Long Term Evolution

LTE






mugdim.bublin@siemens.com
Overview
Motivation fro 3GPP LTE
Requirements
Architectures and Protocols
Enabling Technologies;
OFDMA
Adaptive Scheduler
Adaptive Modulation & Coding
MIMO
LTE versus WiMAX
LTE-Advanced Technologies
Self-organized networks

What is LTE ?
In Nov. 2004, 3GPP began a project to define the long-
term evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular technology
Higher performance
Backwards compatible
Wide application
Wireless World Map
Wireless explosion started early 90s
Many wireless systems serving many aspects of life
Each system optimized for a range of applications
Distance, data rate, mobility, number of users
There is an overlap and strong competition
Some are more successful than others
4
Wireless World Map
System Application Distance Mobility Data rate
ZigBee Industrial Short Low Low (< 1 Mbps)
Bluetooth PC, Cell phone Short Low
Medium (~ 1 Mbps)
UWB Home appliances Short Low High ( > 50 Mbps)
WiFi PC network Medium Low High (> 100 Mbps)
WiMAX fixed Internet Service Long Low Medium
2/2.5 G Cellular Voice + low rate data Long Medium Low
3/3.5G Cellular Voice + Internet Long High Medium
4G Cellular WiMAX
& LTE
Voice + Internet + ?? Long High High
4G Advanced Voice + Internet + ?? Long High Very high ( > 200 Mbps)
5
Wireless Map
6
WiMax D
10 kbps 100 kbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps
Mobility
Data Rate
2G
Stationary
Pedestrian
High
2.5
G
3G
Bluetooth
WLAN
802.11b
WLAN
802.11g
802.15.3a
UWB
4 G
?
Z
i
g
b
e
e
Z
i
g
b
e
e
WLAN
802.11n
WiMax
E
LTE
IEEE and Wireless Systems
IEEE members produced several wireless standards
7
Expected LTE Subscribers
8
Cellular Mobile Communications
9
Switch &
Data Base
To Fixed Land
Telephony or Other
Cellular Network
Service area is divided into cells
Frequency channels are re-used at
sufficient separation
Calls are handed-off from cell to cell
Historical Background
10
Data Rates of Old Systems
11
Generation Peak bps Average bps Technology
GPRS 115 k 30-40 k TDMA
EDGE 473 k 100-130 k TDMA
UMTS 2 M 220-320 k CDMA
UMTS-HSDPA 3.6 & 14 M 550-1100 k CDMA
CDMA-2000 1X 153 k 50-70 k CDMA
CDMA-2000 1XEV-DO 2.4 M 300-500 k CDMA
CDMA-2000 1XEV-DV 3.09 M > 1 M CDMA
Why 4G ?
Current 4G
Voice communication VoIP, high quality video conferencing
SMS, MMS Video messaging
Internet browsing Super-fast internet
Downloadable games Online gaming with mobility
Downloadable video High quality audio & video streaming
No TV service Broadcast TV on-demand
Peer-to-peer messaging Wide-scale distribution of video clips
Mobile payment
File transfer
Many other innovative ideas
12
Technical Requirements
Increase data rate
About 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink
Improve wireless performance
Better signal reception and better coverage
Increase spectrum efficiency
More subscribers and more data transfer in the same spectrum
High flexibility of allocation
Quickly adjust data rate to subscriber according to need
13
Technical Requirements
Spectrum flexibility
Several bandwidths can be used
Optimized for low speed
Best at < 20 km/hr & support up to 350 km/hr
Add Multi-Cast and Broadcast Services
To support broadcast services like TV
Faster call setup
14
LTE Architecture
15

SAE architecture [3GPP TS 23.401]
GERAN
UTRAN
GPRS Core
MME UPE
SAE
GW
PCRF
Operator IP
services
(including IMS,
PSS, ...)
Non-3GPP IP
Access
Evolved Packet Core
S11
S2
S3
S4
S7
S6
SGi
S1
Gb
Iu
Rx+
X1
eNB
X1
eNB
X2
Evolved RAN
aGW
PDN
SAE GW
S5
HSS
Functions of eNB
Terminates RRC, RLC and MAC protocols and takes care of Radio Resource Management
functions
Controls radio bearers
Controls radio admissions
Controls mobility connections
Allocates radio resources dynamically (scheduling)
Receives measurement reports from UE
Selects MME at UE attachment
Schedules and transmits paging messages coming from MME
Schedules and transmits broadcast information coming from MME & O&M
Decides measurement report configuration for mobility and scheduling
Does IP header compression and encryption of user data streams

