Military Bases Recreation History

Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program
08-388
A HISTORY OF RECREATION IN THE MILITARY

ADAM SMITH, MEGAN TOOKER, CHELSEA POGORELAC, AND CHRIS COCHRAN AUGUST 2011
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED
ERDC/CERL SR-11-Draft
A History of Recreation in the Military

Adam Smith, Megan Tooker, Chelsea Pogorelac, and Chris Cochran
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
ERDC/CERL SR-11-Final August 2011
A History of Recreation in the Military

Legacy Project # 08-388
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 2902 Newmark Drive Champaign, IL 61822
Final report
Prepared for
Legacy Resource Management Program Department of Defense, 1225 S. Clark Street, Suite 1500 Arlington, VA 22202
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Abstract: This document is a historic context of military recreation in the Department of Defense. This historic context satisfies a portion of Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended (NHPA). Cultural resources personnel at the installation level and their contractors will utilize this military recreation historic context to place their recreation facilities in a broader context to help in determining whether or not these recreation facilities are eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and whether an adverse effect will take place.
DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR.
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Contents
Figures and Tables .........................................................................................................................................v Preface ......................................................................................................................................................... xxi Unit Conversion Factors .......................................................................................................................... xxii 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................23 Background ............................................................................................................................ 23 Objective ................................................................................................................................. 23 Approach ................................................................................................................................. 24
Literature Review ....................................................................................................................... 25 Archival Research ...................................................................................................................... 25 Site Visits .................................................................................................................................... 26
Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 26
Military Training Development Periods ..................................................................................... 26 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 26
Historic Context...................................................................................................................................27 Early Military ........................................................................................................................... 27 Civil War .................................................................................................................................. 30 Expansion ............................................................................................................................... 32 World War I ............................................................................................................................. 46 Interwar ................................................................................................................................... 49 World War II ............................................................................................................................ 54 Early Cold War ........................................................................................................................ 59 Late Cold War ......................................................................................................................... 61
Recreation Typology ...........................................................................................................................65 Golf Courses ........................................................................................................................... 65 Clubs ....................................................................................................................................... 70

Officers....................................................................................................................................... 70 NCO ............................................................................................................................................. 84 Enlisted ....................................................................................................................................... 89
Field Houses/Gymnasiums.................................................................................................... 93 Swimming Pools ................................................................................................................... 104

Indoor ........................................................................................................................................ 104 Outdoor ..................................................................................................................................... 105
Fields ..................................................................................................................................... 121

Baseball .................................................................................................................................... 121 Softball ...................................................................................................................................... 126 Football/Polo/Soccer ............................................................................................................... 128
Stadia ....................................................................................................................................135
Baseball .................................................................................................................................... 135
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Football ..................................................................................................................................... 139
Bowling.................................................................................................................................. 140 Courts.................................................................................................................................... 143

Tennis ....................................................................................................................................... 143 Badminton ................................................................................................................................ 147 Volleyball ................................................................................................................................... 148 Basketball ................................................................................................................................. 151 Miscellaneous .......................................................................................................................... 152
Riding Stables.......................................................................................................................153 Miscellaneous ......................................................................................................................155

Ice Rinks ................................................................................................................................... 155 Judo........................................................................................................................................... 155 Track and Field ......................................................................................................................... 157 Wrestling/Boxing ...................................................................................................................... 162
Recreational Areas ............................................................................................................... 163 4 Evaluating Military Recreational Resources .............................................................................. 171 Criteria for Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 171 Significance .......................................................................................................................... 172 Aspects of Integrity ............................................................................................................... 173 Integrity ................................................................................................................................. 174
Golf Courses ............................................................................................................................. 175 Clubs: Officers Club .................................................................................................................. 175 Clubs: NCO Club ....................................................................................................................... 176 Enlisted Club............................................................................................................................. 178 Field Houses/ Gymnasiums .................................................................................................... 178 Swimming Pools ....................................................................................................................... 180 Fields (Baseball/ Softball/ Football/ Polo/ Soccer) ............................................................... 181 Stadia (Baseball/ Football) ...................................................................................................... 181 Bowling ..................................................................................................................................... 182 Riding Stables .......................................................................................................................... 183 Courts........................................................................................................................................ 183 Ice Rinks ................................................................................................................................... 184 Recreational Areas ................................................................................................................... 184
Context Case Studies ...........................................................................................................186

Fort Bragg Recreation (Case Study #1) .................................................................................. 186 Kirtland AFB Recreation (Case Study #2) ............................................................................... 202
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 211
Report Documentation Page
Figures and Tables

Figures
Figure 1. Elysian Fields in Hoboken, 15 October 1859 (Library of Congress 2008676716). ...........29 Figure 2. Knickerbocker Club, 1847 (Wikipedia). ....................................................................................29 Figure 3. Union prisoners play baseball in Salisbury, NC (Library of Congress 94508290). ............ 31 Figure 4. Cincinnati Red Stockings, 1869 (Wikipedia). .......................................................................... 31 Figure 5. Roller skating, 1880 (Library of Congress 2005694682).....................................................32 Figure 6. USS Maine sailors playing cards, circa 1895-1898 (Naval Historical Center NH 46729)...........................................................................................................................................................33 Figure 7. Playing dominoes at a mess table, Camp Winfield Scott, May 1862 (Library of Congress cwp2003000032)......................................................................................................................33 Figure 8. Women students playing croquet, Carlisle Indian School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1901 (Library of Congress 98503031). ...................................................................................................34 Figure 9. Lawn Tennis, September 17, 1887 (Library of Congress 2003663899). ...........................35 Figure 10. Polo at Fort Robinson, Nebraska (Nebraska State Historical Society 1517ph:50-2)................................................................................................................................................36 Figure 11. YMCA advertisement, circa 1900 (Green 215). .................................................................... 37 Figure 12. Man on high wheeled bicycle, 1891 (Library of Congress 92508479).............................38 Figure 13. Bicycling (Woman, on three wheel bicycle, followed by men on high-wheelers), 1887 (Library of Congress 94508307). ...................................................................................................39 Figure 14. Woman seated behind steering wheel of automobile, 1914 (Library of Congress 2001706316). ............................................................................................................................40 Figure 15. Automobile and trailer, 1940 (Library of Congress fsa2000019603). .............................40 Figure 16. Female students playing basketball, Western High School, Washington, D.C. (Library of Congress 2001699137)...........................................................................................................42 Figure 17. NTC Great Lakes baseball grandstand, 30 June 1937 (NARA 71-CA box 144). ...............43 Figure 18. The boxing drill is an important part of the fighters training (Allen 10). ........................44 Figure 19. A friendly bout in one of the barracks at Camp Grant (Allen 28).....................................44 Figure 20. The high jump at Camp Upton, Long Island (Allen 45). ....................................................45 Figure 21. Training to come to grips with Hun (Allen 46). ...................................................................45 Figure 22. Volleyball is a popular sport at all the camps (Allen 59)...................................................46 Figure 23. Soldiers playing YMCA-sponsored basketball at Camp Gordon (Atlanta, GA), ca. 1917 (Courtesy YMCA of the U.S.A. Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries) (Pope 447). ............................................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 24. U.S. soldiers playing YMCA -sponsored baseball in France during World War I (Courtesy YMCA of the U.S.A. Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries) (Pope 451)..................... 47 Figure 25. Radio operated by a 14 year old boy, 1922 (Library of Congress 93510755). ................49 Figure 26. Hospital Corps School Washington Class 14 Football (NARA 52-C Box 1 Photo 20). 50
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Figure 27. Robins Field, GA swimming pool, 23 May 1946 (NARA 342-FH box 2089 3B42997). .......................................................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 28. Kerr Reservoir, built in Boydton, VA, by the US Army Corps of Engineers in the 1950s (USACE Wilmington District). ..........................................................................................................52 Figure 29. WAVES playing softball (NARA 80-G box 435 112405). ......................................................52 Figure 30. Fort Bliss Red Cross golf course at hospital, 24 Dec 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 206 188029)................................................................................................................................................53 Figure 31. Fort Benning Interior of New gymnasium at 4th Div area, 2 Nov 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 24 124389). ............................................................................................................................54 Figure 32. Moffett Field Flyers football team, 18 November 1940 (NARA 342-FH box 2088 3B-42902)..........................................................................................................................................55 Figure 33. Football in North Africa (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332713). .................................................56 Figure 34. Football in North Africa (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332715). .................................................56 Figure 35. Fort George Meade athletic equipment kit, 14 January 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 112 151844). .......................................................................................................................................58 Figure 36. Football in Italy (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332719). ...............................................................58 Figure 37. Fort Jackson Field and track meet awards, 20 June 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 250 424337). ...............................................................................................................................................60 Figure 38. Camp Pendleton front of golf course club house, 28 February 1950 (NARA 71CP Box 10). ....................................................................................................................................................65 Figure 39. Camp Pendleton rear of golf course club house, 28 February 1950 (NARA 71CP Box 10). ....................................................................................................................................................66 Figure 40. NAS Patuxent River golf course, 13 July 1953 (NARA 71-CP box 54)................................66 Figure 41. MCAS Kaneohe golf course clubhouse, 16 June 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 55). ................66 Figure 42. NAS Pensacola country club and golf course, 1951 (NARA 80-G Box 1972 462956). .......................................................................................................................................................67 Figure 43. NAS Key West President Eisenhower chipping on baseball field 7 January, 1956 (NARA 80-G Box 2519 684532). ....................................................................................................67 Figure 44. Fort Bliss Red cross golf course at hospital, 24 Dec 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 206 188029). F/Sgt. Fred Rinaloi and T/4 Eldon Armstrong make use of the Red Cross Golf Course during their period of recreation at Station Hospital, Ft. Bliss, Texas. Photo by: Pfc. Walton Wiggins......................................................................................................................................67 Figure 45. Fort Huachuca Golf at Warren District Country Club, 7 Mar 1954 (NARA 111SC Box 279 460642). This foursome enjoys a game of golf at the Warren District Country Club. ...............................................................................................................................................................68 Figure 46. Fort Jackson golf, 19 February 1957 (NARA 111-SC Box 311 499674). Maj. Margaret N. Brandt, (Walhalla, SC), is shown here making a long putt at the Armed Forces Golf Club. Watching and holding the Flag is Lt George Salvador, MSC (South Dartmouth, MA) 2nd Lt Edna M. Swartzbeck (Fridonia, PA) is thinking she will duplicate that putt the next green. All three are members of the United States Army Hospital at Fort Jackson, SC............68 Figure 47. Fort Carson golf at Broadmoor Golf course, 23 Apr 1959 (NARA 111-SC Box 345 549244). Maj. Gen. Mian Hayaud Din, right, military attach from Pakistan, lines up his putt on the Broadmoor Golf Course during his visit to the Pikes Peak region. From left: Col Ismael D Lapus, Philippines; Lt Col John Alexander Pountney, New Zealand; Lt Col D Ashari, Indonesia; and Gen Din. .................................................................................................................68 Figure 48. The clubhouse at the Post Golf Course, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, 22 Jan 1964 (NARA 111-SC box 384 608330). .............................................................................................................69
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Figure 49. Rear of the clubhouse at the Post Golf Course, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, 22 Jan 1964 (NARA 111-SC Box 384 608331). ...........................................................................................69 Figure 50. Fort Sam Houston Golf Club, located at the northwest corner of the reservation on Harry Wurzbach Road, 21 Feb 1967 (NARA 111-SC Box 406 637448). .......................................69 Figure 51. Fort Benning golf course aerial photo, 18 Mar 1941 (NARA 342-FH Box 1059 3B-17281). ....................................................................................................................................................70 Figure 52. Fort Leavenworth golf course aerial photo, 25 Mar 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1061 3B-17811). .........................................................................................................................................70 Figure 53. Charleston Navy Yard Officers Club, 3 Oct 1940 (NARA 71-CA Box 91 6745)................. 71 Figure 54. NAS Pensacola Officers Club, 12 Aug 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 57). ................................. 71 Figure 55. NAS Pensacola Officers Club Interior, 12 Aug 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 57). .................... 71 Figure 56. Fort Douglas, UT Officers Club, Aug 1938 (NARA 77 Box 26 391). ..................................72 Figure 57. Officers Club Waikiki Beach, Oahu, HI, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330400). .......................................................................................................................................................72 Figure 58. Officers Club Waikiki Beach, Oahu, HI, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330401). .......................................................................................................................................................72 Figure 59. Officers Club Waikiki Beach, Oahu, HI, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330402). .......................................................................................................................................................73 Figure 60. Officers Club Waikiki Beach, Oahu, HI, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330403). .......................................................................................................................................................73 Figure 61. Fort Benning, GA, Officers Club, 27 Apr 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 52 135219). ............73 Figure 62. An exterior view of Ft Carson, CO, officers club; complete with dining hall, dance floor, and bar, is one of the finest on any Army post. In the background is seen a partial view of the Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado Springs, CO, 20 Oct 1954 (NARA 111SC Box 279 460808). ................................................................................................................................. 74 Figure 63. Fort Carson Officers Club, 1 Apr 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 362 582025). Carsonites make the best use of the worlds best nature built lawnmowers- the sheep. In background is seen the Ft Carson Officers Club. The veterinarian station hospital animal section maintains a flock of sheep at the mountain post to provide blood for the manufacture of serum at the US Army hospital here.............................................................................. 74 Figure 64. Fort Sill Annual Hunt in front of officers club, 3 Aug 1947 (NARA 111-SC Box 578 292170). An annual affair organized by Col. G.M. Peek and General C.C. Herron in 1926, this was the last hunt due to the Army selling all of the horses and 40 of the hounds being given away. ........................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 65. Presidio of San Francisco officers club, prior to remodeling, 7 Mar 1934 (NARA 111-SC Box 681 324642). .............................................................................................................75 Figure 66. Presidio of San Francisco officers club, after remodeling, 14 Aug 1934 (NARA 111-SC Box 681 324643). .........................................................................................................................75 Figure 67. Fort Sam Houston officers club, 15 Mar 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 347370).........................................................................................................................................................75 Figure 68. Presidio of San Francisco officers club, 1 May 1950 (NARA 111-SC Box 741 351095). .......................................................................................................................................................75 Figure 69. Fort Benning officers club aerial, 18 Mar 1941 (NARA 342-FH Box 1059 3B17280). .......................................................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 70. Fort Benning officers club from rear, 9 Sep 1939 (NARA 342-FH Box 1059 3B17284). .......................................................................................................................................................... 76
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Figure 71. Fort Benning officers club from front, 9 Sep 1939 (NARA 342-FH Box 1059 3B-17285). .................................................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 72. Fort Sheridan officers club, 14 Jul 1934 (NARA 342-FH Box 1063 3B-18318). ............77 Figure 73. March Field, CA officers club bar, 1934 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B-19590). .............77 Figure 74. March Field, CA officers club, 1938 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B-19627). ....................77 Figure 75. March Field, CA officers club lounge, 1934 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B19646)...........................................................................................................................................................78 Figure 76. Randolph Field officers club ballroom, 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B20794). ..........................................................................................................................................................78 Figure 77. Randolph Field officers club swimming pool, 1933 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20799). ....................................................................................................................................................78 Figure 78. Randolph Field officers club, 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20826). .....................79 Figure 79. Randolph Field officers club swimming pool, 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20847). ....................................................................................................................................................79 Figure 80. Miami AAF officers club interior, 20 Sep 1944 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B42938)...........................................................................................................................................................79 Figure 81. Navy table tennis (NARA 80-G Box 2631 706415). .............................................................80 Figure 82. Keesler AFB, MS playing pool in the recreation hall, 3 Nov 1951 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-42967). .................................................................................................................................80 Figure 83. NOB San Diego club exterior, 30 Nov 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 481 11130).....................80 Figure 84. NOB San Diego club interior, 30 Nov 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 481 11130). ................... 81 Figure 85. Fort Riley service club dance, 1 May 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 63 138247). .................. 81 Figure 86. Fort Riley service club interior, 7 May 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 63 138251). ................ 81 Figure 87. Camp Robinson, AR mural in service club, 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 133 167447). ........................................................................................................................................................82 Figure 88. Fort Benning main lounge of Service Club One, 14 May 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 848 397759). .......................................................................................................................................82 Figure 89. Fort McClellan interior of Service Club One, April 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 848 397950). .......................................................................................................................................................82 Figure 90. Camp Chaffee, AR music room- second floor of Service Club One, 25 Apr 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 852 399840). .............................................................................................................83 Figure 91. Fort Bliss bingo game, Service Club Three, 6 May 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 852 399852). .......................................................................................................................................................83 Figure 92. Fort Sill annual fox hunt in front of Officers Club, 3 Aug 1947 (NARA 111-SC Box 578 292170). ........................................................................................................................................83 Figure 93. Henderson Hall, VA NCO club bar, 1 Sep 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 54). .............................84 Figure 94. Henderson Hall, VA NCO club lounge, 1 Sep 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 54). .......................84 Figure 95. Fort Douglas, UT NCO club, Aug 1938 (NARA 77 Box 26 391). .........................................85 Figure 96. Fort Bragg the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587425). .................85 Figure 97. Fort Bragg main desk at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587426).........................................................................................................................................................85 Figure 98. Fort Bragg main dining room at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587427). ........................................................................................................................................86
