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CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The study of related literature is of a great importance to research problems and many researchers in various field established its great need for proper guidance and reliable conclusions. The review of related literature helps to make progress towards his solution and successful completion of the research project. The review of studies checks duplication and provides guidance for successful completion of project. Many researchers have showed great interest in the field of sports i.e. sports medicine, exercise physiology, biomechanics, kinesiology, anthropometry, sociology, sports psychology etc. The sole aim of all researchers in this field is creating excellence in sports. Numerous studied have been conducted on various aspects of physical fitness. In the light of these facts it has been endeavored to give comprehensive review of the literature related to the topic of the present study. Studies pertaining on physical fitness Ray compared the physical fitness of tribal and urban students. The study consisted of 120 students (N=60 each) studying at M.B.B.S. College,

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Agartala. The subjects will be tested on AAHPER Youth Fitness test. The age of the subjects ranged between 16-20 years. The mean differences between urban and tribal students were not found statistically significant. It was found that urban students were better in pull-ups and soft-ball throw and their superiority was statistically significant at 0.05 level, but in the remaining five test -items i.e., 50M dash, 600M run/walk, sit-ups, shuttle run and standing broad jump, the difference in performance of neither of the groups was found statistically significant1. Mehta compared physical fitness of tribal and non-tribal school girls of Indoor Division. She used six physical fitness tests items of AAHPER Physical fitness test. The results showed that tribal girls were better in arm strength, abdominal strength and agility but non-tribal girls were better in their explosive strength and endurance2. Uppal et al. selected junior badminton players (N=15) from different states of India for the purpose of the study. The
1

Ray, Comparison of Physical Fitness of Tribal and Urban Students in Tripura. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.) 1979.
2

Mehta, Comparison of Physical Fitness Tribal and non-tribal School Girls of Indore

Division. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.), 1981.

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subjects were trained with 6- days a week for four weeks training program included for the development of physical fitness. The results of the study shows that women badminton players having significant improvement in 8- minutes run/walk, standing broad jump, bent-leg sit-ups, but in case of 50M dash and shuttle run, the improvement was not statistically significant3. Sidhu and Grewal conducted a study to assess the effect of hard physical training. Female hockey players (N=15) were selected as the subjects for the study. The subjects were tested initially in weight, heart-rate resting, and heart-rate during exercise and recovery, and were tested again after 25 days of training. It was found that with training, the resting heart rate, maximum heart-rate after exhaustive exercise and recovery, heart rate showed considered improvement. However, no major change occurred in body weight4.

Uppal. Effect of 4 -Weeks Intensive Training in Badminton of Women Players. SNIPES

Journal(1982), 5, 2:51.
4

Sidhu, and Grewal, Effect of Hard Training on Cardio-Vascular System of Indian Women

Hockey Players. Journal of sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. Italy: Minerva Media(1984), 24, 1:34-40.

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Singh, Ghosh, and Ahuja studies the female hockey players (N=17). The subjects were administered physical fitness test of 6items and anthropometrical measurements. The data was collected before and after 4-weeks of training. The results of the study showed that body weight and total body fat of the subjects were not statistically significant due to the effect of training. Total body fat increased but the increase was not statistically significant. Though there was improvement in physical fitness components, it was unusual during competitive period5. Singh and Devnath conducted a study on female gymnasts (N=27), out of which girls (N=12) belonged to better performance group and 15 belonged to poor performance group, known as group A and group B. Test on measurement of strength, speed, flexibility, endurance, coordinative ability were conducted on the subjects. The results showed that there was statistically significant difference between means score of pull-ups, sit-ups, back-lift from vaulting horse, standing broad jump, 50M sprint, cardiorespiratory fitness, trunk extension, balance ability, time
5

Singh, Ghosh, and Ahuja, The Effect of 4-Weeks Training Camp on Physical Fitness and

Body Fat of National Women Hockey Team. SNIPES (1985), 8, 2:50-54.