Some Functions of aGW
Takes care of Mobility Management Entity (MME) functions
Manages and stores UE context
Generates temporary identities and allocates them to UEs
Checks authorization
Distributes paging messages to eNBs
Takes care of security protocol
Controls idle state mobility
Control SAE bearers
Ciphers & integrity protects NAS signaling
RLC
MAC
PHY
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
PDCP
aGW UE
eNB
IP
IP
S1
LTE User Plane
Protocols: Radio interface
Protocols: eNB - aGW
S1
4G Enabling Technology
Some key technologies made 4G possible
Both WiMAX and LTE use:
OFDM, OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Channel dependent scheduling
Adaptive coding and modulation (ACM)
Multiple-In-Multiple-Out (MIMO) antenna processing
Turbo coding and decoding
Need to fight the fading channel
21
Wireless Fading Channels
The wireless channel is subject to multipath
(reflections)
The received signal is affecting by fading
22
Building 2 v
Fading is a variation in the received signal level, with more lows than
highs
Both the time domain and frequency domain are affected
Wireless Communication Challenges - Fading
Wireless Communication Challenges Fading II
Fading Channels in Frequency
Channel gain varies with frequency
May cause distortion to the signal spectrum, depending on signal bandwidth
25
Problem increases with larger
bandwidth from 2G to 4G
Inter Symbol Interference I
26
Inter Symbol Interference II
27
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM)
As the required data rate increases, the symbol duration has to become very small in order to
achieve the required data rate, and the system bandwidth becomes very large.
If the symbol duration becomes very small, then the impulse response becomes very long in terms
of symbol durations.
The computational effort for an equalizer is very large and the probability of instabilities increases
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation scheme that is especially
suited for high-data-rate transmission in delay-dispersive environments.
It converts a high-rate data stream into a number of low-rate streams that are transmitted over
parallel, narrowband channel that can be easily equalized.
OFDM is based on Rectangular Pulses
OFDM Frequency Orthogonality
OFDM Concept
OFDM modulation using IFFT
Guard time (cyclic prefix) is added to protect against inter-symbol interference
Guard subcarriers to protect against neighbor channels at both sides
Zero subcarrier (dc) not used
Some subcarriers are used as pilots for channel estimation
After equalization, receiver performs FFT to retrieve back the stream X
k

31
OFDM Concept
32
x
+
0
j
e
e
S
e
r
i
a
l

t
o

P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
x
x
1
j
e
e
1 N
j
e
e

IFFT
Add
Guard
guard
X
1
X
N-1
X
1
X
N-1
x
n
e
k
= 2tk/N
T
b
T
g
1
0
1 2
exp
N
n k
k
kn
x X
N N
t

=
| |
=
|
\ .

time
frequency
OFDM Symbol
T
s
=T
b
+ T
g

0
1
N-1
Unused subcarriers
X
k
= 0
OFDM Concept
Transmitted OFDM Signal
Received OFDM Signal
33
OFDM Concept
34
IFFT
Add
guard
Channel
Channel
Estimation
Channel
Equalization
FFT
Remove
guard
Modulation
Symbols
X
k
Modulation
Symbols
X
k
OFDMA Concept
In OFDM one user occupies all subcarriers all the time (till packet is finished)
In OFDMA each user occupies few subcarriers for few OFDM symbols during a Burst of transmission
A Burst: few subcarriers during few OFDM symbols
Hence the name Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access
35
OFDMA Flexibility
With OFDMA the user allocation is flexible
Can change from frame to frame
Multiple allocations for several applications
Allocation changes
In WiMAX every 5 ms
In LTE every 1 ms
36
frequency
frequency
time
OFDMA
Burst
Burst
Burst
OFDM Characteristics
Preservation of orthogonality in severe multi-path
Efficient FFT based receiver structures
Enables efficient TX and RX diversity
Adaptive antenna arrays without joint equalization
Support for adaptive modulation by subcarrier
Frequency diversity
Robust against narrow-band interference
Efficient for simulcasting
Variable/dynamic bandwidth
Used for highest speed applications
Supports dynamic packet access+