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Figure 99. Fort Bragg main private party room at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587428)...........................................................................................................................86 Figure 100. Fort Bragg ballroom at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587429).........................................................................................................................................................86 Figure 101. Fort Bragg cocktail lounge at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587430). ........................................................................................................................................87 Figure 102. Fort Bragg Stag Bar at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587431). ........................................................................................................................................................87 Figure 103. Fort Bragg rear area of main post NCO club showing patio and pool, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587442). .............................................................................................................87 Figure 104. Fort Sam Houston NCO club (Bldg 2652), 21 Feb 1967 (NARA 111-SC Box 406 637448). ...............................................................................................................................................88 Figure 105. March Field, CA NCO club, 1938 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B-19649). ........................88 Figure 106. March Field, CA NCO club interior, 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B-19650)............88 Figure 107. Randolph Field NCO club, 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20806)...........................88 Figure 108. NAS Whidbey Island Chiefs Club, 15 Nov 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 936 278025). .......................................................................................................................................................89 Figure 109. Presidio of San Francisco enlisted club, rear view, 9 Jul 1949 (NARA 111-SC Box 688 327484). ........................................................................................................................................89 Figure 110. Presidio of San Francisco enlisted club, front view, 9 Jul 1949 (NARA 111-SC Box 688 327485). ........................................................................................................................................90 Figure 111. Presidio of San Francisco enlisted club lounge, 9 Jul 1949 (NARA 111-SC Box 688 327486). ...............................................................................................................................................90 Figure 112. Presidio of San Francisco enlisted club soda fountain, 9 Jul 1949 (NARA 111SC Box 688 327488). ..................................................................................................................................90 Figure 113. Fort Benning African American soldiers playing pool, Aug 1941 (NARA 111SC Box 20 122114). ....................................................................................................................................91 Figure 114. Fort Belvoir interior of Service Club, 13 May 1941 (NARA 111-SC Box 13 119117). ........................................................................................................................................................91 Figure 115. Fort Lee service club dance, Nov 1941 (NARA 111-SC Box 27 125723)....................... 91 Figure 116. Fort Huachuca Post Service Club cafeteria, 19 May 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 65 138786). .................................................................................................................................................92 Figure 117. Camp Polk, LA bingo night Service Club 3A, 11 May 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 852 399843)................................................................................................................................................92 Figure 118. Fort Leonard Wood exterior seating area at Service Club Two, 1951 (NARA 111-SC Box 856 401464). .........................................................................................................................92 Figure 119. Fort Knox game room at Service Club Four, 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 859 403178).........................................................................................................................................................93 Figure 120. Charleston Navy Yard Auditorium and Amusement Building exterior back, 1919 (NARA 71-CA Box 82 1413). .............................................................................................................94 Figure 121. Charleston Navy Yard Auditorium and Amusement Building exterior front, 1919 (NARA 71-CA Box 82 1415). .............................................................................................................94 Figure 122. Charleston Navy Yard Auditorium and Amusement Building interior, 1919 (NARA 71-CA Box 82 1416).........................................................................................................................94 Figure 123. NTC Great Lakes field house, 11 May 1936 (NARA 71-CA Box 144 3222). ..................95
Figure 124. NTC Great Lakes recreation building, 17 Feb 1942 (NARA 71-CA Box 144 11110). ..........................................................................................................................................................95 Figure 125. NTC Great Lakes field house and track, 2 Nov 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 144)................95 Figure 126. Mare Island, CA recreation building (NARA 71-CA Box 228). ...........................................95 Figure 127. Mare Island, CA recreation center, (NARA 71-CA Box 228). ..............................................96 Figure 128. NTC Anacostia recreation building, 9 Feb 1943 (NARA 71-CB Box 3). ...........................96 Figure 129. Corpus Christi, TX recreation building, 16 May 1941 (NARA 71-CB Box 27). .................96 Figure 130. Indian Head, MD recreation building, 1941 (NARA 71-CB Box 27). ................................ 97 Figure 131. NAS Key West gymnasium, 29 Sep 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 38). .................................... 97 Figure 132. Fort Douglas, UT recreation building, Dec 1941 (NARA 77 Box 26 391). ...................... 97 Figure 133. NOB Adak quonset recreation building, 22 Mar 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 658 229509). .......................................................................................................................................................98 Figure 134. NOB Adak quonset recreation building interior, 2 Aug 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 742 242074). ................................................................................................................................................98 Figure 135. NAS Banana River recreation building, 24 Nov 1942 (NARA 80-G Box 1480 381992). .......................................................................................................................................................98 Figure 136. Fort Knox Gammon Field House front, 7 Feb 1957 (NARA 111-SC 491772). ...............99 Figure 137. Fort Knox Gammon Field House rear, 7 Feb 1957 (NARA 111-SC 491773). .................99 Figure 138. Fort Knox Gammon Field House basketball floor, 7 Feb 1957 (NARA 111-SC 491774). ........................................................................................................................................................99 Figure 139. Fort Benning new gym in 4th division area, Apr 1942. (NARA 111-SC Box 44 132244) ..................................................................................................................................................... 100 Figure 140. Fort Benning interior of new gymnasium at 4th Division area, 2 Nov 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 24 124389).............................................................................................................. 100 Figure 141. Mass in Post Gymnasium at Fort Benning, 1940 (NARA 111-SC Box 102). ............... 100 Figure 142. Hawaii post gymnasium interior (NARA 111-SC Box 25 125014). ............................... 101 Figure 143. Hawaii post gymnasium exterior (NARA 111-SC Box 25 125017)................................ 101 Figure 144. Fort Sill Honeycutt Gymnasium, 23 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 281). .................... 101 Figure 145. Fort Bliss recreation building and theater front view, 24 Aug 1961 (NARA 111SC Box 367 587481). ............................................................................................................................... 102 Figure 146. Fort Bliss recreation building and theater rear view, 24 Aug 1961 (NARA 111SC Box 367 587482). ............................................................................................................................... 102 Figure 147. Fort Bragg dedication Lee Field House, 14 May 1951 (NARA 111-SC Box 785 370518)...................................................................................................................................................... 102 Figure 148. Fort Bragg dedication Lee Field House exterior, 14 May 1951 (NARA 111-SC Box 785 370519). The building houses three individual basketball playing courts, an indoor swimming pool, an outdoor swimming pool, and offices for Post Special Services. ........... 103 Figure 149. Fort Benning gym (theater) (NARA 111-SC Box 404 634753). ..................................... 103 Figure 150. Fort George Meade boxing, 1930 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 95336). ........................... 103 Figure 151. Carlisle Barracks Thorpe Hall (gymnasium), Jun 1966 (NARA 111-SC Box 402 631459). .................................................................................................................................................... 104 Figure 152. Charleston Navy Yard swimming pool building, 10 Mar 1943 (NARA 71-CB Box 20)........................................................................................................................................................ 104 Figure 153. Fort Knox Gammon Field House swimming pool (NARA 111-SC 491776).................. 105
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Figure 154. Fort Sam Houston swim team at hospital pool, 17 Jul 1947 (NARA 111-SC Box 578 292180). .................................................................................................................................... 105 Figure 155. Charleston Navy Yard swimming pool and tennis courts, 4 May 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 82 2953). ................................................................................................................................ 106 Figure 156. NAS San Diego barracks and swimming pool (NARA 71-CA Box 481 10071). ........... 106 Figure 157. NAS San Diego barracks and swimming pool, 30 Sep 1938 (NARA 71-CA Box 484 11486). .............................................................................................................................................. 106 Figure 158. Miami enlisted mens swimming pool, 23 Jun 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 45 MCAS). .........................................................................................................................................................107 Figure 159. Miami enlisted mens swimming pool side, 23 Jun 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 45 MCAS). .........................................................................................................................................................107 Figure 160. Miami enlisted mens swimming pool steps, 23 Jun 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 45 MCAS). ...................................................................................................................................................107 Figure 161. Naval Station New Orleans swimming pool, 7 Jul 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 50). ......... 108 Figure 162. Naval Station, Orange, TX, enlisted mens swimming pool 1, 27 Apr 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 54). ............................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 163. Naval Station, Orange, TX, enlisted mens swimming pool 2. 27 Apr 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 54). ............................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 164. Naval Station, Orange, TX, enlisted mens swimming pool 3, 27 Apr 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 54). ............................................................................................................................... 109 Figure 165. Fort Douglas, UT swimming pool, Aug 1938 (NARA 77 Box 26 391). .......................... 109 Figure 166. Fort Douglas, UT swimming pool bathhouse, Aug 1938 (NARA 77 Box 26 391)............................................................................................................................................................. 109 Figure 167. Hawaii swimming pool, 3 Dec 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 1040 293832)......................... 110 Figure 168. Hawaii swimming pool, 3 Dec 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 1040 293835). ....................... 110 Figure 169. Camp Richardson, Oahu, HI recreation center, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330420). ......................................................................................................................................... 110 Figure 170. Kaneohe Bay, HI officers club swimming pool, Mar 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 1587 401652)........................................................................................................................................... 111 Figure 171. Naval Station Key West enlisted mens swimming pool, 23 Mar 1951 (NARA 80-G Box 1769 428894).......................................................................................................................... 111 Figure 172. Medical field service school swimming pool at Carlisle Barracks, 26 Jun 1941 (NARA 111-SC Box 18 121285). ............................................................................................................ 111 Figure 173. Fort Sam Houston African American pool, 17 Jun 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 62 137833). .................................................................................................................................................... 112 Figure 174. Camp Polk pool, 14 Sep 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 206 188039). ............................... 112 Figure 175. Fort Hood new pool near central bus station, 9 Aug 1944 (NARA 111-SC Box 245 417472). ............................................................................................................................................. 112 Figure 176. Schofield Barracks swimming pool, 11 Jun 1945 (NARA 111-SC Box 245 417475). ..................................................................................................................................................... 113 Figure 177. Fort Gordon swimming pool at ROTC summer camp, 25 Jun 1952 (NARA 111SC Box 245 417716)................................................................................................................................. 113 Figure 178. Fort Huachuca swimming pool located in area ten, 11 Mar 1954 (NARA 111SC Box 279 460643). .............................................................................................................................. 113
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Figure 179. Fort Sam Houston International Modern Pentathlon competition swim start of 300-meter freestyle, 25 May 1957 (NARA 111-SC Box 318 512145).............................................. 114 Figure 180. Fort Sam Houston International Modern Pentathlon competition swim winners of the 300-meter freestyle, 25 May 1957 (NARA 111-SC Box 318 512150).................... 114 Figure 181. Fort Bragg NCO open mess swimming pool (one of eight pools on Fort Bragg), 14 Aug 1958 (NARA 111-SC Box 339 542249)................................................................................... 114 Figure 182. Fort Bragg swimming pool officers open mess, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587454)...................................................................................................................................................... 115 Figure 183. Fort Sam Houston US Modern Pentathlon National Championships swimming winners at Lone Star Brewery Pool, 27 Aug 1966 (NARA 111-SC Box 403 633002). ................... 115 Figure 184. Fort Sam Houston swimming pool, 5 Jun 1950 (NARA 111-SC Box 726 344249). .................................................................................................................................................... 115 Figure 185. Fort Hood baptism in pool, 9 Jul 1950 (NARA 111-SC Box 728 345393).................. 116 Figure 186. Randolph Field cadet swimming pool, Dec 1937 (NARA 342-FH Box 1042 3B12345)........................................................................................................................................................ 116 Figure 187. Barksdale Field, LA swimming pool, 6 Sep 1939 (NARA 342-FH Box 1055 3B16027). ....................................................................................................................................................... 116 Figure 188. Bolling Field, DC swimming pool, 27 Nov 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1056 3B16330).........................................................................................................................................................117 Figure 189. Hamilton Field, CA enlisted swimming pool, 9 Aug 1938 (NARA 342-FH Box 1065 3B-18843)........................................................................................................................................117 Figure 190. Kelly Field, TX swimming pool, 23 Jun 1927 (NARA 342-FH Box 1066 3B19143). ........................................................................................................................................................117 Figure 191. March Field, CA swimming pool, 17 Aug 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B19644)........................................................................................................................................................ 118 Figure 192. Randolph Field Officers Club swimming pool, 1933 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20799). ................................................................................................................................................. 118 Figure 193. Randolph Field enlisted mens swimming pool, 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20808). ...................................................................................................................................... 118 Figure 194. Randolph Field Officers Club swimming pool, 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20847). ................................................................................................................................................. 119 Figure 195. Robins Field, GA swimming pool, 23 May 1946 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B42997). ....................................................................................................................................................... 119 Figure 196. AFB somewhere in FL swimming pool, 5 Oct 1945 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-4300). ................................................................................................................................................... 119 Figure 197. Williams Field Higley, AZ swimming pool, 8 Oct 1942 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-43002). ................................................................................................................................................ 120 Figure 198. Maxwell AFB enlisted mens swimming pool (boxing ring in background), Jul 1948 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-43003). ......................................................................................... 120 Figure 199. Twenty-nine Palms Glider Training Detachment swimming pool, Jul 1942 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-43005)..................................................................................................... 120 Figure 200. Perrin AFB, TX officers swimming pool, 27 Jul 1953 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-43009). ................................................................................................................................................ 121 Figure 201. NAS Miramar baseball grandstand, 10 Nov 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 46). .................. 123 Figure 202. NAS Miramar baseball grandstand, 10 Nov 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 46). .................. 123
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Figure 203. Furlong Field baseball, Pearl Harbor, 19 Aug 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 753 243695). .................................................................................................................................................... 123 Figure 204. Fort Jackson baseball, 21 Apr 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 159 174958). ..................... 124 Figure 205. Fort McPherson baseball diamond on parade field, 26 Jul 1932 (NARA 342FH Box 1062 17942)................................................................................................................................ 124 Figure 206. Fort Washington aerial showing baseball field, 1931 (NARA 342-FH Box 1064 3B-18548). ................................................................................................................................................ 124 Figure 207. Hamilton Field, CA aerial showing baseball field, 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1065 3B-18800)....................................................................................................................................... 125 Figure 208. Kelly Field, TX NY Giants vs. Kelly Field, 17 Mar 1920 (NARA 342-FH Box 1066 3B-19022). ...................................................................................................................................... 125 Figure 209. Marks AFB, AK baseball, Jul 1948 (NARA 342-FH Box 2088 3B-42859)................... 125 Figure 210. FE Warren AFB baseball, 14 Jun 1953 (NARA 342-FH Box 2088 3B-42861). .......... 126 Figure 211. Fort Benning African American soldiers playing baseball, Aug 1941 (NARA 111-SC Box 20 122109). ......................................................................................................................... 126 Figure 212. Fort Riley baseball, 11 May 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 63 138254)............................ 126 Figure 213. Fort Douglas, UT softball, Dec 1941 (NARA 77 Box 26 391). ....................................... 127 Figure 214. WAVES playing softball in Miami, FL, 30 Jul 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 435 112405). .................................................................................................................................................... 127 Figure 215. Randolph Field softball, 14 Nov 1939 (NARA 342-FH Box 1042 3B-12380). ........... 128 Figure 216. Mare Island, CA miscellaneous football (NARA 71-CA Box 237). .................................. 130 Figure 217. Football season on a US ship somewhere in the Pacific, 14 Dec 1943 (NARA 80-G Box 504 204987)............................................................................................................................ 131 Figure 218. NOB Adak touch football game championship, 11 Nov 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 1040 293812). ......................................................................................................................................... 131 Figure 219. NAS Pensacola football game, 3 Dec 1948 (NARA 80-G Box 2632 706412)............ 131 Figure 220. Fort Campbell Fryar Stadium, 22 Jan 1964 (NARA 111-SC Box 384 608332). ........ 132 Figure 221. Camp Davis, NC football vs. High Point at Legion Field, 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 540 281557)...................................................................................................................................... 132 Figure 222. Fort Benning football champions, 1927 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 95239). ................. 132 Figure 223. Football in North Africa, 1 Jan 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332713). ..................... 133 Figure 224. Football in Italy, 16 May 1945 (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332719). ................................ 133 Figure 225. Football in Iran, 31 Dec 1944 (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332722). ................................ 133 Figure 226. Football in France, 14 Nov 1944 (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332724). ........................... 134 Figure 227. Football in Belgium, 20 Nov 1944 (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332725). ......................... 134 Figure 228. Fort Sill aerial view of polo field, 28 Jul 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 281 463069). .................................................................................................................................................... 134 Figure 229. Navy lacrosse team, 1928 (NARA 101571). .................................................................... 135 Figure 230. Carlisle Barracks Indian Field (football), Jun 1966 (NARA 111-SC Box 402 631469). .................................................................................................................................................... 135 Figure 231. NTC Great Lakes baseball stadium and track aerial, 13 Sep 1925 (NARA 71CA Box 144 2924)..................................................................................................................................... 136 Figure 232. NTC Great Lakes baseball grandstand, 30 Jun 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 144). ........... 136
