1. Witches a.

) Increased number of trials and executions of presumed witches (more than 100,000); intense torture would often get them to come forward. Witchcraft caused great hysteria because of the fear of witches and fear of being accused. Old women were targets because they were no longer recipients of local charity so they tried to survive by selling herbs, potions, and secret healing remedies. Women were accused because they were inferior, and accused of sexual experiences with Satan (devil). Practice declined in the mid 17th century due to religious wars, stabilizing government, and relooking at religious beliefs. b.) Caused serious troubles in social relations 2. Thirty Years War a.) 3 phases, started over secular AND religious differences, French vs. British, French were victorious 3.Gustavus Adolphus a.) Swedish military general 4. Peace of Westphalia a.) 1st peace treaty that ended most of the Thirty Years War 5. conscript standing armies a.) Created by the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus, and it was notable for its flexibility of its tactics. The infantry brigades of his army were composed of equal numbers of musketeers and pikemen, standing 6 men deep. All rows of infantry fired at once (salvo) instead of row by row. This was followed by a pike charge giving the infantry a primarily offensive deployment. Gustavus used cavalry in a more mobile fashion in that after they fired, they charged the enemy with their swords. b.) Created a vast improvement of military tactics during this revolution 6. absolutism a.) the sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested on the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right. He had the authority to make laws, tax, administer justice, control the states administrative system, and determine foreign policy. 7. Bishop Jacques Bossuet a.) expressed his ideas in a book titled Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture. 1. Government was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society 2. God established kings and through them reigned over all the peoples of the world 3. Since kings received their power from god, their authority was absolute 4. They were responsible to no one except God b.) One of the chief theorists of divine- right monarchy; There was a large difference between the theory of absolutism expressed by Bossuet and the practice of absolutism. A monarchs absolute power was often limited greatly by practical realities. 8. "divine right" a.) expressed by Bishop Jacques Bossuet: 1. Government was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society 2. God established kings and through them reigned over all the peoples of the world 3. Since kings received their power from god, their authority was absolute 4. They were responsible to no one except God

9. Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin a.) Richelieu aided Louis XIII and Mazarin helped Louis XIV, at the time both kings were too young to assume their positions with great authority and rule. b.) aided in strengthening the French monarchy under the rule of King Louis XIII & XIV 10. the Fronde a.) (1648-1653) Series of revolts by the French nobility again the crown that started as a protest against Mazarins high taxes; Louis XIV was whisked out of Paris and hidden in the countryside to prevent from being kidnapped. Chaos led the French subjects to look to the monarchy for stability. b.) the French nobility was losing their power, so they revolted in anger 11. Louis XIV a.) 3rd Bourbon King of France; Became king when he was 5 and reigned for 72 years, longest in European history; His mother Anne of Austria (Spanish Habsburg) served as his regent, assisted by Cardinal Mazarin; ABSOLUTISM- divine right; drove France into a financial disaster!; Revoked the Edict of Nantes through the Edict of Fontainebleau. b.) Prime example of ABSOLUTISM 12. Edict of Fontainebleau a.) Louis XIV threw out the Edict of Nantes (Henry IV gave Huguenots religious rights in France) because he wanted religious uniformity. Huguenots lost their religious rights and Catholicism was the only acceptable denomination! b.) Many Huguenots went into exile and consequently weakened the French economy. 13. Versailles a.) The Fronde left a life-long fear of rebellion, distrust of nobles and dislike of Paris in Louis XIV so he eventually moved the court to Versailles. The court set a standard that was soon followed by other European rulers. A huge palace was built; Versailles served as the residence of the king, a reception hall for state affairs, an office building for the members of the kings government, and the home for thousands of royal officials and aristocracy. By keeping the nobility and royal blood princes in Versailles, Louis XIV was able to exclude them from power while keeping them involved in the myriad activities that made up the daily life at Versailles. He allowed them to share in the mystique of power as companions of the king. b.) Became a symbol for the French absolutist state and the power of the Sun King. It served as a visible manifestation of Frances superiority and wealth, and intended to overawe subjects and impress foreign powers. 14. Jean-Baptiste Colbert a.) Louis XIVs controller general of finances; sought to increase the wealth and power of France through mercantilist policies which stressed government regulation of economic activities to benefit the state. His economic policies ultimately were defeating because the more money he got, the fast Louis spent it especially to engage in war. The tax burden fell increasingly on the peasants. b.) His policies are given credit for developing French manufacturing. 15. Louis XIV's wars a.) Under the secretary of war, Francois- Michael Le Tellier, the marquis of Louvois, France developed a professional army numbering 100,000 in peacetime and 400,000 in time of war.