High peak-to-average power levels

Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
A major problem with OFDM and OFDMA is high peak-to-average power ratio
(PAPR)
Transmitted amplitude with large variation
Requires a linear amplifier at transmitter
Linear amplifies consumes high power
OK at base station
For mobile station, this consumes battery
LTE uses a solution for UL: SC-FDMA
Single carrier transmission
38
SC-FDMA Process
After modulation, apply FFT
Each symbol is on a subcarrier
Put the subcarriers on selected location and apply IFFT
Back to single carrier transmission
Now add CP
Receiver will do the reverse
39
LTE Uplink (SC-FDMA)
PAPR reduction in SC-FDMA
41
Channel Dependent Scheduling
42
The Base Station talks to many users at different directions
Their fading channels are independent
Subcarriers with high attenuation for user 1 may have good
gain for user 2
0 . 0 0 0 0 1
0 . 0 0 0 1
0 . 0 0 1
0 . 0 1
0 . 1
1
0 1 0 2 0 3 0
G A U S S I A N
C H A N N E L
R A Y L E I G H
F A D I N G
s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o ( d B )
b

i
t



e

r

r

o

r


p

r

o

b

a

b

i

l

i

t

y

Fading Challenges
~ 16 dB loss
Combating Fading: Traditional Approach
Compensates for deep fades via diversity techniques over time, frequency
and space.
(Glass is half empty.)
Look at Big Picture The Whole Protocol Stack
Fading is here
Fading can be exploited
here by Scheduler
channel
Proportional Fair Scheduler
time
C
h
a
n
n
e
l

g
a
i
n

Schedule the user
with the highest
ratio:


Rk = possible rate of
user k
Tk = average
throughput of user k
Scheduler Performance with Fading
Adaptive coding and modulation
WiMAX and LTE use QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM modulation (m=2, 4 and 6)
Higher m provides higher data rate
Higher m is subject to more errors
WiMAX uses Convolutional coding and Turbo coding
Code rate r between 1/2 and 5/6
LTE use Turbo coding only for user data
Code rate r between 1/3 and 1
Lower m and higher r is effective against fading, and vice versa
But lower m and higher r reduces data rate to and from the user
WiMAX and LTE select the values of m and r to match the fading channel for each user

48
Adaptive coding and modulation
Note that each user has a different channel condition between the base station and the mobile station
49
Modulation methods
50
I_out
Q_out
b
0
-1 +1
BPSK
I_out
Q_out
b
0
b
1
1 1
QPSK
10
01
00
1 -1
1
-1
I_out
Q_out
b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
1111
16-QAM
1101
0111
0101
1110 0110
1100 0100
1011
1001
1010
1000
0011
0001
0010
0000
1 3 -3 -1
1
3
-3
-1
Modulation methods
51
-1 -3 -5 -7 3 5 7 1
000
000 011
011
010
010
110
110
111
111
101
101
100
100
100
101
001
001
100
101
100
101
100
101
100
101
100
101
100
101
100
101
I_out
Q_out b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
b
4
b
5
64-QAM
-1
-3
-5
-7
3
5
7
1
011 010 110 111 101 100 000 000 001000 000 000 000 000 000 000
011 010 110 111 101 100 001 000 001001 001 001 001 001 001 001
011 010 110 111 101 100 011 000 001011 011 011 011 011 011 011
011 010 110 111 101 100 010 000 001010 010 010 010 010 010 010
011 010 110 111 101 100 110 000 001110 110 110 110 110 110 110
011 010 110 111 101 100 111 000 001111 111 111 111 111 111 111
Water Filling
52
RX diversity - HF, terrestrial microwave, cellular.
TX frequency offset diversity & simulcasting for paging - 70s
Adaptive array processing in military systems
TX diversity - 80s
frequency offset (channel decoding combining)
delay (equalizer combining)
Optimum combining for cellular (multipath channels) - 80s
Space-division multiple access - 80s & 90s
angle-of-arrival based
multi-path based (supports co-location & multi-channels per user)
MIMO - 80s & 90s
Multiple spatial channels using adaptive antenna arrays
BLAST - successive interference cancellation combined with coding
Space-Time coding