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Figure 233. NTC Great Lakes baseball grandstand and field house aerial, no date (before WWII) (NARA 71-CA Box 145). ................................................................................................................. 136 Figure 234. Great Lakes baseball grandstand, 25 Apr 1938 (NARA 71-CA Box 146). ................... 137 Figure 235. Norfolk, VA baseball stadium (NARA 71-CA Box 323). ................................................... 137 Figure 236. Norfolk, VA baseball stadium front (NARA 71-CA Box 323). .......................................... 137 Figure 237. MCRD San Diego baseball game, 24 Apr 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 67). ....................... 138 Figure 238. MCRD San Diego baseball grandstand, 24 Apr 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 67). ............ 138 Figure 239. Fort Sam Houston group shot baseball team, 14 May 1948 (NARA 111-SC Box 620 304056). .................................................................................................................................... 138 Figure 240. Jefferson Barracks grandstand on Parade Field, Jul 1923 (NARA 342-FH Box 1065 3B-18943). ...................................................................................................................................... 139 Figure 241. Fort Campbell Fryar Stadium, 22 Jan 1964 (NARA 111-SC Box 384 608332). ........ 139 Figure 242. Fort Benning Doughboy Stadium, 6 Sep 1939 (NARA 342-FH Box 1059 3B17283). ....................................................................................................................................................... 140 Figure 243. Fort Douglas, UT bowling alley, Aug 1938 (NARA RG 77 Box 26 391). ........................ 140 Figure 244. Fort Hood Post bowling alley, 20 Feb 1957 (NARA 111-SC Box 310 497756). ...........141 Figure 245. Fort Sam Houston WAC bowling team, 27 Jan 1955 (NARA 111-SC Box 312 504022). .....................................................................................................................................................141 Figure 246. Fort Jackson bowling center locker room, 23 Mar 1965 (NARA 111-SC Box 389 615076). .............................................................................................................................................141 Figure 247. Fort Jackson bowling center snack bar, 23 Mar 1965 (NARA 111-SC Box 389 615077)...................................................................................................................................................... 142 Figure 248. Fort Jackson bowling center entrance desk snack bar, 23 Mar 1965 (NARA 111-SC Box 389 615079). ...................................................................................................................... 142 Figure 249. Fort Jackson bowling center concourse, 23 Mar 1965 (NARA 111-SC Box 389 615080). .................................................................................................................................................... 142 Figure 250. Fort Carson construction of new bowling alley, 8 Dec 1965 (NARA 111-SC Box 397 625832). ............................................................................................................................................ 143 Figure 251. Bowling (NARA 111-SC Box 629 306552). ...................................................................... 143 Figure 252. NTC Great Lakes tennis court, 20 Jul 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 144). ........................... 144 Figure 253. Fort Benning tennis, 22 Feb 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 44 132160). .......................... 144 Figure 254. Tennis at Fort Leonard Wood, 22 Apr 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 71 140394). ........... 144 Figure 255. Tennis courts at planned community for atomic bomb plant workers in Oak Ridge, TN, 18 Nov 1945 (NARA 111-SC Box 288 210906)................................................................ 145 Figure 256. Fort Jackson tennis, 27 Oct 1954 (NARA 111-SC Box 311 499674). ......................... 145 Figure 257. Fort Sam Houston tennis court at the officers club, 2 Mar 1959 (NARA 111SC Box 343 547260)................................................................................................................................ 145 Figure 258. Fort Sam Houston aerial of tennis courts, 31 May 1967 (NARA 111-SC Box 408 640156). ............................................................................................................................................ 146 Figure 259. Presidio of San Francisco tennis courts, 1944 (NARA 111-SC Box 681 324652). .................................................................................................................................................... 146 Figure 260. Walter Reed Hospital tennis court and service club, 6 Jun 1928 (NARA 111SC Box 733 95251). ................................................................................................................................. 146
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Figure 261. Leech Cup tennis match, an annual competition between teams composed of officers and men of the Army and Navy, 1930 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 95281)..............................147 Figure 262. Leech Cup tennis match, 1930 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 95286). ................................147 Figure 263. Fort Huachuca USO Fry, AZ badminton, 19 May 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 65 138799). .................................................................................................................................................... 148 Figure 264. NOB Adak quonset recreation building interior, 2 Aug 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 742 242074). ............................................................................................................................................. 148 Figure 265. Fort Douglas, UT volleyball, Dec 1941 (NARA 77 Box 26 391). .................................... 149 Figure 266. Volleyball on the USS Sergeant Bay, 11 Apr 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1198 321543). .................................................................................................................................................... 149 Figure 267. Volleyball with recruit cadets at NAS Pensacola, FL, 3 Dec 1948 (NARA 80-G Box 2631 706411). .................................................................................................................................. 149 Figure 268. Fort Sam Houston volleyball, 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 62 137801). ......................... 150 Figure 269. Fort Hood volleyball, 3 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679537)............................ 150 Figure 270. Randolph Field volleyball, 9 Feb 1933 (NARA 342-FH Box 1042 3B-12360). ........... 150 Figure 271. Lackland AFB WAFs playing volleyball, 22 Jan 1953 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-43032). ................................................................................................................................................ 151 Figure 272. Fort Douglas, UT basketball courts, Dec 1941 (NARA 77 Box 26 391). ...................... 152 Figure 273. NOB Adak basketball game, 22 Mar 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 658 229497). .............. 152 Figure 274. Fort Benning African American soldiers playing horseshoes, Aug 1941 (NARA 111-SC Box 20 122110). ......................................................................................................................... 153 Figure 275. Fort Bliss horse show parade ground, 24 Apr 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 162 175751). ..................................................................................................................................................... 153 Figure 276. Fort Belvoir training for pentathlon riding event in Chile, 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 256 432016). .................................................................................................................................... 154 Figure 277. Fort Sam Houston International Modern Pentathlon competition riding, 21 May 1957 (NARA 111-SC Box 318 512117). ........................................................................................ 154 Figure 278. Fort Sam Houston riding at entrance to stables, 2 Mar 1959 (NARA 111-SC Box 343 547261)...................................................................................................................................... 154 Figure 279. Fort Sam Houston CISM Modern Pentathlon Championship riding, 8 May 1964 (NARA 111-SC Box 388 613649). ............................................................................................... 155 Figure 280. Sioux Falls AAF hockey on a basketball court, 7 Jan 1944 (NARA 342-FH Box 2088 3B-42829)....................................................................................................................................... 155 Figure 281. Fort Gordon Judo MPROTC summer camp, 18 Jul 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 260 437345). ............................................................................................................................................ 156 Figure 282. Fort Gordon Judo MPROTC summer camp, 18 Jul 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 260 437346). ............................................................................................................................................ 156 Figure 283. Fort Gordon Judo MPROTC summer camp, 18 Jul 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 260 437347). ............................................................................................................................................ 157 Figure 284. Fort Jackson Track and Field Meet opening, 19 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 250 424333). ............................................................................................................................................ 158 Figure 285. Fort Jackson Track and Field Meet 3 mile run, 19 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 250 424340). .................................................................................................................................... 158 Figure 286. Fort Jackson Track and Field Meet broad jump, 20 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 250 424334). .................................................................................................................................... 158
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Figure 287. Fort Jackson All-Army Field and Track Meet ceremonies at Patton Stadium, 12 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 255 430773). ........................................................................................ 159 Figure 288. Fort Jackson All-Army Field and Track Meet javelin Patton Stadium, 12 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 255 430776)................................................................................................. 159 Figure 289. Fort Jackson All-Army Track and Field Meet 440 yard dash at Patton Stadium, 12 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 255 430782). .................................................................................. 160 Figure 290. Fort Jackson All-Army Track and Field Meet 440 yard dash at Patton Stadium, 12 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 255 430784). .................................................................................. 160 Figure 291. Fort Hood Track and Field javelin, 8 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679506). .................................................................................................................................................... 160 Figure 292. Fort Hood Track and Field discus, 8 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679508). .................................................................................................................................................... 161 Figure 293. Fort Hood Track and Field shot put, 8 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679509). .................................................................................................................................................... 161 Figure 294. Fort Hood Track and Field high jump, 8 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679510). .................................................................................................................................................... 161 Figure 295. Fort Hood Track and Field 1500 m run, 8 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679511). .................................................................................................................................................... 162 Figure 296. Mare Island, CA wrestling (NARA 71-CA Box 237). .......................................................... 163 Figure 297. NAS Alameda box king smoker, 1942 (NARA 80-G Box 130 28726). .......................... 163 Figure 298. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330409). ........................................................................................................................ 164 Figure 299. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330410). ........................................................................................................................ 164 Figure 300. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330411). ........................................................................................................................ 165 Figure 301. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330412). ........................................................................................................................ 165 Figure 302. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330413). ........................................................................................................................ 165 Figure 303. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330414). ........................................................................................................................ 166 Figure 304. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330415). ........................................................................................................................ 166 Figure 305. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330420). ........................................................................................................................ 166 Figure 306. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330423). ........................................................................................................................ 167 Figure 307. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330424). ........................................................................................................................ 167 Figure 308. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330425). ........................................................................................................................ 167 Figure 309. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330426). ........................................................................................................................ 168 Figure 310. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330427). ........................................................................................................................ 168
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Figure 311. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330428). ........................................................................................................................ 168 Figure 312. Camp Gordon aerial of Mirror Lake, 24 Mar 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 247 421111). .................................................................................................................................................... 169 Figure 313. Fort Campbell aerial of Lake Taal Recreation Area, 1 Jul 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 254 429234). .................................................................................................................................... 169 Figure 314: Rear area of Fort Bragg NCO Club showing patio and pool, 1961 (NARA 111SC Box 367 587442). ................................................................................................................................177 Figure 315: Rear of NCO Club, 05 November 2008 (CERL). ...............................................................177 Figure 316: Dedication of Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, 14 May 1951 (NARA 111-SC Box 785 370519). ............................................................................................................................................ 179 Figure 317: Exterior Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL)................................ 179 Figure 318: Interior Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008............................................. 179 Figure 319: Norfolk Virginia baseball stadium, date unknown (NARA 71-CA Box 323). ................. 181 Figure 320: Norfolk Virginia baseball stadium, 2008 (CERL)............................................................ 182 Figure 321: Fort Winfield Scott parade ground basketball court, Presidio of San Francisco, 2008 (CERL)............................................................................................................................ 183 Figure 322: Belton Lake Recreation Area (Ft. Hood), Texas, 2004 (CERL). ...................................... 185 Figure 323: Fourth Cliff Family Recreation Area (Hanscom AFB), Massachusetts, 2008 (CERL). ........................................................................................................................................................ 185 Figure 324: Ryder Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008....................................................... 187 Figure 325: Ryder Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ..................................................... 187 Figure 326: Ryder Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ..................................................... 187 Figure 327: Stryker Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. .................................................... 188 Figure 328: Stryker Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ................................................... 188 Figure 329: Figure 4: Stryker Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ................................... 188 Figure 330: Officers' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. .............................................................. 189 Figure 331: Officers' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. .............................................................. 189 Figure 332: Officers' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. .............................................................. 189 Figure 333: Officers' Club Swimming Pool, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. .................................. 190 Figure 334: Officers' Club Swimming Pool, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. .................................. 190 Figure 335: Officers Club Swimming Pool, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008................................... 190 Figure 336: NCOs' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL). ..................................................... 191 Figure 337: NCOs' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. .................................................................. 191 Figure 338: NCO Swimming Pool, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ............................. 192 Figure 339: NCO Swimming Pool, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ............................. 192 Figure 340: WWI-era field house, 05 November 2010 (CERL). Callahan Field House was determined ineligible because it has been moved at least once and there is no original exterior fabric. ............................................................................................................................................ 193 Figure 341: Cold War era William C Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL). Lee Field House was determined individually eligible for architecture. ............................................................................................................................................... 193
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Figure 342: William C Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL). ........................................................................................................................................................ 193 Figure 343: William C Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL). The building houses three individual basketball playing courts, an indoor swimming pool, an outdoor swimming pool, and offices for Post Special Services. ....................... 194 Figure 344: William C Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ................... 194 Figure 345: William C Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ................... 194 Figure 346: William C Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ................... 195 Figure 347: Softball Fields, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ............................................................. 195 Figure 348: Softball Fields, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ............................................................ 195 Figure 349: Polo Fields, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. .............................................. 196 Figure 350: Soccer Field, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008................................................................. 196 Figure 351: Soccer Field, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008. ................................................................ 196 Figure 352: Football Stadium, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL). Hedrick Stadium was determined ineligible. ....................................................................................................................... 197 Figure 353: Football Stadium, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL). .......................................... 197 Figure 354: Dragon Lanes, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2008.............................................................. 198 Figure 355: Dragon Lanes Interior, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2008. ............................................... 198 Figure 356: Dragon Lanes Interior, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2008. ............................................... 198 Figure 357: Ice Rink, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2007. ........................................................................ 199 Figure 358: Ice Rink, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2007. ........................................................................ 199 Figure 359: Ice Rink, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2007. ........................................................................ 199 Figure 360: Riding Stables, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2007.............................................................. 200 Figure 361: Smith Lake Recreation Area, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2007. ..................................... 201 Figure 362: Smith Lake Recreation Area, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2007. ..................................... 201 Figure 363: Smith Lake Recreation Area, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2007. ..................................... 201 Figure 364: Golf Course, Kirtland AFB, 06 August 2009. ................................................................... 202 Figure 365: Golf Course, Kirtland AFB, 06 August 2009. ................................................................... 203 Figure 366: Officers' Club, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ................................................................ 203 Figure 367: Officers' Club, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.................................................................. 203 Figure 368: NCOs' Club, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. .................................................................... 204 Figure 369: NCOs' Club, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. .................................................................... 204 Figure 370: Gymnasium, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ................................................................... 204 Figure 371: Outdoor Swimming Pool, Now Enclosed, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ................... 205 Figure 372: Schwebke Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ........................................................... 205 Figure 373: Schwebke Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ........................................................... 205 Figure 374: Figure 43: Schwebke Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ......................................... 206 Figure 375: Schwebke Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ............................................................ 206 Figure 376: Schwebke Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009............................................................. 206 Figure 377: Softball Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ................................................................. 207 Figure 378: Softball Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ................................................................ 207
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Figure 379: Sand Volleyball, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ............................................................. 207 Figure 380: Softball Fields, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ............................................................... 208 Figure 381: Softball Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ................................................................ 208 Figure 382: Sand Volleyball, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ............................................................. 208 Figure 383: Softball Fields, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ............................................................... 209 Figure 384: Football Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ................................................................ 209 Figure 385: Football Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ................................................................ 209 Figure 386: Football Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ................................................................ 210 Figure 387: Riding Stables, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009. ............................................................... 210
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Preface
This study was conducted for the Legacy Resource Management Program under project number #08-388. Funding was provided by Military Interdepartmental Purchase Request (MIPR) W31RYO90329601, dated 1 February 2008. The Legacy technical monitor was Cecilia Brothers. The work was performed by the Land and Heritage Conservation Branch (CN-C) of the Installations Division (CN), Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL). Adam Smith was the CERL Project Manager and lead architectural historian, Megan Weaver Tooker was the landscape architect, and Chelsea Pogorelac and Chris Cochran were the historical researchers. Special acknowledgement is given to those who assisted with the formation of this report: Holly Reed, Teresa Roy, and Donna Larker in the Still Pictures Room at the National Archives in College Park, Maryland; Andrew Knight, Priscilla Dyson, and Ivy Yarbough in the Cartographic and Architectural Record Room at the National Archives in College Park, Maryland; Pat Lacey, ERDC-CERL Librarian; Michelle Michael at Fort Bragg, NC; and Pam Anderson at Naval Base, Norfolk, Virginia. Dr. Christopher White is Chief, CN-C, and Dr. John Bandy is Chief, CN. The Deputy Director of CERL is Dr. Kirankumar V. Topudurti. The Director of CERL is Dr. Ilker R. Adiguzel. CERL is an element of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Commander and Executive Director of ERDC is COL Kevin J. Wilson, and the Director of ERDC is Dr. Jeffery P. Holland.
