not be a concern to the consumer, depending on the sensitivity to the harmonics of his other connected load. From a regulatory aspect, in this case, the point of common coupling is the 11kV system, and as the proposed load is not a major portion of the 11kV system capability, distortion levels are not found to be excessive. If it is thought to be necessary to reduce the 400V harmonics, several options exist: Increase the short circuit kVA level - a bigger transformer and supply - probably the most expensive option. Harmonic filters - very expensive Use of 12 pulse configuration of the drives - less expensive but requires special transformer and distribution Operate a separate 400V supply for other plant - probably the lowest cost option due to the much smaller kVA involved in this supply.

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General Application Note

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Product No. XV, ME, UE

Document No. 4216-027 Rev. F Appendix 1:

Page 7 of 10

Acceptable Levels of Harmonic Voltage (Extract from NZECP 36 - Section 2) 2.1.1 The phase-to-earth harmonic voltage at any point of common coupling with a nominal system voltage of less than 66kV shall not exceed 4 percent for any odd numbered harmonic order, or 2 percent for any even numbered harmonic order, where these percentages are a percentage of the nominal phase-to-earth system voltage. Any measurement of harmonic voltages to ascertain if they are within the levels set out in clause 2.1.1 shall be made under the conditions and in the manner set out in section 4 of this Code. The total harmonic voltage distortion at any point of common coupling with a nominal system voltage of less than 66 kV shall not exceed 5 percent. The total harmonic voltage distortion (U1) shall be calculated according to the following formula: 50 2 U1 = Un n=2 where Un is the measured phase-to-earth harmonic voltage of harmonic order n expressed as a percentage of the nominal phase-to-earth system voltage. 2.1.2.1 All harmonic voltages referred to in the formula set out in clause 2.1.2 shall be measured within a 30 minute period under the conditions and in the manner set out in section 4 of this Code.

2.1.1.1

2.1.2

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General Application Note

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Product No. XV, ME, UE

Document No. 4216-027 Rev. F Appendix 2: 2.1 Normalised Sizing of Inverter Load

Page 8 of 10

UE 170 and above

What is the maximum Ultradrive Elite load that may be applied to a supply expressed as a percentage of the supply fault current capacity, in consideration of THD? Total Current Distortion =
In2 ; In = harmonic currents only

Weighted Total Distortion = = = Normalised THD Pu Fault Level Permissible THD Permissible Pu load = = = =

( In x N)2 (0.34 x 5) 2 + (0.09 x 7) 2 + (0.06 x 11) 2 + (0.03 x 13)2

1.968 Pu Z x Weighted Total Distortion 1/Pu Z 5% by NZ regulation

PermissableTHD Normalised THD

5% PuZ WTD 5% Pu Fault Level WTD 0.05 x Pu Fault Level 1.968

= =

0.0254 x Pu Fault Level

i.e. in consideration of Total Harmonic Distortion Levels, the maximum UE current loading that may be connected equals 2.5% of the supply fault level at the point of common coupling.

PDL ELECTRONICS LTD

General Application Note

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Product No. XV, ME, UE

Document No. 4216-027 Rev. F

Page 9 of 10

2.2

ME 10.5 - 46

The full load harmonic currents drawn by the ME 10.5 - 46 are as follows: I 5 = 34%, I 7 = 22%, I 11 = 10%, I13 = 7.0% Hence, Weighted Total Distortion = 2.702 and the permissible Pu load = 0.0185 x Pu Fault Level.

i.e. in consideration of Total Harmonic Distortion levels, the maximum ME current loading that may be connected equals 1.8% of the supply fault level at the point of common coupling.

Appendix 3:

Distortion Factors

Occasionally distortion factors are required. Distortion factor = I1 / In Thus for the ME 10.5 -46 Distortion factor = =

In = all harmonic currents

1/ 12 + 0.34 2 + 0.22 2 + 0.10 2 + 0.07 2 0.921

And for the UE 170 and above Distortion factor = =

1/ 12 + 0.34 2 + 0.09 2 + 0.06 2 + 0.03 2 0.941

Appendix 4: Displacement factor

Power Factor Relationships =

I1 real I1

Note: I1 is fundamental current component

Distortion factor

I1 I rms I1 real I rms

Displacement Factor x Distortion Factor

Power factor

= =

PDL ELECTRONICS LTD

General Application Note

Example Calculations for Harmonic Levels Product No. XV, ME, UE

Document No. 4216-027 Rev. F

Page 10 of 10

Full load Harmonic Distortion Levels As percentage of Fundamental

Model
X302 to X307 X309 X702 to X707 X709 to X712

I5th
73

I7th
58

I11th
23

I13th
13

I17th
8

THD
97

30

8.0

2.0

3.0

2.0

31

93

83

66

53

35

155

45

27

8.0

7.0

5.0

54

ME 2.5 to ME 6.5 ME 10.5 to ME 46 UE 60 to UE 140 UE 170 to UE 660

48.0

28.0

10.0

9.0

5.0

57

34.0

22.0

10.0

7.0

5.0

43

36.0

9.0

7.0

4.0

3.0

38

34.0

9.0

6.0

3.0

3.0

36