MIMO History
MIMO
Signal transmitted from multiple antennas
(Multiple In)
Signal received by multiple antennas
(Multiple Out)
54
TX RX
M
antennas
N
antennas
Receiver combines the received signals and optimally combine energy from MxN
channels
Two main types of MIMO
Transmit Diversity (also called Alamouti)
Spatial Multiplexing
MIMO Modes
MIMO
Transmit diversity:
Same modulation symbols sent from all Tx M antennas
Receiver combines the signal from N antennas
Useful to increase performance against fading
Spatial multiplexing:
Different modulation symbols sent from M Tx antennas
Receiver received the signal from N antennas
Useful to increase data rate if channel is good
WiMAX uses up to 2x2. LTE uses up to 4x4
56
Conventional Receiver Diversity
h
o
h
1
s
o
Maximal Ratio Combining
Receiver Diversity
s
o
h
o
h
o
*
|h
0
|
2
s
o
s
o
h
1
h
1
*
|h
1
|
2
s
o
+
( )
2 2
1 2 o
S h h +
Combining two
channels strength
Receiver pays the cost of antenna diversity
57
MIMO 2X1, Transmit Diversity, Alamouti Codes
58
Example M=2 and N=1 TX Diversity
Space: Two antennas. Time: Two intervals
Cost moved to transmitter (Base Station)
MIMO 2X2, Transmit Diversity
Take M=2 and N=2
Diversity order 4
59
MIMO 2x2, Spatial Multiplexing
Purpose is to increase data rate (2x2 gives twice data rate)
The 4 gains must be known at receiver
Simplest way at receiver, matrix inversion:

1 1 o o o
r s g s g = +
1 2 1 3 o
r s g s g = +
1
2 3 1 1
o o o
G
g g r s
g g r s
( ( (
=
( ( (

1
1 1

o o H H
s r
G G G
s r
( (
( =
( (


60
MIMO Capacity
61
MIMO Capacity
62
where I is the Nt Nr identity matrix, is the mean SNR per RX branch, and Rss is the correlation matrix
of the transmit data and H is channel matrix
Capacity increases linearly with min(Nt,Nr,Ns),
where Nt s the number of transmit antennas, Nr number of receive antennas
and Ns the number of significant Interacting Objects (IOs).
Turbo Codes
Turbo codes were proposed by Berrou and Glavieux in the 1993 International Conference in Communications
(ICC 93)
Break Through performance, much better than conventional methods
Features of turbo codes:
Parallel encoding
Each encoder is a Systematic encoder
Interleaving among the encoders
Iterative decoding
63
Turbo Encoder
Source bits are encoded by first encoder
Source bits are interleaved in a pseudo-random fashion and encoded by second
encoder
Original source bits also transmitted (systematic)
Overall rate is r=1/3
Encoder 1
Encoder 2
Interleaver
X
i
Y
i
Z
i
... Xi Yi Z
i
...
Source bits
Systematic
bits
Parity bits 2
Parity bits 1
64
Turbo Encoder
LTE Turbo Encoder
D D D
Turbo
Interleaver
D D D
X
i
Y
i
Z
i
Systematic
bits
Parity bits 2
Parity bits 1
65
Turbo Iterative Decoding
Decoder 1 uses: original bits, parity 1 & extrinsic 2
Decoder 2 uses: original bits, parity 2 & extrinsic 1
Decoder 1 provides extrinsic 1 to improve confidence level to input of decoder 2
Decoder 2 works now better, and feeds back extrinsic 2 to improve confidence level to input of decoder 1
Decoder 1 repeats with the better input, provided to decoder 2
Decoder 2 repeats with the better input, feedback to decoder 1
. . . . . Many iterations
Decoder 1 Interleaver Decoder 2
Systematic
bits
Parity bits 2
Parity bits 1
De-
Interleaver
Extrensic 1
Extrensic 2
Soft Output
Decision
66
Performance with iterations
67
Generic Frame Structure
Allocation of physical resource blocks (PRBs) is handled by a scheduling function at the 3GPP
base station (eNodeB)
Frame 0 and frame 5 (always downlink)
LTE Frame Structure
Frame is 10 ms, divided into 10 sub-frames
69
Resource Grid
One frame is 10ms
10 subframes
One subframe is 1ms
2 slots
One slot is 0.5ms
N resource blocks
[ 6 < N < 110]
One resource block is 0.5ms and
contains 12 subcarriers from each
OFDM symbol
LTE spectrum (bandwidth and duplex) flexibility