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Unit Conversion Factors

Multiply
acres degrees Fahrenheit feet gallons (U.S. liquid) horsepower (550 foot-pounds force per second) inches miles (U.S. statute) square feet square miles square yards yards
By
4,046.873 (F-32)/1.8 0.3048 3.785412 E-03 745.6999 0.0254 1,609.347 0.09290304 2.589998 E+06 0.8361274 0.9144
To Obtain
square meters degrees Celsius meters cubic meters watts meters meters square meters square meters square meters meters
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Methodology
Through the years, laws have been enacted to preserve our national cultural heritage. Beginning with the enactment of the Antiquities Act of 1906, the first major federal preservation legislation was put into place. This Act was instrumental in securing protection for archeological resources on federal property. The benefits derived from this act and subsequent legislation precipitated an expanded and broader need for the preservation of historic cultural resources. This growing awareness was codified in the most sweeping legislation to date, the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA). The NHPA was created to provide guidelines and requirements aimed at preserving tangible elements of our past primarily through the creation of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Contained within this piece of legislation (Sections 110 and 106) are requirements for federal agencies to address their cultural resources, defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. Section 110 requires federal agencies to inventory and evaluate their cultural resources. Section 106 requires the determination of effect of federal undertakings on properties listed on, deemed eligible for, or potentially eligible for the NRHP, and requires federal agencies to take into account the effect of a project on a property and afford the State Historic Preservation Officer/Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO/THPO) a reasonable opportunity to comment on the undertaking.
Background
Objective
The objective of this report was to develop a historic context for the development of military recreational facilities from the Revolutionary War period to the present-day. For a building, structure, object, or a district to be eligible for the National Register it must represent a significant part of the history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture of an area, and it must have the characteristics that make it a good representative of properties associated with that aspect of the past (NRB #15). The significance of a historic property can be judged and explained only when it is evaluated within its historic
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context (NRB #15). The National Register Bulletin #15: How to Apply the National Register of Criteria for Evaluation and National Register Bulletin #16a: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form defines historic contexts. Historic contexts are those patterns or trends in history by which a specific occurrence, property, or site is understood and its meaning (and ultimately its significance) within history or prehistory is made clear (NRB #15). And finally, a historic context is necessary to help researchers and persons inventorying buildings for eligibility to the National Register to address these five factors: The facet of prehistory or history of the local area, State, or the nation that the property represents; Whether that facet of prehistory or history is significant; Whether it is a type of property that has relevance and importance in illustrating the historic context; How the property illustrates that history; and finally Whether the property possesses the physical features necessary to convey the aspect of prehistory or history with which it is associated (NRB #15).
Approach
The approach for this report consisted of three parts: 1) a literature review of the history of recreation in the United States, history of recreation in the military; recreational facility history, design, and development; 2) the gathering of original photographs and architectural plans of recreational activities and facilities from a variety of archival centers; and 3) site visits where necessary, to photograph extant recreational facilities (this was accomplished either by the researchers visiting these locales or asking people associated with these locales to take photographs).
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Literature Review The research team used secondary literature to determine the general history of recreation and recreational facilities throughout the development of the United States, and then the history of recreation and recreational facilities utilized and developed by the War Department and Navy Department (and subsequently the Air Force). The researchers also looked at histories of recreational facilities architecture and design. Goodwin National Military Historic Context Primarily the only discussion of the eligibility of military recreational facilities was in the National Military Historic Context produced by Goodwin and Associates in 1995. Athletic facilities are associated with the growth of social and cultural amenities provided to military personnel during the twentieth century. They are also associated with the general rise of interest in organized sports and fitness during the early twentieth century, which is evident from the construction of buildings, structures, and fields specifically for sports in towns, on college campuses, and on military installations. Athletic facilities are recreational facilities that are located typically at military installations with large numbers of resident military personnel. Athletic facilities generally do not possess individual historic significance, but can be contributing features to a historic district. The athletic facilities on military installations often are functional structures without significant historical association. Selected examples may be architecturally significant for their design or construction or may have developed into symbols of an installation or branch. Archival Research The research team then located primary research materials and additional secondary materials to establish a strategy to best utilize these resources. The research team conducted three visits to the National Archives at College Park, Maryland. Other archival depositaries visited were the National Archives in Washington, DC; the Library of Congress; the Naval Academy Library; and the History Office at the Corps of Engineers, Alexandria, VA, and a variety of installation museums, cultural resources offices, and archives across the country.
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Site Visits The research team conducted site visits to Naval Base Norfolk, Virginia, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Marine Corps Base Quantico, and Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.
Analysis
Military Training Development Periods After the initial research was complete, the team analyzed the gathered information. The researchers outlined the historical context for military training, identified changes in history and use over time, identified important chronological periods, established a geographical context, and identified historical themes. The analysis resulted in an outline of military training divided into eight significant periods: Early Military (up to 1861) Civil War (1861-1865) National Expansion (1865-1916) World War I (1917-1920) Interwar (1921-1940) World War II (1941-1945) Early Cold War (1946-1955) Late Cold War (1956-1989). Evaluation The evaluation of structures and landscapes follows the guidelines in the National Register Bulletin #15, How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, and National Register Bulletin #16, How to Complete the National Register Registration Form. In addition, the survey followed the Armys guidance for Documenting and Evaluating Historic Military Landscapes: An Integrated Landscape Approach.
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Historic Context
In the 1620s, the Puritan beliefs brought over by the original settlers to America still held strong. It was believed that anyone who was found idle should be assigned necessary work. Under these stringent Puritan beliefs, illegal activities included gaming, singing, dancing, and theater. Games with dice or cards were prohibited; however, as conditions improved for the settlers, that law was rarely enforced. Once the new settlers felt more comfortable in their new country and secured their economic existence, they felt they could add some leisure to their lifestyle, and activities such as hunting and fishing were enjoyed for sport rather than simply necessity. The wealthy Englishmen imitated the styles of their homeland, including the sports they played. Less is known about the lower class colonists (Mandell 178). Ice skating, brought to America by the Dutch, became popular as a winter sport because of the lack of winter activities. Tavern games expanded to include backgammon, cards, ninepins, shooting matches, and country dances. Occasionally, a traveling performer would parade exotic animals through towns in caged wagons and stop at the tavern for the enjoyment of the public, something that would eventually evolve into the circus (Dulles 39). College commencements at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton drew people to listen to the days oratory and debates, but also crowds of simple country folk who made the occasion one for horse-racing, games, dancing, and drinking (Dulles 31). By the time of the Revolution, card games such as whist had become popular among almost all classes of society. In the 1760s, concerts were held frequently in larger cities like Boston and New York. The first permanent theater opened in New York in 1767. Wealthy New Yorkers also enjoyed pleasure boats, shooting matches, cork swimming-jackets, gouff clubs, battledores and shuttlecocks (early form of badminton), cricket balls, pillets, and best rackets for tennis and fives (an early version of handball) (Dulles 52). In addition, horse races became a popular pastime in New York by 1776 and three cricket teams were formed in Chicago by 1840. Even with the emergence of these new activities, Americans still enjoyed many of the same recreations in the early nineteenth century as they had in the colonial days. Based on Americans increasing interest in the circus
Early Military
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and Barnums American Museum in New York that showcased strange items and performers, entrepreneurs soon saw the opportunities with spectator sports. For example, since foot races were becoming popular activities throughout the country, the races were moved to race courses where admission could be charged. Horse racing was becoming increasingly popular by the mid-nineteenth century, and many new tracks were built. The expanding opportunities for recreation multiplied with the beginning of pleasure travel and summer resorts. People were now able to use new canals, steamboats, and railroads to pursue their recreational interests. With the invention of the telegraph in 1850 the results of the races were spread farther. These advances allowed the less well-to-do to take trips that the previous generation had never imagined taking. Southerners were able to visit summer resorts in the north where they would play cards and backgammon, go bowling, and play billiards (exercise was still not fashionable at this point). Game hunting was still popular and wealthy eastern sportsmen (and often visiting Englishmen) paid for the opportunity to hunt elk and buffalo in the far West. Golf came to America with the opening of the St. Andrews, the first permanent golf course in America in Yonkers, New York in 1888. This was only a three hole course in a cow pasture, and later moved to an apple orchard, and finally to Mt. Hope, New York. The first U.S. Amateur was played at St. Andrews in 1894 and led to the formation of the United States Golf Association (U.S.G.A.). Golf spread rapidly across the United States and by 1898 there were 611 courses with 122,000 golfers spending nearly fifteen million dollars annually. Baseball was coming into play across the country and would greatly influence recreation in America. It is believed that baseball came from Abner Doubledays adoption of the diamond at Cooperstown, New York in 1839. However, others believe it can be traced to a group of New York business and professional men who began playing the sport at the Elysian Fields in Hoboken (Figure 1) in about 1842. That group of men formed the Knickerbocker club (Figure 2) and formed a set of rules that was printed in 1845.
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Figure 1. Elysian Fields in Hoboken, 15 October 1859 (Library of Congress 2008676716).
Figure 2. Knickerbocker Club, 1847 (Wikipedia).
The rules set forth by the Knickerbocker club called for nine players on each side, three men out constituted an inning, and the first team to 21 runs was the winner. This club played the game formally, with players in neat uniforms and a formal dinner following the game. Baseball remained
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an exclusive sport until the 1850s when more democratic clubs were organized. The National Association of Baseball Players was formed in 1858 with a charter membership of 25 clubs. As the sport quickly spread across the country, men and boys became more active in outdoor play. The original rules of that time were different than what they are now. For instance, a man was out if a ball was caught on the first bounce. Pitching was an underhanded throw instead of the overhand throw that is familiar today. Originally, no gloves were worn. At that time, the umpire was portrayed as sitting out in the field somewhere near first base under an umbrella in a formal knee-length coat and a stove pipe hat. In 1858, two thousand people paid 50 cent admission at the Fashion Race Course, the first recorded game with gate receipts.
Civil War
During the Civil War sports were played within their camps as a diversion from the soldiers problems and boredom. Sports lifted the spirits of the men. John Perry a surgeon for the Second Army Corps had seen this and planned to build a gymnasium for Union Soldiers in the winter of 18621863. Soldiers during this time wanted to participate in these activities, not be spectators. The great snowball battles of 1862 and 1863 and the rabbit and fox chases drew crowds that were there to participate. A Massachusetts soldier reported seeing over 200 games of baseball going on at one time (Fielding 157). Prior to the Civil War, there were no organized sports in America as we know them today. Men and women simply did not play outdoor games. However, that changed once concern arose over the health of the American people. Overall, health was quickly deteriorating and had become the worst of almost any nation. Games that were coming into popularity at that time were greatly encouraged, especially if they were advantageous to the health of the nation. Baseball as a sport was just starting to become popular right before the Civil War. During the war, baseball was played in base camps, often adjacent to the battlefield (Figure 3). While the Civil War interrupted baseball, it also brought about an even larger following when it resumed. Country boys and factory workers introduced to the sport in the camps took it back with them when they returned home. The first professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, was hired for a country-wide tour in 1869 (Figure
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4). By 1872, baseball had become the national game of the United States (Dulles 189).
Figure 3. Union prisoners play baseball in Salisbury, NC (Library of Congress 94508290).
Figure 4. Cincinnati Red Stockings, 1869 (Wikipedia).
Roller skating was a recreational activity that became popular in America after its invention during the Civil War. Originally introduced by James L. Plimpton in 1863, roller skating was enjoyed by the educated and refined
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classes of the time (Figure 5). The Casino in Chicago was one of the biggest skating facilities of its time, with the ability to accommodate 3,000 spectators and 1,000 skaters, although it remained more of a recreation than a spectator sport.
Figure 5. Roller skating, 1880 (Library of Congress 2005694682).
Expansion
After the Civil War, card games and gambling became popular in the military (Figure 6). Exclusively, officers played with officers and enlisted men played with enlisted men. Favorite card games included poker, blackjack, whist, euchre, cribbage, and pinochle. Dominoes (Figure 7) and chess were also welcome recreational pursuits, but neither was suited for wagering and hence never achieved the widespread devotion that card playing did (Tate 83).
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Figure 6. USS Maine sailors playing cards, circa 1895-1898 (Naval Historical Center NH 46729).
Figure 7. Playing dominoes at a mess table, Camp Winfield Scott, May 1862 (Library of Congress cwp2003000032).
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As previously mentioned, outdoor sports became more popular after the Civil War. Some sports were revived as fashionable lawn games, such as archery. Other outdoor sports were introduced from England, including croquet (Figure 8), lawn tennis (Figure 9), and polo. Croquet was an important game because it got men and women outdoors for an activity that they could enjoy together. For example, it became a popular activity among officers and their wives at many military posts. As a result, croquet was able to reach an even broader public than baseball could. The rapid spread of croquet caused the startled editors of The Nation to describe it as the swiftest and most infectious epidemic the country had ever experienced (Dulles 182).
Figure 8. Women students playing croquet, Carlisle Indian School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1901 (Library of Congress 98503031).
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Figure 9. Lawn Tennis, September 17, 1887 (Library of Congress 2003663899).
Large military garrisons like Fort Concho, Texas, were able to support many of these activities. Large posts with lots of land and people were able to accommodate many recreational activities, as more people were likely to be involved. In Fort Union, New Mexico, officers and their wives formed a bicycling club and constructed lawn tennis and handball courts. Fort Robinson, Nebraska, had a polo field by the 1890s (Figure 10). Soldiers at Fort Bennett, Dakota Territory, located near a river challenged civilian employees to rowing races with special boats that they had made. Still, as with many social activities at the time, officers and enlisted men rarely participated in any of these activities together.
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Figure 10. Polo at Fort Robinson, Nebraska (Nebraska State Historical Society 1517ph:50-2).
In the nineteenth century, the War Department did not have any procedures on recreation or entertainment for the soldiers. Soldiers usually initiated their own forms of entertainment, often copying what was happening in the civilian world at the time. Senior officials often encouraged athletics as it was a contributing factor for improved health and morale. In April of 1898 there were 28,747 men in the regular army, and by the end of May there were 67,719 and 124, 804 volunteers in uniform. Commanders initially paid little attention to how troops spent their free time; this became an issue during the Spanish-American War (Wakefield 3). Before this time recreational activities were provided by civilian groups called the traders store system. The traders would occupy vacant buildings near the military camps, providing a well-stocked general store, lunch counter, and recreation rooms. They often had pool tables, bowling alleys, sometimes a gymnasium, and provided equipment for outdoor sports and exercise. The traders also had a room for the sale of alcohol. This was where the traders got into trouble. During the military buildup for the Spanish-American War, the soldiers misused these drinking rooms and that led to the end of
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the traders and the establishment of the Post Exchange in 1895. The exchanges provided the same amenities as the traders except for the sale of alcohol and were financially supported by the government (U.S. Army MWR). This was when the government finally recognized the recreational needs of the troops. Public gymnasiums in large cities for the growing middle-class and wealthy had become popular by the 1860s (Green, 182). City-based athletic clubs, country clubs, and Turnvereins, the German-style gymnastics, were emerging as well. As the number and size of the clubs expanded, so did the variety of the sports. The American society was starting to become infatuated with sports. There were many reasons for this including urbanization, industrialization, expansion of the railroads, shorter work weeks, and the extension of higher education to larger number of Americans (Park 145). The Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA) was one of the major club organizations. The YMCA sponsored organized athletic training (Figure 11) and teams as a way to absorb the idle time of poor city boys and instilling in them the habits of good hygiene, self-discipline and respect for officials (Mandell 188).
Figure 11. YMCA advertisement, circa 1900 (Green 215).
Bicycling soon became more popular than any other outdoor sport as it brought together people of like interests for both recreation and health reasons. The high-wheeled bicycle was introduced to Americans in 1876 (Figure 12). By the end of that year, there were 20,000 confirmed cyclists. Ten years later, in 1886, that number had risen to 50,000. By 1887, that number had at least doubled with over 100,000 cyclists. In 1881, the League of American Wheelmen was formed. At the time, women
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rode tricycles (Figure 13) that were safer and easier to ride than the highwheeled bicycle. In addition, the new sport put a new demand for improved roads. In 1890 the safety bicycle was in large scale production with equal sized wheels and rear-wheel chain drive led to the displacement of roller skating as a recreational sport. Bicycles were more complex and more expensive than roller skates (Mandell 186). After 1905 the audience for bicycle riding shifted their attention to automobiles.
Figure 12. Man on high wheeled bicycle, 1891 (Library of Congress 92508479).
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Figure 13. Bicycling (Woman, on three wheel bicycle, followed by men on high-wheelers), 1887 (Library of Congress 94508307).