Louis waged war 4 ways between 1667 and 1713: 1*1667- invaded the Spanish Netherlands and the Franche Comte: triple alliance with the Dutch, English, and Swedes forced Louis to sue for peace in 1668 and accept a few towns in the Spanish Netherlands for his efforts; never forgave Dutch for forming alliance. 2*1672: invaded the United Provinces- his victories led Brandenburg, Spain, and Holy Roman Empire to form a new coalition that forced Louis to end the Dutch War by making peace at Nimwegen in 1678. France did not gain the French territory but it did receive Franche Comte from Spain to stimulate Louiss appetite for even more land. *Louis moved eastward against the HRE: The gradual annexation of the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine followed by the occupation of the city of Strasbourg, a move that led to a widespread protest and the formation of a new coalition. (League of Augsburg consisting of Spain, HRE, England, United Provinces, Sweden) 3*(1689-1697) Creation of the League of Augsburg led to the War of the League of Augsburg which brought an 8 year struggle along with economic depression and famine to France. Treaty of Ryswick forced Louis to give up most of his conquests in the empire but he was allowed to keep Strasbourg and part of Alsace. 4* War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713) over the Succession to the Spanish throne; End came with the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 and Rastatt in 1714. Confirmed Philip V (Bourbon dynasty) as the Spanish ruler, but affirmed that the thrones of Spain and France had to remain separate. 16. Peace of Utrecht- 1713 a.) One of the treaties that ended the War of Spanish Succession along with the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714. Confirmed Philip V (Bourbon dynasty) as the Spanish ruler, but affirmed that the thrones of Spain and France had to remain separate. The Spanish Netherlands, Milan, and Naples were given to Austria and the state of Brandenburg- Prussia gained additional territories. England received Gibraltar and the French possessions in America of Newfoundland, Hudsons Bay Territory, and Nova Scotia. France remained a great power, but England emerged as a formidable naval force. 17. Brandenburg-Prussia a.) Gain additional territories from the Peace of Utrecht.

18. Frederick William the Great Elector 19. the Hohenzollerns 20. Treaty of Karlowitz 21. the Romanovs 22. Russian serfdom

23. the Orthodox Church 24. Peter the Great 25. Saint Petersburg 26. Great Northern War 27. Vienna and the Ottoman Empire 28. Poland's Sejm 29. the house of Orange 30. Amsterdam 31. the Stuarts 32. Puritans 33. English Civil War 34. Oliver Cromwell 35. Levellers 36. the Restoration 37. Test Act 38. James II 39. Glorious Revolution 40. Thomas Hobbes

41. John Locke 42. Bill of Rights 43. Mannerism and El Greco

44. Bernini and Gentileschi: a) Italian architect and sculptor, completed Saint Peters Basilica at the Vatican and designed the vast colonnade enclosing the piazza in front of it. Known for his action, exuberance, profusion, and dramatic effects in the interior of the Basilica where his Throne of Saint Peter is in midair. The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa, was created for the Cornaro Chapel in the Church of Santa Maria della Vitorria in Rome. It was one of his most famous pieces of sculpture. b.) perhaps the greatest figure of the Baroque 45. Baroque: a.) began in Italy in the last quarter of the 16th century and spread to the rest of Europe and Latin America, it was mostly embraced by the Catholic reform movement. Artists sought to bring together the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the spiritual feelings of the 16th century religious revival. Baroque was known for: Dramatic effects to heighten emotional intensity; search of power b.) Replaced mannerism 46. French Classicism: a.) France rejected the Baroque style and focused on Classicism which emphasized clarity, simplicity, balance, and harmony of design- simply a version of High Renaissance style. It rejected emotionalism and high drama of the Baroque, but Classicism continued the Baroques conception of grandeur in the portrayal of noble subjects, especially those from classical antiquity. b.) Shifted the French society from chaos to order in the 17th century 47. Rembrandt van Rijn: a.) Painted opulent portraits and grandiose scenes that were very colorful; he was prolific and successful, but he turned away from materialistic success to follow his own artistic path and in the process he lost public support and died bankrupt. b.) The finest product of the golden age of Dutch painting; stood out as one great protestant painter of the 17th century because Protestant tradition of hostility to religious pictures had discouraged artistic expression; he refused to follow his contemporaries, (secular) and half of his own paintings depicted bible scenes. 48. William Shakespeare: a.) complete man of the alter; best known for writing plays, he was also an actor and shareholder in the chief company of the time, the Lord Chamberlains Company, which played in theaters as diverse as the Globe and the Blackfriars. He was a master of the English language and instrumental in codifying a language that was still in transition. b.) Recognized as a universal genius; In his plays full of tragedies and comedy, he exhibited a remarkable understanding of the human condition and psychology.

49. Lope de Vega: a.) Set up the agenda for playwrights starting in the 1580s. He was a prolific writer and almost 1/3rd of his 1500 plays survivewhich have been classified as witty, charming, action-packed, and realistic. b.) Stressed that his plays were to satisfy the audience- He remarked that if anyone thought he had written his plays for fame, undeceive him and tell him that I wrote them for money. 50. Racine and Moliere: a.) French Dramatists that cultivated a classical style that emphasized the clever, polished, and correct over the emotional and imaginative. Racine: followed closely the plot of Greek and Roman sources; perfected the French neoclassical tragic style, focused on conflicts (love & honor, inclination & duty), that characterized and revealed the tragic dimensions of life. Moliere: in favor of the French court and benefitted from the patronage of King Louis XIV; produced many series of comedies that satirized the religious social world of his time. His satires sometimes got him in trouble. b.) French Drama was much different that England and Spains.