LTE Downlink Channels
Paging Channel
Paging Control Channel
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
LTE Uplink Channels
Random Access Channel
Physical Radio Access Channel
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
CQI report
WiMAX Frame Structure
Frame duration is 5 ms
74
WiMAX User Data Tx
Transmitter Baseband Processing
Randomization
Encoding/
interleaving
Sub-channelization
& Pilot Insetion
MIMO/STC
processing
IFFT
Cyclic
Prefix
Modulation
RF
Front
End
MAC
data
Data &
Control bits
same
1 2 3
4
5 6 7
ARQ/
HARQ
8
75
WiMAX User Data Rx
Receiver Baseband Processing
RF
Front
End
Channel
Estimation,
tracking & fine
freq offset
Freq. Offset
correction &
Equalization
IFFT
IFFT
MIMO/STC
Processing
Remove
CP
De-sub-
channelization &
Pilot Extraction
Demodulation
& Quantizer
De-Interleaving Decoding De-Randomization MAC
Synch
Coarse
Freq
Offset
AGC
Signal
Detection
RSSI to MAC
CINR & Channel
Quality
Channel
Quality & CINR
To MAC
RF
impairments
Estiamtion
2
1
4
5
6 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 16 17
ARQ /
HARQ
18
Power
Control
3
76
LTE User Data Tx
77
LTE User Data Rx
78
WiMAX vs LTE parameters
Parameter WiMAX LTE
Duplex method TDD FDD and TDD
Bandwidth 5 and 10 MHz 1.25, 3, 5, 10, 15 & 20 MHz
Frame size 5 ms 10 ms with 10 sub-frames
Multiplex Access DL OFDMA OFDMA
Multiplex Access UL OFDMA SC-FDMA
Scheduling speed Every frame (5 ms) Every sub-frame (1 ms)
Subcarrier spacing 10.9 kHz 15 kHz
Maximum DL Data rate (SISO) 46 Mbps (10 MHz band) 50 Mbps (10 MHz band)
Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM
Coding for user data Convolution or Turbo Turbo
Diversity MIMO up to 2x2
TD & SM
MIMO up to 4x4
TD & SM
79
Conclusions
WiMAX and LTE employ similar technologies
Both will achieve very high data rates
Both will provide new services
Both use: OFDMA, MIMO, TURBO
LTE has the advantage of large GSM/UMTS customer base
WiMAX has the advantage of being already in service in few
places in USA
80
Evolution of Radio Access Technologies
LTE (3.9G) :
3GPP release 8~9
LTE-Advanced :
3GPP release 10+
802.16d/e
802.16m
LTE Release 8 Key Features
High spectral efficiency
OFDM in Downlink
SingleCarrier FDMA in Uplink
Very low latency
Short setup time & Short transfer delay
Short hand over latency and interruption time
Support of variable bandwidth
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
Compatibility and interworking with earlier 3GPP Releases
FDD and TDD within a single radio access technology
Efficient Multicast/Broadcast