The popularity of the automobile had a huge impact on recreation in the United States (Figure 14). It was now possible for people to go anywhere that activities were taking place, whether urban or rural. At the time, automobile ownership was ranked higher than owning a home, telephone, electric lighting, or a bathtub. Americans were now able to travel all over the country in their new cars and automobile trailers (Figure 15). Camping in national parks soon became popular across the country where one could return to the woods in a more primitive way of life.
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Figure 14. Woman seated behind steering wheel of automobile, 1914 (Library of Congress 2001706316).
Figure 15. Automobile and trailer, 1940 (Library of Congress fsa2000019603).
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The evolution of sports in America was evolving on every college campus during this time period. The new college lifestyle left leisure time for students to create new clubs and hobbies. The first intercollegiate sport event was a boat race between Harvard and Yale in 1852. The Sport Craze of the 1890s on American college campuses included baseball, rowing, and track and field, but football was what got the most attention (Mandell 188). The original concept of football came from a game that was played in England since the time of Edward II of 1314. In America, the first recorded contest took place in 1869 between Princeton and Rutgers which consisted of 3 games with 25 men per team. The real emergence of football as an organized sport came with the revival of football at Harvard and Yale in 1872. (It was prohibited for several years due to the increasing roughness of the sport.) By 1876, a set of rules was adopted that was derived from the English Rugby Union. These rules remained in effect for five years until 1881 when the Intercollegiate Football Association came up with new rules. These new rules stated that there would be 11 players per team instead of 15, specific positions were assigned in line and backfield, and new provisions were made for running with the ball, kicking, and passing. In 1878, there were four thousand spectators at the Thanksgiving game of Princeton vs. Yale and attendance was up to 40,000 a decade later (Wake Field 3). In the 1890s, basketball came into being as a popular indoor sport in the winter. Basketball holds an important place in American history as the only popular American game that is not derived from some sport whose origins may be clearly traced to England (Dulles 264). It was invented by James A. Naismith at the YMCA in Springfield, MA, in 1891 as an indoor game as a winter substitute for baseball and football. Basketball immediately gained popularity in colleges, high schools, and athletic clubs throughout the country (Figure 16).
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Figure 16. Female students playing basketball, Western High School, Washington, D.C. (Library of Congress 2001699137).
Baseball was becoming even more popular than it had become during the Civil War. It quickly became the fastest growing team sport for both professionals and amateurs by the end of the nineteenth century. Fort Mackinac, Michigan, was proud to have a permanent baseball field and grandstand for spectators. Grandstands were built at many military installations throughout the United States well into the twentieth century (Figure 17). Competition was greater when teams were able to travel between posts via rail service. The most popular games, however, were ones that were comprised of soldiers competing against civilians from surrounding communities. Military leaders at that time favored the expansion of athletic events not only because they improved morale and health, but also because they established better rapport between the soldiers and the civilians whom they were entrusted to serve (Tate 87).
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Figure 17. NTC Great Lakes baseball grandstand, 30 June 1937 (NARA 71-CA box 144).
The early 1900s were a time of economic and social transformation for the United Sates. President Theodore Roosevelt was the symbol of America; active, fearless, and impatient. Americans needed to show their physical and competitive strength, sports were a way of doing this. Many recreational activities of previous years were losing favor by the masses. The popularity of roller skating was also dwindling and many rinks were converted for other uses. As always the rich demonstrated their power by participating in expensive sports, like yacht races and continued to be involved in country clubs. The integration of sports in the working class was aided by better and cheaper transportation and communication, greater disposable income, and a shorter work week (Mandell 191). In 1914 the War Department issued the Manual of Physical Training for Use in the United States Army. General Wood at the time was chief of staff of the army; he included in this manual how he wished the physical training be conducted for all enlisted men. Along with the assigned physical fitness activities, soldiers were expected to participate in athletics and swimming contests. This marked the first time general military training included time for sports and athletic contests (Wakefield 6). Organized athletic activities were designed to train enlisted men with the necessary
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survival skills for life on the front lines. Wrestling trained recruits for hand-to-hand combat and baseball throwing fundamentals were emphasized in grenade tossing exercises. Scaling, jumping, and vaulting exercises incorporated gymnastics for daily trench maneuvers and basic survival skills on front-line combat and boxing training for bayonet fighting (Figures 18- 22).
Figure 18. The boxing drill is an important part of the fighters training (Allen 10).
Figure 19. A friendly bout in one of the barracks at Camp Grant (Allen 28).
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Figure 20. The high jump at Camp Upton, Long Island (Allen 45).
Figure 21. Training to come to grips with Hun (Allen 46).
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Figure 22. Volleyball is a popular sport at all the camps (Allen 59).
World War I
The War Department created the Commission on Training Camp Activities (CTCA) in July of 1917 to address homesickness, liquor, and prostitution which seemed to be the major causes of discipline and morale problems within the military camps. Seven volunteer organizations were asked to supply their education and recreational services; YMCA, YWCA, Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Board, Salvation Army, War Camp Community Services, and the American Library Association. Part of the CTCA efforts was providing athletic directors to bring sports to the soldiers (Venzon 160). The Chairman of the CTCA, Raymond B. Fosdick, claimed from experience that athletics promoted and helped maintain military efficiency and morale. Bringing men together to play a team sport created a common bond between diverse groups of men (Wakefield 15). In 1917 the YMCA assigned physical directors to thirty-two military camps to coordinate comprehensive sporting programs that featured intercompany play, barracks baseball, and basketball leagues (Figures 23, 24). By the fall of 1918 the YMCA had assigned 300 physical directors to the Army and sent over $300,000 worth of athletic goods to France. During World War I the YMCAs services had reached every region of the military. Ports of entry, Service of Supply areas, aviation camps, training camps, combat zones, convalescent camps, and leave areas all featured mass games, calis-
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thenics, completive sports, and boxing instructions (Pope 443). In 1918 the YMCA was operating in 178 army and navy stations and in nearly 600 buildings in America and overseas (Allen 11). Most YMCAs provided a small auditorium where events such as amateur vaudeville, bible classes, movies, basketball games, and sparring matches could take place (Allen 29). In larger camps the YMCA would have auditorium seating for 2000 to 3000 people. In January of 1918 the total attendance at YMCA sponsored entertainment events totaled 3,253,838 (Allen 32).
Figure 23. Soldiers playing YMCA-sponsored basketball at Camp Gordon (Atlanta, GA), ca. 1917 (Courtesy YMCA of the U.S.A. Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries) (Pope 447).
Figure 24. U.S. soldiers playing YMCA -sponsored baseball in France during World War I (Courtesy YMCA of the U.S.A. Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries) (Pope 451).
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Another way sports brought the men in the military together was through media. Sports were used as a common language even in the newspaper, Stars and Stripes. The first issue of Stars and Stripes in February of 1918 included a sports page that reported on the military league sports as well as the games back home. The newspaper also often used sports metaphors to explain the events of the war. After the armistice the morale of the troops was a concern, since the troops were not sent back to the United States right away. Sports were a way to keep the troops occupied. On December 29, 1918 the first General Order (#241) relating to sports in the army was issued by General John J. Pershing. The order directed competition in the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) leading to championships in track & field, baseball, football, basketball, tennis, boxing and wrestling. The purpose of the order was to encourage the development of general competitive athletics for the purpose of keeping up the morale, fostering and developing organization esprit de corps and improving the physical fitness of the Army. Pershings order also established a partnership between the Army and YMCA (U.S. Army MWR). While in Europe the Army was eager to show off the United States dominance through sports. American soldiers taught the allied troops American sports such as baseball and basketball. In January of 1919 the U.S. invited 29 nations to participate in the Inter-Allied Games that would be held in Paris, France at Pershing Stadium during the summer. Eighteen of the countries accepted the invitation and nearly fifteen hundred allied soldiers participated. These games promoted peace between the nations as well as keeping the troops that were still in Europe occupied. The games were held from June 22 to July 6 and were completely organized by the YMCA. 30,000 spectators came out for opening day. The competitors had to be men who were still wearing or had worn the military uniform of one of the allied nations. The athletes from the defeated nations of Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria were not welcomed. There were 24 events including football, basketball, boxing, wrestling, baseball, golf, shooting, soccer, swimming, tennis, and track and field. The United States won first place in twelve and took second in seven events. American troops took first in rifle, pistol, baseball, basketball, boxing, prize jumping with horses, swimming, tug-of-war, and catch-as-catch wrestling. American and European newspapers covered all the games. The closing ceremony took place on Sunday, July 6 with General Pershing presenting the medals (Pope 32).
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Before the Inter-Allied Games, the first promotional athletic event the military hosted was the pentathlon held on Memorial Day in 1917 at an officers training camp at Fort Niagara. Each company sent twenty-five men totaling 375 for the event. The pentathlon included the standing broad jump, relay race, medicine ball putting, 100-yard dashes, and a tug-of-war (Pope 32)
Interwar
Just after WWI, the radio came into existence and would soon become a fixture in nearly every American home (Figure 25). The first permanent radio station came on the air on November 2, 1920, and broadcast to only a few listeners. Before long, radios were dictating social activities; people would plan activities and parties around what time their favorite radio program was on. By the late 1940s, nearly 90% of American homes had a radio. Following the same trajectory, the television was introduced in 1939 and roughly a million people owned one by 1946. These new mediums for entertainment would greatly affect the dynamic of American culture and the history of recreation.
Figure 25. Radio operated by a 14 year old boy, 1922 (Library of Congress 93510755).
Even with these new passive novelties, far more people than ever before were actively participating in a wide variety of sports. Only a presidential
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election was more popular than baseball or football at that time. For this reason, the 1920s were seen as the Golden Age for sports in America. Millions of people crowded into racetracks, grandstands, ballparks and football stadiums across the country. Even with the depression, sporting was further stimulated by the Works Progress Administration who had allotted $500 million for new parks and recreational facilities by 1937. Intercollegiate football remained popular through the early 20th century despite the fact that it was nearly dissolved due to the dangerous qualities of the sport. Forty-four people had died playing football by 1903. The American Professional Football Association was formed in 1920 (Figure 26). However, professional football really didnt become popular until after World War II, when the National and American Leagues were formed in 1945.
Figure 26. Hospital Corps School Washington Class 14 Football (NARA 52-C Box 1 Photo 20).
Outdoor activities were as popular as ever. Swimming was the most popular summer sport simply because it was all inclusive (Figure 27). There were nearly as many people at pools, ponds, and beaches as there were at all spectator sports. Boating became more popular when the Army Corps
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of Engineers built 263 artificial lakes and reservoirs throughout the United States (Figure 28).
Figure 27. Robins Field, GA swimming pool, 23 May 1946 (NARA 342-FH box 2089 3B42997).
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Figure 28. Kerr Reservoir, built in Boydton, VA, by the US Army Corps of Engineers in the 1950s (USACE Wilmington District).
The Amateur Softball Association of America was formed in 1933. Softball was now the widely used term for the sport after previous versions like kitten ball, mush ball, recreation ball, and indoor baseball. While softball was popular (Figure 29), it only had about half the number than bowling had at the time.
Figure 29. WAVES playing softball (NARA 80-G box 435 112405).
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After the depression, the economy dictated a need for inexpensive recreation. Miniature golf (Figure 30) was introduced in the summer of 1930 as cheap entertainment for the whole family. However, overexposure that year caused people to grow tired of it and it only lasted that summer in many places. Bingo was another popular, inexpensive game played in fraternal organizations and many church basements across the country. In addition, gardening emerged as a recreational activity because it was relatively inexpensive, but at the same time provided food. Likewise, doit-yourself projects around the house blurred the line between work and play.
Figure 30. Fort Bliss Red Cross golf course at hospital, 24 Dec 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 206 188029).
The twentieth century was indeed a major change for recreation in America as some sports remained and others were adapted in response to the economy. There was a new idea of what it meant to be American in this time in history. The people of no other country and no other age had ever had anything like the leisure, the discretionary income, or the recreational choices of the American people in mid-twentieth century (Dulles 397).
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World War II
During 1940 and 1941 old military bases were expanded and new ones were built to make room for the increasing number of troops due to the first peacetime draft. Along with the new construction, sports facilities (Figure 31) and programs were being created (Wakefield 68). Scott Fields (Illinois) new facilities included a football field, twelve hard-court tennis courts, two baseball and eleven softball diamonds, and a fifty-by-fifty-foot swimming pool, along with the bowling alleys built by the post utilities offices as a morale section project (Wakefield 70). At Fort Sam Houston a new athletic arena was built during the summer of 1941 to accommodate winter sports. The new arena was designed to have 3,750 seats for boxing and wrestling matches and also able to seat for 2,750 for basketball (Wakefield 73). Even in sports the Army remained committed to hierarchy, with some bases having separate athletic facilities for officers and enlisted men. There were also leagues and tournaments being created at military bases that would put limitations on who could participate by rank.
Figure 31. Fort Benning Interior of New gymnasium at 4th Div area, 2 Nov 1942 (NARA 111SC Box 24 124389).
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During the 1940s, military sports were integrated with civilian sports. Soldiers participated in the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) for boxing, softball and swimming and competed in local professional and amateur golf tournaments. Military teams (Figure 32) played college football and basketball teams. The Randolph Field team appeared in the Cotton Bowl and was actually ranked number one in October 1944. Great Lakes Naval Training Station beat Notre Dame at Soldier Field in Chicago (Wakefield 100). During World War II there were several mock bowl games. The teams involved were usually Navy and Army All-Star teams and festivals at the bowls mirrored those back home on New Years Day (Figure 33). Some of the bowls held were the Arab Bowl (Figure 34), Poi Bowl in Hawaii, and the Lily Bowl in Bermuda (Wakefield 89).
Figure 32. Moffett Field Flyers football team, 18 November 1940 (NARA 342-FH box 2088 3B-42902).
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Figure 33. Football in North Africa (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332713).
Figure 34. Football in North Africa (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332715).
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The war had a fairly significant impact on the world of sports. Professional teams were never sure at the beginning of their seasons whether their players would still be there at the end. President Roosevelt never made a clear policy on sports during the war, but made periodic statements that baseball should continue since the game provided relaxation for a hard working population and people needed to take their minds off things (Noverr 150). But when popular professionals were drafted into military service, managers were forced to replace them with inexperienced youths. While fans often complained about the lower quality of player experience, it was better than no sport at all. By the end of the season in 1945, nearly ninety percent of baseballs major league players were serving in the armed forces. However, the intercollegiate athletic programs were suffering due to college age students being at war and stringent travel restrictions. Golf and tennis were suffering as well because of the rationing of gas and rubber. Most of the golf and tennis balls made during the war were of reclaimed rubber, crude rubber, or a synthetic variety. (Noverr 150) Civilian sports programs were still receiving funding during this time. In February of 1941 the Federal Security Agency developed a Division of Recreation that was given $150 million to fund the Community Facilities Bill, and $17 million of that was used for building recreation units (Noverr 150). As with the previous war, armed forces like the Navy utilized sports in their training. Mandatory sports for the cadets included football, basketball, wrestling, swimming, soccer, boxing, tumbling, track, and engineering (in the form of digging ditches, chopping wood, and other manual labor). Each sport has its relevance to war: the body contact of boxing and football, the sustained muscular strain of wrestling, the teamwork of basketball and soccer, the know-how of tumbling, the muscle building of labor. For example, the sports considered most valuable for Navy fledglings were swimming, track and hand-to-hand (Noverr 169). Sports were also encouraged to be played during the troops free time. In 1943 the War Department contracted for the delivery of four million dollars worth of balls, bats, protective gear, and fishing tackle (Figure 35). For every 125 men in a service unit they were to get several complete baseball and soft ball outfits consisting of bats, balls, mitts, gloves, and masks; three footballs, two soccer balls, three volleyballs, three sets of box-
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ing gloves, two table tennis sets and small games (Wakefield 84) (Figure 36).
Figure 35. Fort George Meade athletic equipment kit, 14 January 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 112 151844).
Figure 36. Football in Italy (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332719).
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The military recognized the importance of having organized recreation and created the Moral Division that later became the Special Services. In 1942 a recreation officers course was offered at the special service branch school at Fort Meade. The course taught planning, organizing, and supervising practical recreation and welfare activities for overseas and domestic troops. The course lasted 28 days. The soldiers were assigned four military occupation specialties (MOSs); 03B (entertainment specialists), 03C (physical activities specialists), 03D (crafts specialists), and 03Z (recreation service senior sergeant) (U.S. Army MWR). The core recreation programs were developed between 1946 and 1955 and ran by a combination of active military and civilians. In the mid-1980s, active duty enlisted soldiers and officers held military occupation specialties in Special Services and were assigned at every level of command. Civilians continued to operate the recreational programs with military assistance as those occupational specialties were discontinued. Special Services has developed and has had many name changes, but is still continued today. The U.S. Army Community and Family Support Center was established in 1984 and included the management of the Armed Forces Recreation Centers and other special projects. The Armed Forces Recreation Centers and other special projects were programs that were originally developed in the 1940s under the Special Services. The Family and Morale, Welfare, and Recreation Command (MWR) was established in October of 2006 and took over some of the roles of the Armed Forces Recreation Centers (U.S. Army MWR).