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differential ability, angle differential ability and competitive performance of group A and B. Further, better performance group excelled in performance of motor ability, strength, flexibility, endurance, speed, co-coordinative abilities indicate that motor ability is an important factor in determining the level of performance in gymnasts6. Uppal and Roy conducted a study to assess the motor fitness components as a predictor of soccer playing ability. Male soccer players (N=20) were selected for the study. They were administered five tests of motor fitness components,

namely, speed (50-yards dash), agility (4 x 10M shuttle run), maximum leg strength (by dynamo- meter), explosive leg strength (standing broad jump) and cardio-respiratory endurance ( Corper's twelve minute run/walk test). The soccer playing ability was assessed with the help of a panel of three judges. Statistical treatment of the data shows all the independent variables (speed, agility, maximum leg strength, explosive leg strength and cardiorespiratory endurance), have been found to be significantly related
6

Singh and Debnath,. A Study of Motor Ability and Competitive Performance of Indian

Female Gymnasts. SNIPES(1986), 9, 2:1-6.

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to dependent variables (soccer playing ability). The regression equation developed was = 11.72 (standing broad jump) + .52 (Cooper's 12 minute's run/walk test horses in 100th unit) - 2.06 (4 x 10 M shuttle run) + 4.947. Singh conducted a study to formulate norms of physical fitness for hockey goalkeepers. Male State level hockey goalkeepers (N=20) were selected for the purpose of the study. The subjects were tested in side split, forward bend and reach, stand broad jump, shuttle run, 30 M sprint, bent-knee sit-ups, push-ups, one KM run for endurance8. Nandi investigated motor fitness as a factor of prediction in the performance of high jump. Thirty boys of a middle school of Delhi will be used as subjects in the study. Data pertaining to the selected physical fitness components, that is speed agility, flexibility, strength & power were collected by administering suitable tools. The findings of the study revealed that there is

Uppal, and Roy, Assessment of Motor Fitness Components as Predictors of Soccer Playing Ability. SNIPES(1987). , 9, 3:46-49.
8

Singh Norms of Physical Fitness for Hockey Goalkeepers. National Institute of Sports, Scientific Journal(1987), 10, 3:3-6.

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significant relationship of high jump performance with power, flexibility & strength9. Murti the purpose of the study was to see difference in rural and urban students of Punjab in the age group of thirteen to seventeen. The study was conducted on 102 urban, 114 rural school boys selected at random selected students were test on AAHPER Youth fitness test. Investigators analyze that neither rural boys nor urban boys categories superior to their counterparts10. Mokha, Verma and Kaur studied the comparison of physical fitness of urban and rural school girls of Ludhiana District. The data were collected on 404 girls, out of whom 202 were from the urban areas and 202 girls from the rural areas of the Ludhiana District. To evaluation the physical fitness the following test were conducted or each subject. (i) Anthropometric measurements:
9

Nandi The Motor Fitness Factors as prediction of High Jump Abilities Among Middle School Children. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Jiwaji University Gwalior (M.P.) 1990.
10

Murti. Comparative Study of General Physical Fitness and Rural Students of Punjab in

the age group 13-17", Unpublished M. Phil Thesis (1992), Punjabi University, Punjab pp7-14.

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Height, weight. (ii) Physical fitness tests: 100m Race, 200m Race, High jump, long jump, shot put. It is thus conducted from the study that the urban girls are slightly taller significantly heavier than the rural girls, whereas rural girls are faster running than the urban girls because they have less body weight. Urban - Rural differences decreases as the age increase11. Mujika studied creative supplementation and sprint performance in soccer players. Results demonstrate that repeated sprint performance is influenced by acute creative

supplementation but not intermittent endurance performance. Data also suggest that creative limit the decay in jumping ability following intermittent endurance test in trained soccer players12.

11

Mokha, Anuradha and Kaur ,A Comparative Study of Physical Fitness of Urban and

Rural School Girls. Indian Journal of sport Science and Physical Education(1998).. Vol. 10, No. 1 and 2, pp. 25.
12

Mujika J, Creative Supplementation and Sprint Performance in Soccer Players. Journal of Sports and fitness.ISSN: 0195-9131.