Evolution of LTE-Advanced
Asymmetric transmission bandwidth
Layered OFDMA
Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception Techniques
Enhanced Multi-antenna Transmission Techniques
Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-Advanced
Asymmetric transmission bandwidth
Symmetric transmission
voice transmission : UE to UE
Asymmetric transmission
streaming video : the server to the UE (the downlink)
Layered OFDMA
The bandwidth of basic frequency block is, 1520 MHz
Layered OFDMA radio access scheme in LTE-A will have
layered transmission bandwidth, support of layered
environments and control signal formats
Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception Techniques
In LTE-A, the advanced multi-cell transmission/reception
processes helps in increasing frequency efficiency and cell edge
user throughput
Estimation unit
Calculation unit
Determination unit
Feedback unit
Enhanced Multi-antenna Transmission Techniques
In LTE-A, the MIMO scheme has to be further improved in the area of spectrum efficiency,
average cell through put and cell edge performances
In LTE-A the antenna configurations of 8x8 in DL and 4x4 in UL are planned
Enhanced Techniques to Extend Coverage Area
Remote Radio Equipments (RREs) using optical fiber should be used in LTE-A as effective
technique to extend cell coverage
Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-Advanced
Peak data rates up to 1Gbps are expected from bandwidths of 100MHz. OFDM
adds additional sub-carrier to increase bandwidth
LTE vs. LTE-Advanced
Outlook on candidate technologies
Novel MU-MIMO algorithms (PHY, MAC)
Adaptive switching between single-/multi-user/multi-site modes
Combination of spatial multiplexing and beamforming
Network MIMO concepts and algorithms (PHY, MAC) for FDD/TDD
Coherent/non-coherent solutions
Centralized (e.g.RRH) and distributed (collaboration among Node Bs) solutions
Dynamic ICIC concepts
Dynamic exchanges of resource blocks ultiziation among Node Bs
Beam Coordination between cells in collaboration
Schedulers for exploitation of the advanced MIMO and multi-site features
Cross-layer optimal resource allocation with advanced MU-MIMO/IFCO features
Multi-site scheduler with exploitation of the multi-site features
Interworking and optimization between UL/DL scheduler
MIMO for LTE advanced FDD
Overall MIMO recommendations for LTE advanced (FDD):
Place greatest emphasis on MU-MIMO, since it has the most attractive performance-
complexity tradeoff
SU-MIMO should be pursued to deliver high peak user rates for IMT-Adv requirements
Increase of DL cell edge rates by
Multi-site Collaborative MIMO (constructive data instead of interference)
Complemented by a combination
Spatial Interference Coordination (beam coordination)
Fractional frequency/time reuse Interference Coordination
Further gains in spectral efficiency are desired on uplink,
network MIMO with coherently coordinated bases.
MIMO Configurations
MIMO
Single base
Multiple bases
(Network MIMO)
Co-located
antennas
Distributed
antennas
Noncoherent
(Magnitude only)
Coherent
(Magnitude/phase)
Macroscopic
MIMO
Collaborative
MIMO
Coherent
Network
MIMO
SU-MIMO,
MU-MIMO
Combinations of Beamforming and Diversity Transmission
Beamforming for Multi-User Transmission (SDMA), based on closely spaced antenna elements (0.5
lambda)
Diversity for link enhancement and/or spatial multiplexing, based on cross-polarized antenna elements
Requires appropriately optimized codebooks for the antenna weights
For up to 8 antenna elements in a 4x2 X-pol. configuration ( compact housing)
Evolved MIMO for IMT-Advanced: Extended Precoding


MIMO channel
Base-
station
data stream 1 / 2
data stream 3
MS 1
MS 2
Multiuser MIMO and scheduling for limited feedback
In Multiuser (MU) MIMO, multiple streams can
be allocated among different users.
MU eigenmode transmission (MET) uses channel
knowledge at the Tx to form non-interfering
user-specific beams.
- Design codebooks whose codewords are indexed
using uplink feedback bits.
- Aggregate B feedback bits per signaling interval
for hierarchical feedback.
A




C
B
D
Beam-
forming
User
data
streams




User
selection
Channel state feedback
1 Users estimate channel and feedback
quantized state.
2 Base selects users to serve and
calculates beam weights to
maximize sum rate while addressing
fairness.
3 Data is transmitted.

MET block diagram
1
2
3
1
2
3
MET with
hierarchical feedback
Relative Sum throughput gain
K = 20 users per sector, 1 rx ant per user,
B = 4, M = 4 tx ants (10 spacing) Note:
Baseline values normalized to 1 for different velocities
1.28
3 50 Mobile speed (kmph)
1.4
Unitary beamforming
(baseline)
1.0 1.0
Multiple-site MIMO (FDD)

For UL, application of Network MIMO coherently coordinates a reasonable number of base
stations in Rx
Standardization issues: pilot structure, signaling and X2 Interface
Issues like backhaul bandwidth and architecture, channel estimation overhead should be
investigated
Coherent network MIMO for DL only in TDD mode.
Feedback requirements in FDD are likely to be too high.
Possible FDD Solution for DL as a adaptive combination of:
Multiple Site Non-coherent Collaborative MIMO to leverage Cell edge rate
Single Site MU-MIMO to leverage the cell average rate
Single site SU-MIMO (+ Tx-Div) to leverage the user rate
Collaborative/Network MIMO overview
Coordinate transmission and
reception of signals among
multiple bases.
Reduces intercell interference
and improves cell-edge
performance and overall
throughput.