Early Cold War

Sports were used to create better relations with other countries after World War II, just like after World War I. General Joseph McNarney revived the idea of General Pershings Allied Sports Council (ASFC) at the end of WWII. Twelve allied nations from Western Europe and Eastern Europe participated peacefully in games together until 1947 when Russia and other eastern countries withdrew, and England and the US soon followed. The ASFC disintegrated, but five nations would not let the idea go and recognized the full potential of sports bringing people together. A meeting was held in Nice, France where the International Military Sports Council (CISM) was formed in 1949. The CISM mission was the promotion of world-wide goodwill through sports competitions. The organization started with less than 20 countries and now has more than 100. The United States joined in 1951 (U.S. Army MWR).
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Also soon after the war, the Inter-Service Sports Council was established in October of 1947, so that service-wide championships in various sports could be held with the Army, Navy, and Air Force on an equal basis (Figure 37). The first event was an Army-Navy-Air Force golf tournament (U.S. Army MWR). The program is still active today under the Armed Forces Sports Programs that includes 18 Armed Forces Championships, 7 National Championships and 20 International Championships within Conseil International du Sports Militaire (CISM). The program is open to all Active Duty personnel, including Reservists and National Guard on active duty status.
Figure 37. Fort Jackson Field and track meet awards, 20 June 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 250 424337).
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Recreation was beginning to see a change after the World War II. Society had become fast-paced and this made some spectator sports, like baseball, boring to many people. Professional sports were becoming big business, with salaries doubling between 1969 and 1979 due to the free agency system. Baseball was not popular on television either, as the whole field could not be seen on a small screen. Football, however, was easier to follow on television, since most of the action depended on a few players that the camera could easily follow. More and more people from every spectrum of society were enjoying participant sports, such as golf. They enjoyed being able to be involved in a sport that did not make them simply watch other people play. Yet, participation in baseball was declining due to the rise of the suburbs. Neighborhood ballparks were no longer popular as people moved away from the city, and the ball fields in suburbia were less accessible. Old stadiums with no parking began to disappear. Baseball had become an occasional outing rather than a common activity. The new highway system in 1956 created a new car culture fueled by cheap gas and with more people having more free time, more mobility, more money, and a TV set, the countrys recreation was changing (Noverr 191). College football was changing some at this time as well. Many of the players were older than the typical college student. Large numbers of them had played in the service and were now attending college as a benefit of the GI Bill. This increased the demand for players and the excitement of recruiting across the country. Bowl games in 1954 brought in over $2.5 million in gate receipts alone.
Late Cold War

Softball was extremely popular by the 1960s. Womens softball became an international game with the International Softball World Championships in 1965. As a result, softball was added to the Pan-American Games and the 1996 Olympics. Title IX was adopted by high schools and colleges that banned discrimination under any education program and this resulted in an explosion in womens sports, especially softball. This gave more opportunities for women to obtain scholarships and the International Womens Professional Softball League was formed in 1976. It only lasted until 1980 due to financial difficulties, but it had a huge impact on the world of womens sports. Today, softball is the most popular participant sport in the United States, with an estimated 40 million Americans playing the game at
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least once a year, most playing the slow-pitch variety. It is played by both genders socially as well as competitively (Kendrick 4). Soccer also became popular in the United States in the late 1960s. The existence of the North American Soccer League from 1967 to 1984 was extremely popular with boys and girls at the time. Since then, popularity has only increased among youth leagues and therefore it is the most popular recreational sport for both boys and girls and has been so for about 25 years (Soccer 1). Professional soccer has not been as popular in the United States as in other countries, but it is still fairly young as a sport. In 1981 soccer was added to the Armed Forces Sports calendar. With the high numbers of troops in the Vietnam War there was a need for improvement to sporting facilities. There were no regulations for the designs of the facilities, which caused many problems. In 1973 the Army decided to produce standard plans for outdoor playing fields and courts. In the late seventies the Army and the Army Corps of Engineers created a plan for a physical fitness center and the Construction Criteria Manual to determine the square footage an installation needed. The Manual has since been replaced by the Architectural and Engineering Instruction Design Criteria. Designs were developed for a 15,000 sq. ft., 21,000 sq. ft., 52,000 sq. ft., and 62,000 sq. ft. facility with a natatorium (indoor swimming pool). The design guide was released in 1976 and reissued in 1983. The design guidelines didnt have to be used; therefore facilities were still being poorly designed. In 1990 seven new standard designs were approved that takes the installation into 15 to 20% of the design considerations. The only way to not use the standard drawing is to get a waiver from CFSC and the Corps. The key elements of the designs are a serious of standard classroom modules, outdoor play areas, and six sizes of physical fitness facilities. The new designs include a gymnasium, exercise room, weight room, handball/racquetball courts, locker rooms, lobby, and staff/administration space. The larger designs include a second gymnasium and/or natatorium, and an indoor jogging track. The twentieth century saw the development of the modern Olympics gain in popularity each time they were held. There have been a few occurrences where war and politics had interfered. Many of our military men have participated in the games. In 1955, the 84th Congress amended amendment PL159, which became PL 11, that authorized the Personnel of the Armed Forces to train for, attend, and participate in the Second Pan American Games, the Seventh Olympic Winter Games, and Games of the XVI Olym-
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piad, future Pan American Games and certain other international amateur sport competitions and allotted $800,000 for the services every four years. In the 1976 Olympics there were 31 military athletes who won 5 gold and 4 silver medals. It was felt that they could have done better, but soldiers felt pressured that they were not doing their duty while participating in games. The Army Sports Office developed the World Class Athlete Program (WCAP) in 1978. The program provided assistance to aspiring and qualified soldier athletes and it allowed the soldiers to train and compete in national and international sports leading to the Olympic Games. Even though the program had been approved, it had not been allotted any additional funding, and therefore had to be selective of who was chosen for the program. Once selected, the soldier was allowed to begin training two years before the Olympic Games on a full time basis with the Army Sports Office providing funds, coaches, equipment, and technical training. In October of 1984 the funding was increased to $300,000,000. The program is still active today.
Conclusion
Recreation in America has come a long way in the last two centuries. Puritan beliefs prevented any form of recreation at the inception of this country. Today, many people see Americans as having too much recreation. In general, sports have brought Americans together like no other phenomenon could have. Baseball as an example has brought people of all walks of life together and has created an image that the world considers genuinely American. We are more unique than any other country and our forms of play are no exception.
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Recreation Typology
The first golf course came to America in 1888 at St. Andrews in Yonkers, New York, and was only a three hole course in a cow pasture. Golf courses today are typically either 9 or 18 holes. Golf is atypical of many ball games in that the lowest score wins and there is not a standardized playing area. Each hole consists of a teeing area, fairway, rough, various hazards, and the putting green that houses the hole. The shape and length of each hole is entirely up to the designer, although it is typically less than 700 yards. Most 18 hole courses have a total par of 70 to 72. Golf courses became popular in the military in the 1950s, especially in locations where the climate allowed play throughout the year. Some installations were large enough that they could have a course for officers and a course for enlisted men. When only one course existed, often there were certain days when officers played and certain days when enlisted men could play. Fort Sam Houston had one of the earliest courses in 1937. Designed by A.W. Tillinghast, it is the only military course to ever host a PGA event with the Texas Open in the 1950s and 60s. The Cole Park Golf Club was built in 1947 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. George Cobb designed an 18hole course in 1949 for Fort Jackson, South Carolina.
Figure 38. Camp Pendleton front of golf course club house, 28 February 1950 (NARA 71-CP Box 10).
Golf Courses
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Figure 39. Camp Pendleton rear of golf course club house, 28 February 1950 (NARA 71-CP Box 10).
Figure 40. NAS Patuxent River golf course, 13 July 1953 (NARA 71-CP box 54).
Figure 41. MCAS Kaneohe golf course clubhouse, 16 June 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 55).
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Figure 42. NAS Pensacola country club and golf course, 1951 (NARA 80-G Box 1972 462956).
Figure 43. NAS Key West President Eisenhower chipping on baseball field 7 January, 1956 (NARA 80-G Box 2519 684532).
Figure 44. Fort Bliss Red cross golf course at hospital, 24 Dec 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 206 188029). F/Sgt. Fred Rinaloi and T/4 Eldon Armstrong make use of the Red Cross Golf Course during their period of recreation at Station Hospital, Ft. Bliss, Texas. Photo by: Pfc. Walton Wiggins.
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Figure 45. Fort Huachuca Golf at Warren District Country Club, 7 Mar 1954 (NARA 111-SC Box 279 460642). This foursome enjoys a game of golf at the Warren District Country Club.
Figure 46. Fort Jackson golf, 19 February 1957 (NARA 111-SC Box 311 499674). Maj. Margaret N. Brandt, (Walhalla, SC), is shown here making a long putt at the Armed Forces Golf Club. Watching and holding the Flag is Lt George Salvador, MSC (South Dartmouth, MA) 2nd Lt Edna M. Swartzbeck (Fridonia, PA) is thinking she will duplicate that putt the next green. All three are members of the United States Army Hospital at Fort Jackson, SC. Figure 47. Fort Carson golf at Broadmoor Golf course, 23 Apr 1959 (NARA 111SC Box 345 549244). Maj. Gen. Mian Hayaud Din, right, military attach from Pakistan, lines up his putt on the Broadmoor Golf Course during his visit to the Pikes Peak region. From left: Col Ismael D Lapus, Philippines; Lt Col John Alexander Pountney, New Zealand; Lt Col D Ashari, Indonesia; and Gen Din.
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Figure 48. The clubhouse at the Post Golf Course, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, 22 Jan 1964 (NARA 111SC box 384 608330).
Figure 49. Rear of the clubhouse at the Post Golf Course, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, 22 Jan 1964 (NARA 111-SC Box 384 608331).
Figure 50. Fort Sam Houston Golf Club, located at the northwest corner of the reservation on Harry Wurzbach Road, 21 Feb 1967 (NARA 111-SC Box 406 637448).
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Figure 51. Fort Benning golf course aerial photo, 18 Mar 1941 (NARA 342-FH Box 1059 3B-17281).
Figure 52. Fort Leavenworth golf course aerial photo, 25 Mar 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1061 3B-17811).
Clubs
Officers Officers clubs are areas where officers can come together to relax. These clubs are meant for leading officers. The interiors are typically furnished with more detail and higher quality materials than other clubs. Officers clubs typically have their own swimming pools and perhaps tennis courts. Elegant lounges, ballrooms, game rooms, and bars are also common in these clubs. Officers and their wives often had formal dances and dinners here. The Officers Club at the Presidio of San Francisco is one of the oldest military buildings in California. It was used by the Spanish and Mexican militaries before being taken over the United States military in 1846. It became a social center for officers with the addition of an Assembly Hall in 1884 (History- Presidio). Fort Sam Houston built an officers club in 1935 that included 14 apartments, a kitchen and dining room, a bar and
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grill, lounge, reading room, dance terrace and two card rooms (Case Study).
Figure 53. Charleston Navy Yard Officers Club, 3 Oct 1940 (NARA 71-CA Box 91 6745).
Figure 54. NAS Pensacola Officers Club, 12 Aug 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 57).
Figure 55. NAS Pensacola Officers Club Interior, 12 Aug 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 57).
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Figure 56. Fort Douglas, UT Officers Club, Aug 1938 (NARA 77 Box 26 391).
Figure 57. Officers Club Waikiki Beach, Oahu, HI, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330400).
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Figure 61. Fort Benning, GA, Officers Club, 27 Apr 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 52 135219).
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Figure 62. An exterior view of Ft Carson, CO, officers club; complete with dining hall, dance floor, and bar, is one of the finest on any Army post. In the background is seen a partial view of the Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado Springs, CO, 20 Oct 1954 (NARA 111-SC Box 279 460808).
Figure 63. Fort Carson Officers Club, 1 Apr 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 362 582025). Carsonites make the best use of the worlds best nature built lawnmowers- the sheep. In background is seen the Ft Carson Officers Club. The veterinarian station hospital animal section maintains a flock of sheep at the mountain post to provide blood for the manufacture of serum at the US Army hospital here. Figure 64. Fort Sill Annual Hunt in front of officers club, 3 Aug 1947 (NARA 111-SC Box 578 292170). An annual affair organized by Col. G.M. Peek and General C.C. Herron in 1926, this was the last hunt due to the Army selling all of the horses and 40 of the hounds being given away.
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Figure 65. Presidio of San Francisco officers club, prior to remodeling, 7 Mar 1934 (NARA 111-SC Box 681 324642).
Figure 66. Presidio of San Francisco officers club, after remodeling, 14 Aug 1934 (NARA 111-SC Box 681 324643).
Figure 67. Fort Sam Houston officers club, 15 Mar 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 347370).
Figure 68. Presidio of San Francisco officers club, 1 May 1950 (NARA 111-SC Box 741 351095).
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Figure 69. Fort Benning officers club aerial, 18 Mar 1941 (NARA 342-FH Box 1059 3B-17280).
Figure 70. Fort Benning officers club from rear, 9 Sep 1939 (NARA 342-FH Box 1059 3B-17284).
Figure 71. Fort Benning officers club from front, 9 Sep 1939 (NARA 342-FH Box 1059 3B-17285).
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Figure 72. Fort Sheridan officers club, 14 Jul 1934 (NARA 342-FH Box 1063 3B-18318).
Figure 73. March Field, CA officers club bar, 1934 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B-19590).
Figure 74. March Field, CA officers club, 1938 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B19627).
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Figure 75. March Field, CA officers club lounge, 1934 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B-19646).
Figure 76. Randolph Field officers club ballroom, 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20794).
Figure 77. Randolph Field officers club swimming pool, 1933 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20799).
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Figure 78. Randolph Field officers club, 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B20826).
Figure 79. Randolph Field officers club swimming pool, 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20847).
Figure 80. Miami AAF officers club interior, 20 Sep 1944 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-42938).
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Figure 81. Navy table tennis (NARA 80-G Box 2631 706415).
Figure 82. Keesler AFB, MS playing pool in the recreation hall, 3 Nov 1951 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-42967).
Figure 83. NOB San Diego club exterior, 30 Nov 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 481 11130).
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Figure 84. NOB San Diego club interior, 30 Nov 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 481 11130).
Figure 85. Fort Riley service club dance, 1 May 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 63 138247).
Figure 86. Fort Riley service club interior, 7 May 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 63 138251).
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Figure 87. Camp Robinson, AR mural in service club, 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 133 167447).
Figure 88. Fort Benning main lounge of Service Club One, 14 May 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 848 397759).
Figure 89. Fort McClellan interior of Service Club One, April 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 848 397950).
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Figure 90. Camp Chaffee, AR music room- second floor of Service Club One, 25 Apr 1952 (NARA 111SC Box 852 399840).
Figure 91. Fort Bliss bingo game, Service Club Three, 6 May 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 852 399852).
Figure 92. Fort Sill annual fox hunt in front of Officers Club, 3 Aug 1947 (NARA 111-SC Box 578 292170).
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NCO NCO clubs are designed for non-commissioned officers. These are enlisted members of the military that hold a position of some degree of authority. These clubs are slightly plainer than officer clubs, but still fairly high quality. Bars, cocktail lounges, and game rooms were also common and ballrooms were often converted for large dinners. Patios and outdoor pools were again common outside these clubs. The Randolph Field NCO club was built in 1931. There were originally two NCO clubs, one in each of the enlisted family housing areas. Today, these two clubs serve as the Family Support Center and the Base Library.
Figure 93. Henderson Hall, VA NCO club bar, 1 Sep 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 54).
Figure 94. Henderson Hall, VA NCO club lounge, 1 Sep 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 54).
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Figure 95. Fort Douglas, UT NCO club, Aug 1938 (NARA 77 Box 26 391).
Figure 96. Fort Bragg the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587425).
Figure 97. Fort Bragg main desk at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587426).
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Figure 98. Fort Bragg main dining room at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587427).
Figure 99. Fort Bragg main private party room at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587428).
Figure 100. Fort Bragg ballroom at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587429).
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Figure 101. Fort Bragg cocktail lounge at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587430).
Figure 102. Fort Bragg Stag Bar at the main post NCO club, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587431).
