The essentials of Drosophila: History, Development, Jargon, Reagents, Genetic tricks, and Tools
Chromosome theory and Mendelian genetics: establishing a physical basis for heredity
Cytological/genetic map: The physical position of genes on the chromosomes were mapped relative to the banding pattern of polytene chromosomes. Cytological maps generated by Calvin Bridges are still in use today. X: "1-20 2L: "21-40 2R: "41-60 3L: "61-80 3R: "81-100 4: "101
Segmental patterning
cubitus interruptus, wingless, gooseberry, hedgehog, fused, patch, paired, even-skipped, odd-skipped, barrel, runt, engrailed, Kruppel, knirps, and hunchback in 1980 Nature paper
Homeotic genes
Behavioral genetics
Seymour Benzer
Genetic basis of: time (circadian rhythms - ex: period), love (sexual behavior - ex: fruitless), memory (associative learning defect ex: dunce).
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila nomenclature
Male Female Virgin Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote recessive mutations and capitol letters denote dominant mutations. examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st) " "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd) " "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd) " "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd) Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a bar or division symbol. example: "w; Sp/CyO; sr, e Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: Deciencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 Balancers -- "multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive " "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3
Drosophila nomenclature
Male Female Virgin Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote recessive mutations and capital letters denote dominant mutations. examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st) " "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd) " "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd) " "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd) Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a bar or division symbol. example: "w; Sp/CyO; sr, e Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: Deciencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 Balancers -- "multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive " "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3
Drosophila nomenclature
Male Female Virgin Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote recessive mutations and capital letters denote dominant mutations. examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st) " "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd) "Curly (Cy) - have curly wings " "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd) " "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd) Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a bar or division symbol. example: "w; Sp/CyO; sr, e Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: Deciencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 Balancers -- "multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive " "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3
Drosophila nomenclature
Male Female Virgin Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote recessive mutations and capital letters denote dominant mutations. examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st) " "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd) "Curly (Cy) - have curly wings " "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd) " "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd) Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a bar or division symbol. example: "w; Sp/CyO; sr, e Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: Deciencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 Balancers -- "multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive " "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3
Drosophila nomenclature
Male Female Virgin Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote recessive mutations and capital letters denote dominant mutations. examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st) " "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd) "Curly (Cy) - have curly wings " "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd) " "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd) Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a bar or division symbol. example: "w; Sp, + ; sr, e " + , Cy Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: Deciencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 Balancers -- "multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive " "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3
Drosophila nomenclature
Male Female Virgin Genes are properly named based on mutant phenotype. Lowercase is used to denote recessive mutations and capital letters denote dominant mutations. examples: "white (w) - eyes are white instead of wild type red (on X or 1st) " "Sternopleural (Sp) - extra bristle defect (on 2nd) "Curly (Cy) - have curly wings " "stripe (sr) - have a black stripe on thorax (on 3rd) " "ebony (e) - black body color (on 3rd) Genotypes are written in order according to chromosomal position. Genes on different chromosomes are separated by a semicolon, genes on the same chromosome are separated by a coma. Genes on homologous chromosomes are separated by a bar or division symbol. example: "w; Sp, + ; sr, e " + , Cy Generally useful Chromosomal aberrations: Deciencies -- " "deletions of genomic DNA, ex: Df(3R)EXEL6276 Balancers -- "multiple inversions, used for maintaining recessive " "mutant stocks, ex: FM7; SM6a; TM3
Drosophila nomenclature
gene names are italicized, Proteins are capitalized
Certain gene names indicate something specic about gene function: fs = female sterile, ex: fs(1)k10 l = lethal, ex: l(3)ry82 e = enhancer, ex: en(spl) su = suppressor, ex: su(H) All molecularly dened gene models (predicted genes) have an annotation ID: CG + a number for protein coding genes CR + a number for non-protein coding genes.
Drosophila nomenclature
gene names are italicized, Proteins are capitalized
Certain gene names indicate something specic about gene function: fs = female sterile, ex: fs(1)k10 l = lethal, ex: l(3)ry82 e = enhancer, ex: en(spl) su = suppressor, ex: su(H) All molecularly dened gene models (predicted genes) have an annotation ID: CG + a number for protein coding genes CR + a number for non-protein coding genes.
Drosophila nomenclature
gene names are italicized, Proteins are capitalized
Certain gene names indicate something specic about gene function: fs = female sterile, ex: fs(1)k10 l = lethal, ex: l(3)ry82 e = enhancer, ex: e(S) su = suppressor, ex: su(H) All molecularly dened gene models (predicted genes) have an annotation ID: CG + a number for protein coding genes CR + a number for non-protein coding genes.
Enhancer trap
Gal4/UAS
Enhancer trap
Gal4/UAS
a b dead- homozygous balancer alive- heterozygous a or b/balancer dead - mutations in same gene alive - mutations in different genes
F2 F3
dead - homozygous alive - heterozygous balancer Use to make a stock ? - homozygous mutant
P F1
Heat shock
F2 F3
dead - homozygous alive - heterozygous balancer Use to make a stock ? - homozygous mutant
P F1
Heat shock
F2 F3
dead - homozygous alive - heterozygous balancer Use to make a stock ? - homozygous mutant
P F1
Heat shock
F2 F3
dead - homozygous alive - heterozygous balancer Use to make a stock ? - homozygous mutant
Identify genes based on an over-expression phenotype. Can be combined with a sensitized genetic background to identify enhancers and suppressors.
-InR