Collaborative MIMO: share user
data and long-term noncoherent
channel information.
Coherent network MIMO: share
user data and short-term
coherent channel information.
Multi-Mode Adaptive MIMO for DL/UL
Use adaptive MIMO to accommodate demand of
higher data rate and wider coverage in next
generation broadband wireless access
SU MIMO for peak user data rate improvement
MU MIMO for average data rate enhancement
Collaborative/Network MIMO for cell edge user
data rate boost


A
uniform
MIMO
platform
SU-MIMO
MU-MIMO
Collaborative/
Network
MIMO
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e

s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

MAC layer
Cross-layer
design
Key technologies in Multi-mode Adaptive MIMO
Cellular system
Collaborative/Network
MIMO MU-MIMO
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO enhancement
Closed-loop MIMO
Iterative MIMO receiver
MU-MIMO optimization
MU precoding algorithm
Trade-off design of scheduler between
complexity and performance
Collaborative/Network
MIMO/Beam Coordination
Implementation of multi-BS
collaboration with channel
information
Multi-dimension adaptation
Adaptation strategy
Multi-variable channel measurement
Low-rate feedback mechanism
Multicast
Anchor
Serving eNB/
per User
eNBs have to be synchronized !!!
Coherent Network MIMO for UL
What is it: Interference reduction via coherent receiver coordination between multiple bases.
How does it work: Coordinating base stations compute beamforming weights that maximize
SINR (MMSE) for each user.
Potential performance gains of Network MIMO for S-sector coordination
Baseline: single-sector (1Tx 4Rx)

Whats needed to make it happen:
Short-term coherent channel knowledge and user data shared among coordinating bases.
Backhaul traffic increases by factor S (if all users are In collaboration)
10% channel knowledge, 90% user data .
Time and phase-synchronized transmission among coordinating BSs.
Efficient Channel Quality Feedback for IMT-Advanced
UL feedback channel is a bottleneck for the system performance in an FDD system. A more efficient
feedback scheme provides
lower resource usage in the uplink and/or
higher downlink performance through finer granularity of the channel state information
knowledge at the basestation
Compression / sourcecoding of channel state information feedback
based, e.g., on Wavelets (or other transformations)
allows variable frequency resolution over the bandwidth
e.g., UE adaptively provides high resolution of CQI on good subcarriers / resource blocks, &
low resolution on bad resource blocks
Hierarchical Feedback approach
successive refinement of the quantization with imperfect channel state information at the Tx.

Conclusions
Mix of these technologies allows to meet the IMT adv performance requirements
The introduction/improvement of MU-MIMO in DL and UL has a high potential to
boost the cell average rate
Co-MIMO for DL can be applied to FDD system to improve cell edge performance
and average cell capacity
About 70% improvement for cell edge rate rate compared with SU-MIMO
25% improvement in average sector capacity compared with SU-MIMO
Network MIMO can be applied for the UL (FDD) for the DL/UL(TDD)
25% improvement for cell average rate compared to MU-MIMO (further
improvements from single site MU-MIMO)
Factor 3.4 gain for cell edge rate
SON for IMT-Advanced Networks:
Self Organizing and Optimizing Networks
Target: Simplified Network Operation
Self-Organizing-Network (SON) technologies
100% Plug and Play
Fully decentr. OMC less Network Management (prio for pico/femto layer)
Self-protection against malicious resource usage (multi-vendor problem)
Multi-RAT operation (intra 3GPP and inter 3GPP)
Self-configuration / optimization for heterogeneous networks
(3GPP / non 3GPP)
Generic protocols and measurements
Generic parameters for
Handover decisions
Load balancing
QoS optimization
Multi-operator networks
RAN sharing
Equipment sharing
Evolution: Phased Approach for Self-x (SON)
introduction
First step (LTE-R8):
focus mainly on configuration use cases needed for first deployments
NEM centric automated configuration and tool based optimisation
Self-x support functions decentralized in eNB (for configuration and optimisation use cases)
tight control and surveillance in OMC
Second step (beyond LTE R8):
decentralised NEM less architecture (Pico & Femto Layer)
Complete Self-x functions put to eNB
NM/OSS: performance and alarm management,
NM/OSS: control/tuning of Self-x use cases requiring
deeper system performance analysis and simulation,
further standardisation required