Figure 103. Fort Bragg rear area of main post NCO club showing patio and pool, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587442).
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Figure 104. Fort Sam Houston NCO club (Bldg 2652), 21 Feb 1967 (NARA 111-SC Box 406 637448).
Figure 105. March Field, CA NCO club, 1938 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B19649).
Figure 106. March Field, CA NCO club interior, 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B-19650).
Figure 107. Randolph Field NCO club, 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B20806).
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Figure 108. NAS Whidbey Island Chiefs Club, 15 Nov 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 936 278025).
Enlisted Clubs for enlisted members are for the general population on a military post. These were typically the largest clubs in an installation because they were used by the most people. Large lounges, cafeterias, ballrooms, and game rooms allowed many enlisted people to enjoy their leisure time in the same place. The Enlisted Club at the Presidio of San Francisco was built in 1949 and included a dance floor, cafeteria, library and game room. It was financed by military personnel as a memorial for men who gave their lives in World War II.
Figure 109. Presidio of San Francisco enlisted club, rear view, 9 Jul 1949 (NARA 111-SC Box 688 327484).
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Figure 110. Presidio of San Francisco enlisted club, front view, 9 Jul 1949 (NARA 111-SC Box 688 327485).
Figure 111. Presidio of San Francisco enlisted club lounge, 9 Jul 1949 (NARA 111-SC Box 688 327486).
Figure 112. Presidio of San Francisco enlisted club soda fountain, 9 Jul 1949 (NARA 111-SC Box 688 327488).
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Figure 113. Fort Benning African American soldiers playing pool, Aug 1941 (NARA 111-SC Box 20 122114).
Figure 114. Fort Belvoir interior of Service Club, 13 May 1941 (NARA 111-SC Box 13 119117).
Figure 115. Fort Lee service club dance, Nov 1941 (NARA 111-SC Box 27 125723).
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Figure 116. Fort Huachuca Post Service Club cafeteria, 19 May 1942 (NARA 111SC Box 65 138786).
Figure 117. Camp Polk, LA bingo night Service Club 3A, 11 May 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 852 399843).
Figure 118. Fort Leonard Wood exterior seating area at Service Club Two, 1951 (NARA 111-SC Box 856 401464).
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Figure 119. Fort Knox game room at Service Club Four, 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 859 403178).
Field Houses/Gymnasiums
Recreation centers and gymnasiums held a variety of activities for military personnel. Typically a large gymnasium could be converted for many uses. It was primarily a basketball court, but nets could be installed for badminton or volleyball. Some recreation buildings may also include an indoor swimming pool or weightlifting and fitness area. Chairs and benches were often brought into the gymnasiums for church services (like at Fort Benning in 1940) because it was the largest area to bring people together. Fort Benning even had a theater incorporated within the gymnasium. The Adak Naval Operating Base was established in 1942. One of the Quonset buildings was created in 1942-3 as a recreation building that included a basketball court that could also be converted for volleyball or badminton. A field house was erected at Fort Benning, Georgia around 1941-42. The Lee Field House was dedicated on May 14, 1951 in honor of Major General William C. Lee, who was known as the Father of the Airborne, and who was a former commander of the 101st Airborne Division.
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Figure 120. Charleston Navy Yard Auditorium and Amusement Building exterior back, 1919 (NARA 71-CA Box 82 1413).
Figure 121. Charleston Navy Yard Auditorium and Amusement Building exterior front, 1919 (NARA 71-CA Box 82 1415).
Figure 122. Charleston Navy Yard Auditorium and Amusement Building interior, 1919 (NARA 71-CA Box 82 1416).
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Figure 123. NTC Great Lakes field house, 11 May 1936 (NARA 71-CA Box 144 3222).
Figure 124. NTC Great Lakes recreation building, 17 Feb 1942 (NARA 71-CA Box 144 11110).
Figure 125. NTC Great Lakes field house and track, 2 Nov 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 144).
Figure 126. Mare Island, CA recreation building (NARA 71-CA Box 228).
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Figure 127. Mare Island, CA recreation center, (NARA 71-CA Box 228).
Figure 128. NTC Anacostia recreation building, 9 Feb 1943 (NARA 71-CB Box 3).
Figure 129. Corpus Christi, TX recreation building, 16 May 1941 (NARA 71-CB Box 27).
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Figure 130. Indian Head, MD recreation building, 1941 (NARA 71-CB Box 27).
Figure 131. NAS Key West gymnasium, 29 Sep 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 38).
Figure 132. Fort Douglas, UT recreation building, Dec 1941 (NARA 77 Box 26 391).
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Figure 133. NOB Adak quonset recreation building, 22 Mar 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 658 229509).
Figure 134. NOB Adak quonset recreation building interior, 2 Aug 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 742 242074).
Figure 135. NAS Banana River recreation building, 24 Nov 1942 (NARA 80-G Box 1480 381992).
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Figure 136. Fort Knox Gammon Field House front, 7 Feb 1957 (NARA 111-SC 491772).
Figure 137. Fort Knox Gammon Field House rear, 7 Feb 1957 (NARA 111-SC 491773).
Figure 138. Fort Knox Gammon Field House basketball floor, 7 Feb 1957 (NARA 111-SC 491774).
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Figure 139. Fort Benning new gym in 4th division area, Apr 1942. (NARA 111-SC Box 44 132244)
Figure 140. Fort Benning interior of new gymnasium at 4th Division area, 2 Nov 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 24 124389).
Figure 141. Mass in Post Gymnasium at Fort Benning, 1940 (NARA 111SC Box 102).
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Figure 142. Hawaii post gymnasium interior (NARA 111-SC Box 25 125014).
Figure 143. Hawaii post gymnasium exterior (NARA 111-SC Box 25 125017).
Figure 144. Fort Sill Honeycutt Gymnasium, 23 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 281).
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Figure 145. Fort Bliss recreation building and theater front view, 24 Aug 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587481).
Figure 146. Fort Bliss recreation building and theater rear view, 24 Aug 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587482).
Figure 147. Fort Bragg dedication Lee Field House, 14 May 1951 (NARA 111SC Box 785 370518).
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Figure 148. Fort Bragg dedication Lee Field House exterior, 14 May 1951 (NARA 111-SC Box 785 370519). The building houses three individual basketball playing courts, an indoor swimming pool, an outdoor swimming pool, and offices for Post Special Services.
Figure 149. Fort Benning gym (theater) (NARA 111SC Box 404 634753).
Figure 150. Fort George Meade boxing, 1930 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 95336).
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Figure 151. Carlisle Barracks Thorpe Hall (gymnasium), Jun 1966 (NARA 111-SC Box 402 631459).
Swimming Pools
Indoor While indoor swimming pools were not always common, a few military installations had them as early as the 1940s. Charleston Navy Yard, Fort Knox, and Fort Sam Houston were three installations that had indoor swimming pools. The Fort Sam Houston swim team used the hospital pool.
Figure 152. Charleston Navy Yard swimming pool building, 10 Mar 1943 (NARA 71-CB Box 20).
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Figure 153. Fort Knox Gammon Field House swimming pool (NARA 111SC 491776).
Figure 154. Fort Sam Houston swim team at hospital pool, 17 Jul 1947 (NARA 111-SC Box 578 292180).
Outdoor Outdoor swimming pools were often divided as clubs were into enlisted mens pools and officers pools. There were far more enlisted mens swimming pools than there were officers swimming pools. Enlisted mens pools were like public swimming pools whereas officers pools were more like private swimming pools. Pools varied greatly in size and shape from one installation to the next. Fort Sam Houston was large enough to host the US Modern Pentathlon National Championships in 1957 and 1966. Some places, such as Fort Hood, also used their pool for religious purposes by having baptisms there.
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Figure 155. Charleston Navy Yard swimming pool and tennis courts, 4 May 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 82 2953).
Figure 156. NAS San Diego barracks and swimming pool (NARA 71-CA Box 481 10071).
Figure 157. NAS San Diego barracks and swimming pool, 30 Sep 1938 (NARA 71-CA Box 484 11486).
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Figure 158. Miami enlisted mens swimming pool, 23 Jun 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 45 MCAS).
Figure 159. Miami enlisted mens swimming pool side, 23 Jun 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 45 MCAS).
Figure 160. Miami enlisted mens swimming pool steps, 23 Jun 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 45 MCAS).
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Figure 161. Naval Station New Orleans swimming pool, 7 Jul 1952 (NARA 71CP Box 50).
Figure 162. Naval Station, Orange, TX, enlisted mens swimming pool 1, 27 Apr 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 54).
Figure 163. Naval Station, Orange, TX, enlisted mens swimming pool 2. 27 Apr 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 54).
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Figure 164. Naval Station, Orange, TX, enlisted mens swimming pool 3, 27 Apr 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 54).
Figure 165. Fort Douglas, UT swimming pool, Aug 1938 (NARA 77 Box 26 391).
Figure 166. Fort Douglas, UT swimming pool bathhouse, Aug 1938 (NARA 77 Box 26 391).
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Figure 167. Hawaii swimming pool, 3 Dec 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 1040 293832).
Figure 168. Hawaii swimming pool, 3 Dec 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 1040 293835).
Figure 169. Camp Richardson, Oahu, HI recreation center, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330420).
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Figure 170. Kaneohe Bay, HI officers club swimming pool, Mar 1944 (NARA 80G Box 1587 401652).
Figure 171. Naval Station Key West enlisted mens swimming pool, 23 Mar 1951 (NARA 80-G Box 1769 428894).
Figure 172. Medical field service school swimming pool at Carlisle Barracks, 26 Jun 1941 (NARA 111SC Box 18 121285).
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Figure 173. Fort Sam Houston African American pool, 17 Jun 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 62 137833).
Figure 174. Camp Polk pool, 14 Sep 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 206 188039).
Figure 175. Fort Hood new pool near central bus station, 9 Aug 1944 (NARA 111-SC Box 245 417472).
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Figure 176. Schofield Barracks swimming pool, 11 Jun 1945 (NARA 111SC Box 245 417475).
Figure 177. Fort Gordon swimming pool at ROTC summer camp, 25 Jun 1952 (NARA 111-SC Box 245 417716).
Figure 178. Fort Huachuca swimming pool located in area ten, 11 Mar 1954 (NARA 111-SC Box 279 460643).
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Figure 179. Fort Sam Houston International Modern Pentathlon competition swim start of 300-meter freestyle, 25 May 1957 (NARA 111-SC Box 318 512145).
Figure 180. Fort Sam Houston International Modern Pentathlon competition swim winners of the 300-meter freestyle, 25 May 1957 (NARA 111SC Box 318 512150).
Figure 181. Fort Bragg NCO open mess swimming pool (one of eight pools on Fort Bragg), 14 Aug 1958 (NARA 111-SC Box 339 542249).
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Figure 182. Fort Bragg swimming pool officers open mess, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587454).
Figure 183. Fort Sam Houston US Modern Pentathlon National Championships swimming winners at Lone Star Brewery Pool, 27 Aug 1966 (NARA 111-SC Box 403 633002).
Figure 184. Fort Sam Houston swimming pool, 5 Jun 1950 (NARA 111-SC Box 726 344249).
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Figure 185. Fort Hood baptism in pool, 9 Jul 1950 (NARA 111-SC Box 728 345393).
Figure 186. Randolph Field cadet swimming pool, Dec 1937 (NARA 342-FH Box 1042 3B-12345).
Figure 187. Barksdale Field, LA swimming pool, 6 Sep 1939 (NARA 342-FH Box 1055 3B-16027).
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Figure 188. Bolling Field, DC swimming pool, 27 Nov 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1056 3B-16330).
Figure 189. Hamilton Field, CA enlisted swimming pool, 9 Aug 1938 (NARA 342-FH Box 1065 3B-18843).
Figure 190. Kelly Field, TX swimming pool, 23 Jun 1927 (NARA 342-FH Box 1066 3B-19143).
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Figure 191. March Field, CA swimming pool, 17 Aug 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1068 3B-19644).
Figure 192. Randolph Field Officers Club swimming pool, 1933 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20799).
Figure 193. Randolph Field enlisted mens swimming pool, 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20808).
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Figure 194. Randolph Field Officers Club swimming pool, 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1072 3B-20847).
Figure 195. Robins Field, GA swimming pool, 23 May 1946 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-42997).
Figure 196. AFB somewhere in FL swimming pool, 5 Oct 1945 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B4300).
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Figure 197. Williams Field Higley, AZ swimming pool, 8 Oct 1942 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-43002).
Figure 198. Maxwell AFB enlisted mens swimming pool (boxing ring in background), Jul 1948 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-43003).
Figure 199. Twenty-nine Palms Glider Training Detachment swimming pool, Jul 1942 (NARA 342FH Box 2089 3B-43005).
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Figure 200. Perrin AFB, TX officers swimming pool, 27 Jul 1953 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-43009).
Fields
Baseball Early players of baseball, such as the previously mentioned Knickerbocker Club, tried to keep baseball as an exclusive upper-class sport. However, since all that is really needed to play are a bat, ball, and an empty field, the sport started popping up everywhere. The Civil War and the movements of soldiers helped spread the game. In 1857, the National Association of Baseball Players was formed as the first organization governing baseball and consisted of 16 clubs all from New York City. By 1959, the number of clubs in the NABBP had increased to 50. The Cincinnati Red Stockings became the first professional team recognized by the National Association of Baseball Players in 1869. By the end of the nineteenth century, baseball became the fastest growing team sport for both professionals and amateurs. Fort Mackinac, Michigan, was one of the first military installations to have a permanent baseball field and grandstand for spectators. The popularity of baseball continued to thrive and grandstands were built at many military installations throughout the United States well into the twentieth century. Railroads often allowed teams to travel between posts and this created greater competition. Baseball games that allowed soldiers to compete with citizens of local communities were the most popular games and military leaders were very supportive of such games. Not only was this a fun and healthy sport for the soldiers, but it allowed people in the community to get to know the soldiers better and created a better relationship between them. The YMCA
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organized teams for the troops at home and abroad during World War I, but became the duty of the Special Services during World War II. Professional baseball came under scrutiny during World War I, as some people felt that it should not be played during the war. While President Roosevelt never made a clear policy on sports during the war, he did make periodic statements that baseball should continue since the game provided relaxation for a hard working population and people needed to take their minds off things (Noverr 150). Professional baseball players were obviously not exempt from the draft and when they were drafted into military service, managers were forced to replace them with inexperienced youth. Fans often complained about the lower quality of player experience, but it was thought to be better than not having baseball at all. By the end of the season in 1945, nearly ninety percent of baseballs major league players were serving in the armed forces (Noverr 150). Baseball fields were fairly easy to create and therefore popped up at military installations throughout the United States and abroad. Some fields were more permanent when backstops (Kelly Field, TX), grandstands (NAS Miramar) or bleachers were added, but many remained as just dirt and grass in an open area (Fort Benning). Baseball fields were open to all levels of military personnel and it didnt matter whether or not the person knew the game. As Americas Favorite Pastime, baseball brought together many people who may not have associated with each other previously. In 1990 the U.S. Military All-Stars team was created to promote awareness of all Americans in support of the honorable sacrifices our armed forces make at the tip of the spear. The U.S. Military All-Star team features active-duty service members, reservists, and veterans from all four branches of the armed forces and the Coast Guard. Each year they have their annual Red, White, & Blue Tour where they play against other allstar independent baseball leagues (Yates).
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Figure 201. NAS Miramar baseball grandstand, 10 Nov 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 46).
Figure 202. NAS Miramar baseball grandstand, 10 Nov 1952 (NARA 71-CP Box 46).
Figure 203. Furlong Field baseball, Pearl Harbor, 19 Aug 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 753 243695).
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Figure 204. Fort Jackson baseball, 21 Apr 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 159 174958).
Figure 205. Fort McPherson baseball diamond on parade field, 26 Jul 1932 (NARA 342-FH Box 1062 17942).
Figure 206. Fort Washington aerial showing baseball field, 1931 (NARA 342-FH Box 1064 3B18548).
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Figure 207. Hamilton Field, CA aerial showing baseball field, 1936 (NARA 342-FH Box 1065 3B-18800).
Figure 208. Kelly Field, TX NY Giants vs. Kelly Field, 17 Mar 1920 (NARA 342FH Box 1066 3B-19022).
Figure 209. Marks AFB, AK baseball, Jul 1948 (NARA 342-FH Box 2088 3B42859).
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Figure 210. FE Warren AFB baseball, 14 Jun 1953 (NARA 342-FH Box 2088 3B-42861).
Figure 211. Fort Benning African American soldiers playing baseball, Aug 1941 (NARA 111-SC Box 20 122109).
Figure 212. Fort Riley baseball, 11 May 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 63 138254).
