1.
Side
Slide 2
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1.
Side
Web frame
Stringers
Slide 3
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1.
Side
Stringers
Web frame
Slide 4
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1.
Side
- Take up external sea loads and transfer these into the hull girder - Resist internal pressure from cargo and ballast Web in hull girder - Side plating act as the web in the hull girder beam
Slide 5
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1.
Side
Net force
Net force
Water Line
Slide 6
1.
Side
-Side longs are supported at the web frames - Web frames are supported at the cross ties and at the deck and bottom
Slide 7
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Part of web frame supported at two cross ties, shear max towards supports
1.
Side
The structural functions of a double hull ship side is the same as for a single hull:
As there are no cross ties, side web frame is supported at the deck and bottom
1.
Side
Slide 9
16.03.2004
Shear stress distribution resulting from global loads for midship section
1.
Side
Stringers contribute to the stiffness of the double hull ship side, which means:
High shear stress in stringer towards the Slide 10 16.03.2004 transverse bulkhead
1.
Side
1. Cracks in side longitudinals at web frames 2. Cracks in side longitudinals at transverse bulkheads 3. Cracks in web frame cut-outs for longitudinals 4. Indents of side shell and stiffeners
Slide 11
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1.
Side
Slide 12
16.03.2004
Crack in side longitudinal tripping bracket connection to web frame (various wing tanks)
1.
Side
Dynamic loads (sea and cargo) are forcing the side longitudinal to flex in and out
High alternating bending stresses towards the end supports (web frames) Highly stressed areas created around geometric hard points (bracket toes, scallops, flat bars)
Slide 13 16.03.2004
1.
Side
Fatigue life of high tensile steel is the same as for mild steel in way of welds, even worse due to smaller scantlings!! A corrosive environment reduces the fatigue life by 50 % A symmetrical construction/design will have an increased fatigue life compared with asymmetrical World-wide trade of 20 years fatigue life
1.
Side
1. Cracks in side longitudinals at web frames 2. Cracks in side longitudinals at transverse bulkheads 3. Cracks in web frame cut-outs for longitudinals 4. Indents of side shell and stiffeners
Slide 15
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1.
Side
Slide 16
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1.
Side
Ship side
Relative deflections occur between the rigid transverse bulkhead and the flexible web frame construction
Sea pressure
The relative deflection induces additional bending stresses at the end connection of side longitudinals to the transverse bulkhead
Slide 17
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1.
Side
Slide 18
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Relative deflection
1.
Side
1. Cracks in side longitudinals at web frames 2. Cracks in side longitudinals at transverse bulkheads 3. Cracks in web frame cut-outs for longitudinals 4. Indents of side shell and stiffeners
Slide 19
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1.
Side
Cracks
Slide 20
16.03.2004
1.
Side
High shear stresses around openings etc, where shear area is reduced
Shear stress
Shear stress
Slide 21
16.03.2004
Consequence of damage
Suggestions?
1.
Side
Suggestions?
1.
Side
1. Cracks in side longitudinals at web frames 2. Cracks in side longitudinals at transverse bulkheads 3. Cracks in web frame cut-outs for longitudinals 4. Indents of side shell and stiffeners
Slide 23
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1.
Side
The terms indents and buckling should not be mixed up with each other, as the cause for these damages are different: -Indents: Mainly due to contact damages
Slide 24
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Consequense of indents
Sharp indents may lead to cracks and possible leakage
1.
Side
Slide 25
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Consequense of indents
1.
Side
Large area set in (plating and stiffeners) gives reduced buckling capacity Adjacent areas may then be overloaded
Slide 26
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1.
Side
Questions ?
Slide 27
16.03.2004