Release 8:
RAN configuration use cases:
Add/Remove cell incl. power saving cell (Auto download of initial radio parameters from OMC)
Neighbourhood relation configuration and optimisation for LTE
Release 9 and +:
RAN optimization use cases
Cell outage compensation
LTE handover parameter optimisation
Interference optimisation for LTE
Load balancing for LTE
QoS optimization use cases
Scheduler operation optimisation for LTE
MIMO Mode Selection Optimisation for LTE
Evolution: Phased Approach for Self-x (SON)
deployment new
site,
add new cell,
capacity upgrade
self-configuration
performance
optimisation
self-optimisation
tools for RAN
planning,
configuration
and optimisation
conventional
parameter
configuration
failure cases
Use Case LTE Handover Parameter Optimisation
Self-optimisation of initially configured HO parameters
Optimisation goals
Minimisation of HO failure rates for intra-LTE
Avoidance of ping-pong effects
Enhancement to Multi-RAT HO
Optimisation approach: Self-optimisation of
HO parameters leading to UE handover request
HO thresholds, hysteresis, Cell Individual Offset
(CIO),time to Trigger (TTT) after analysis of
handover
Challenge: user throughput at HO (cell edge)
Considering QoS at cell edge during handover as
constraints
TTT
A
TTT
H
Hand-
over
Event
Signal
strength Source cell
Neighbor cell
Addition
Event
Time
H
A
H
H
Use Case Interference Coordination in UL and DL
Dynamic or semi-static interference coordination of radio
resources (example: frequency case)
Possible optimisation goals
Cell edge bitrate, improved fairness, load balancing,
increased number of real time users, network capacity
Power restriction scheme and power attenuation
Indication of upper limit of Tx power per PRB
relative to the rated output power
Exchange of upper limits of the Tx power per PRB
and resource restrictions between neighbour eNBs
over X2 interface in intervals of 200 ms to 1 s

resource grant (Tx pwr on
certain frequency subsets)
resource
request
eNB #2
eNB #3
eNB #1
resource grant (Tx pwr on
certain frequency subsets)
resource
request
eNB #2 eNB #2
eNB #3 eNB #3
eNB #1 eNB #1
Use Case Scheduler optimisation
Optimisation goals
self-optimisation of user -, cell-, cell edge throughput & delay according to operator
preferences with weightings and fairness parameter
self-optimisation of network service availability per QoS label
Optimisation approach for QoS and scheduler configuration parameters
indication of estimated impact on performance and resulting QoS based on target derived
from Off-line System Simulations
adaption of scheduler operation to actual traffic mix
PFMR (Proportional Fair with Minimum Rates) scheduling for tuning of cell edge bit rate
and cost versus fairness proportional to experienced radio conditions
Use Case MIMO Mode Selection Optimisation for LTE
Optimisation goal of MIMO modes switching
Optimum service provisioning among attached UEs
Cell edge data rate and total cell throughput
Optimisation of network due to insufficient radio condition (SINR) at cell
edge, and service availability per QoS label
Optimisation approach
Evaluation of mapping of link characteristic (rank, SINR) to MIMO modes
Configuration of MIMO thresholds and MIMO-mode switching criterions
(diversity, beamforming, spatial multiplexing for SU MIMO and MU MIMO)
supported by targets derived from Off-line System Simulation
Self-X Architecture Evolution (priority Pico & Femto Layer)
T
o
d
a
y

Fully
decentralised in
eNBs &
Multivendor NM
OMC/NEM
centric
automated
configuration
Evolution
1st step
self-config
Self-X Architecture Evolution (prio for Pico & Femto Layer)
Network management in NM OSS
network planning
alarm and performance monitoring
high level performance tuning
Fully autonomous, distributed RAN optimisation
Self-x functions in UE and eNB
measurements, UE location info
alarms, status reports, KPIs
distributed self-x algorithms
Self-x information exchange
via X2
Multi-vendor interoperability
supported via X2 (to support Pico & Femto
deployments)
Vision of fully decentralised self-optimisation
eNB
LTE RAN
Network Management
eNB
eNB
self-x
NM OSS
Itf-N
X2-Itf
self-x
self-x
RAN self-
optimization

performance
monitoring
KPIs
alarms

high level network
performance tuning
Conclusions

Significantly improved radio network management by SON:
emphasis on performance tuning and supervision
100% plug and play
continuous, automated radio network optimisation
w.r.t. operator preferences
innovative techniques for performance optimisation
(scheduler, MIMO modes)
considerable effort reduction for operators
Your Questions, Wishes,
Proposals?
Thank You for Your
Attention!