Softball Softball was originally created in Chicago as a winter version of baseball in 1887. The term softball was not coined until 1926. The softball is larger and softer than a regular baseball and is therefore easier to play with. The ball does not travel as far and a ball glove is not necessarily required to
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catch the ball. It was popular among the masses that may not have been able to play baseball but wanted a similar experience. The 1933 Worlds Fair in Chicago included a softball tournament that was divided into fast pitch, slow pitch, and women. Today, softball has become popular with both men and women through park or work leagues.
Figure 213. Fort Douglas, UT softball, Dec 1941 (NARA 77 Box 26 391).
Figure 214. WAVES playing softball in Miami, FL, 30 Jul 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 435 112405).
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Figure 215. Randolph Field softball, 14 Nov 1939 (NARA 342-FH Box 1042 3B-12380).
Football/Polo/Soccer Football Football had a huge impact on recreation in the United States. The original concept of football came from a game that had been played in England since the time of Edward II of 1314. In America, the first recorded game took place in 1869 between Princeton and Rutgers. The real emergence of football as an organized sport came with the revival of football at Harvard and Yale in 1872. (It was prohibited for several years due to the increasing roughness of the sport.) By 1876, a set of rules was adopted that was derived from the English Rugby Union. These rules remained in effect for five years until 1881 when the Intercollegiate Football Association came up with new rules. These new rules stated that there would be 11 players per team instead of 15, specific positions were assigned in line and backfield, and new provisions were made for running with the ball, kicking, and passing. In 1878, there were four thousand spectators at the Thanksgiving game of Princeton vs. Yale and attendance was up to 40,000 a decade later. Intercollegiate football remained popular through the early 20th century despite the fact that it was nearly dissolved due to the dangerous qualities of the sport. Forty-four people had died playing football by 1903. The American Professional Football Association was formed in 1920. However, professional football really didnt become popular until after World War II, when the National and American Leagues were formed in 1945.
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College football started changing some after World War II. Many of the players were older than the typical college student. Large numbers of them had played in the service and were now attending college as a benefit of the GI Bill. This increased the demand for players and the excitement of recruiting across the country. Bowl games in 1954 brought in over $2.5 million in gate receipts alone. During the 1940s military football teams played college teams. Randolph Field appeared in the Cotton Bowl and was actually ranked number one in October 1944. Great Lakes Naval Training Station beat Notre Dame at Soldier Field in Chicago (Wakefield 100). During World War II there were several mock bowl games. The teams involved were usually Navy and Army All-Star teams and festivals at the bowls mirrored those back home on New Years Day. Some of the bowls held were the Arab Bowl, Poi Bowl in Hawaii, and the Lily Bowl in Bermuda (Wakefield 89). Football was another game that could really be played anywhere that there was an open space. At the Naval Air Station in Pensacola, football often took place partially on a baseball field. Some places were able to assemble an actual football field with painted lines and a spectator area (Camp Davis, NC). However, in the military, it was often not feasible to have these wherever soldiers went and pickup games occurred on battleships or near the camps in foreign countries (Iran, France, Belgium, Italy, and North Africa). Polo Polo was a sport that was brought over from England and was another field sport that could be found on some military installations. At Fort Sill, Oklahoma, a relatively spacious polo field was created. Fort Robinson, Nebraska, had a polo field by the 1890s. By the late 1920s, the Navy even had a lacrosse team. General James H. Polk played polo while serving in the cavalry during the 1930s. While in El Paso, Texas he encouraged his fellow officers to invite the local townspeople to partake in the polo tournament to strengthen the military-civilian relationship in the area (Wakefield 62). Soccer Soccer became popular in the United States in the late 1960s. The existence of the North American Soccer League from 1967 to 1984 was ex-
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tremely popular with boys and girls at the time. Since then, popularity has only increased among youth leagues, it is the most popular recreational sport for both boys and girls and has been so for about 25 years (Soccer 1). Professional soccer has not been as popular in the United States as in other countries, but it is still fairly young as a sport. In 1981 soccer was added to the Armed Forces Sports calendar. Soccer was part of the Inter-Allied Games after World War I. During World War II the Special Service issued soccer balls to each outfit, but soccer was considered to be a British sport. Some soccer promoters in the US hoped that the troops serving in Britain would be converted to the game. Soccer was rarely an organized sport in the military during this time period. The sport was used to promote friendship between the Western allies and Soviets or for American soldiers to establish their preeminence over the British (Wakefield 92).
Figure 216. Mare Island, CA miscellaneous football (NARA 71-CA Box 237).
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Figure 217. Football season on a US ship somewhere in the Pacific, 14 Dec 1943 (NARA 80-G Box 504 204987).
Figure 218. NOB Adak touch football game championship, 11 Nov 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 1040 293812).
Figure 219. NAS Pensacola football game, 3 Dec 1948 (NARA 80-G Box 2632 706412).
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Figure 220. Fort Campbell Fryar Stadium, 22 Jan 1964 (NARA 111-SC Box 384 608332).
Figure 221. Camp Davis, NC football vs. High Point at Legion Field, 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 540 281557).
Figure 222. Fort Benning football champions, 1927 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 95239).
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Figure 223. Football in North Africa, 1 Jan 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332713).
Figure 224. Football in Italy, 16 May 1945 (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332719).
Figure 225. Football in Iran, 31 Dec 1944 (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332722).
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Figure 226. Football in France, 14 Nov 1944 (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332724).
Figure 227. Football in Belgium, 20 Nov 1944 (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332725).
Figure 228. Fort Sill aerial view of polo field, 28 Jul 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 281 463069).
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Figure 229. Navy lacrosse team, 1928 (NARA 101571).
Figure 230. Carlisle Barracks Indian Field (football), Jun 1966 (NARA 111-SC Box 402 631469).
Stadia
Baseball Baseball stadiums appeared on permanent military installations and especially larger ones that could build a stadium. Some were simple wooden structures that included rows of bleachers that were covered by a roof (NTC Great Lakes, Fort Sam Houston, and Jefferson Barracks). Some were more elaborate with brickwork and steel framing (Norfolk, VA). If feasible, many also had lights in order to make night games possible (MCRD San Diego). Beeson Field at MCRD San Diego was named after Major Donald M. Beeson in 1950. It later became a softball field in 1971.
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Figure 231. NTC Great Lakes baseball stadium and track aerial, 13 Sep 1925 (NARA 71-CA Box 144 2924).
Figure 232. NTC Great Lakes baseball grandstand, 30 Jun 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 144).
Figure 233. NTC Great Lakes baseball grandstand and field house aerial, no date (before WWII) (NARA 71-CA Box 145).
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Figure 234. Great Lakes baseball grandstand, 25 Apr 1938 (NARA 71-CA Box 146).
Figure 235. Norfolk, VA baseball stadium (NARA 71-CA Box 323).
Figure 236. Norfolk, VA baseball stadium front (NARA 71-CA Box 323).
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Figure 237. MCRD San Diego baseball game, 24 Apr 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 67).
Figure 238. MCRD San Diego baseball grandstand, 24 Apr 1953 (NARA 71-CP Box 67).
Figure 239. Fort Sam Houston group shot baseball team, 14 May 1948 (NARA 111-SC Box 620 304056).
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Figure 240. Jefferson Barracks grandstand on Parade Field, Jul 1923 (NARA 342-FH Box 1065 3B-18943).
Football Football stadiums were typically much larger than baseball stadiums, and therefore were not as numerous. Football stadiums often were combined with a running track to incorporate more than one activity (Fort Campbell and Fort Benning). Unlike baseball stadiums, football stadiums did not have covered seating areas. In addition, the seating was in two parallel blocks that faced each other as opposed to the L-shaped seating areas in baseball stadiums.
Figure 241. Fort Campbell Fryar Stadium, 22 Jan 1964 (NARA 111-SC Box 384 608332).
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Figure 242. Fort Benning Doughboy Stadium, 6 Sep 1939 (NARA 342-FH Box 1059 3B-17283).
Bowling
Bowling alleys existed in the 1930s (Fort Douglas, UT) but really were not popular on military installations until the 1950s (Fort Hood and Fort Sam Houston) and 1960s (Fort Jackson and Fort Carson). Bowling was popular among both men and women. It was also good because it was an indoor sport that could be played all year long.
Figure 243. Fort Douglas, UT bowling alley, Aug 1938 (NARA RG 77 Box 26 391).
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Figure 244. Fort Hood Post bowling alley, 20 Feb 1957 (NARA 111-SC Box 310 497756).
Figure 245. Fort Sam Houston WAC bowling team, 27 Jan 1955 (NARA 111-SC Box 312 504022).
Figure 246. Fort Jackson bowling center locker room, 23 Mar 1965 (NARA 111SC Box 389 615076).
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Figure 247. Fort Jackson bowling center snack bar, 23 Mar 1965 (NARA 111SC Box 389 615077).
Figure 248. Fort Jackson bowling center entrance desk snack bar, 23 Mar 1965 (NARA 111-SC Box 389 615079).
Figure 249. Fort Jackson bowling center concourse, 23 Mar 1965 (NARA 111SC Box 389 615080).
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Figure 250. Fort Carson construction of new bowling alley, 8 Dec 1965 (NARA 111-SC Box 397 625832).
Figure 251. Bowling (NARA 111-SC Box 629 306552).
Courts
Tennis During most of the 19th century, tennis was considered an upper class sport that was seen more as a polite ladies game with an underhand serve. The United States Lawn Tennis Association was created in 1881 (Noverr 35). Tennis courts began to show up on military installations in the late 1930s (NTC Great Lakes). At that time, it was still lawn tennis, and therefore was played on grass instead of the concrete that is common today. This was another sport that was enjoyed by both men and women. Many courts were placed and designed in a way that resembled those of country clubs at the time to give a sense of prestige and civilian life (Presidio of San
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Francisco). Tennis courts could also be placed in smaller areas and often between buildings of a complex and could be surrounded by trees, something uncommon for many sporting venues (Walter Reed Hospital). Fort Benning even had tennis in the gymnasium on occasion.
Figure 252. NTC Great Lakes tennis court, 20 Jul 1937 (NARA 71-CA Box 144).
Figure 253. Fort Benning tennis, 22 Feb 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 44 132160).
Figure 254. Tennis at Fort Leonard Wood, 22 Apr 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 71 140394).
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Figure 255. Tennis courts at planned community for atomic bomb plant workers in Oak Ridge, TN, 18 Nov 1945 (NARA 111-SC Box 288 210906).
Figure 256. Fort Jackson tennis, 27 Oct 1954 (NARA 111-SC Box 311 499674).
Figure 257. Fort Sam Houston tennis court at the officers club, 2 Mar 1959 (NARA 111-SC Box 343 547260).
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Figure 258. Fort Sam Houston aerial of tennis courts, 31 May 1967 (NARA 111-SC Box 408 640156).
Figure 259. Presidio of San Francisco tennis courts, 1944 (NARA 111-SC Box 681 324652).
Figure 260. Walter Reed Hospital tennis court and service club, 6 Jun 1928 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 95251).
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Figure 261. Leech Cup tennis match, an annual competition between teams composed of officers and men of the Army and Navy, 1930 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 95281).
Figure 262. Leech Cup tennis match, 1930 (NARA 111-SC Box 733 95286).
Badminton Badminton is a game that is usually played in a gymnasium on a basketball court. Nets would either be put on movable stands (Fort Huachuca) or poles could be inserted into holes in the floor (NOB Adak). Many of the rules are similar to tennis and the use of different rackets and a shuttlecock made it possible for indoor play. The net for badminton is higher than tennis net but typically lower than volleyball net. Badminton was often described as a minor sport in most military athletic programs. Yet the Army and Navy provided badminton equipment and facilities at many training sites in the US and overseas (Wakefield, 121).
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Figure 263. Fort Huachuca USO Fry, AZ badminton, 19 May 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 65 138799).
Figure 264. NOB Adak quonset recreation building interior, 2 Aug 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 742 242074).
Volleyball Volleyball was invented at a YMCA in 1895. Dr. George J. Fisher, the secretary of the YMCA War Work Office helped spread the game to other countries by making volleyball part of the program in military training camps, both in the US and abroad. Thousands of balls and nets were sent overseas and presented to the Allied Armys sports directors during World War I. In 1919 more than 16,000 volleyballs were sent to US troops. Volleyball can be either an indoor or outdoor sport. When played indoors, it is typically played in a gymnasium on a basketball court (Fort Hood). When it is played outside, it is often played on sand (Lackland AFB), grass (Fort Douglas, Fort Sam Houston), or pavement (NAS Pensacola). There was even a playing area aboard the USS Sergeant Bay in 1945. Saipan had
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seven hundred men competing on seventy volleyball teams in ten leagues during World War II (Wakefield, 109).
Figure 265. Fort Douglas, UT volleyball, Dec 1941 (NARA 77 Box 26 391).
Figure 266. Volleyball on the USS Sergeant Bay, 11 Apr 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1198 321543).
Figure 267. Volleyball with recruit cadets at NAS Pensacola, FL, 3 Dec 1948 (NARA 80-G Box 2631 706411).
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Figure 268. Fort Sam Houston volleyball, 1942 (NARA 111-SC Box 62 137801).
Figure 269. Fort Hood volleyball, 3 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679537).
Figure 270. Randolph Field volleyball, 9 Feb 1933 (NARA 342-FH Box 1042 3B-12360).
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Figure 271. Lackland AFB WAFs playing volleyball, 22 Jan 1953 (NARA 342-FH Box 2089 3B-43032).
Basketball In the 1890s, basketball became popular as an indoor sport during the winter. It was invented by James A. Naismith at the YMCA in Springfield, MA, in 1891. Basketball immediately gained popularity in colleges, high schools, and athletic clubs throughout the country. The first professional basketball league was created in 1908. Basketball was introduced to Europe during World War I through soldiers. Basketball was included in the Inter-Allied games in 1919. During the 1940s soldiers played basketball in the Amateur Athletic Union. In 1941 a team from Scott Field went to the state championship. Basketball is often an indoor sport, but can also be played outside. Typically it is played in a gymnasium on a hardwood floor and is regulation sized. When played outside, it is usually on a concrete or asphalt surface and it not as large as it might be if it were inside. Fort Douglas, Utah, had several outdoor basketball courts. The Navy Operating Base in Adak, Alaska, had its basketball court in the gymnasium that was created in one of the Quonset huts.
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Figure 272. Fort Douglas, UT basketball courts, Dec 1941 (NARA 77 Box 26 391).
Figure 273. NOB Adak basketball game, 22 Mar 1944 (NARA 80-G Box 658 229497).
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous activities were also played that did not have a specific location for play. Sports like horseshoes (Fort Benning) or croquet could be played wherever there was an open area of grass.
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Figure 274. Fort Benning African American soldiers playing horseshoes, Aug 1941 (NARA 111-SC Box 20 122110).
Riding Stables
Riding stables could be found at military installations at Fort Bliss, Fort Belvoir, and Fort Sam Houston. Riders rode for recreation but also competed in competitions such as the International Modern Pentathlon competition at Fort Sam Houston. Riders from Fort Belvoir even trained for a pentathlon competition riding event in Chile in 1953.
Figure 275. Fort Bliss horse show parade ground, 24 Apr 1943 (NARA 111-SC Box 162 175751).
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Figure 276. Fort Belvoir training for pentathlon riding event in Chile, 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 256 432016).
Figure 277. Fort Sam Houston International Modern Pentathlon competition riding, 21 May 1957 (NARA 111-SC Box 318 512117).
Figure 278. Fort Sam Houston riding at entrance to stables, 2 Mar 1959 (NARA 111-SC Box 343 547261).
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Figure 279. Fort Sam Houston CISM Modern Pentathlon Championship riding, 8 May 1964 (NARA 111-SC Box 388 613649).
Miscellaneous
Ice Rinks In the winter, ice skating and ice hockey were popular. In some places such as Sioux Falls, recruits flooded an outdoor basketball court in early 1944 in order to play ice hockey.
Figure 280. Sioux Falls AAF hockey on a basketball court, 7 Jan 1944 (NARA 342-FH Box 2088 3B42829).
Judo Judo, originally from Japan, was named by Japanese professor, Jirogo Kano in 1882. Kano took elements from an ancient combative sport, jujitsu, and created a new, milder form of self-defense (Mandell 101).
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Judo was practiced at Fort Gordon during the Military Police ROTC summer camp in 1953. This could be practiced in gymnasiums but also any large room, as height was not as critical as many other sports. Floors were covered with protective mats, but Judo could be practiced almost anywhere there was room.
Figure 281. Fort Gordon Judo MPROTC summer camp, 18 Jul 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 260 437345).
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Track and Field Pedestrianism was the predecessor to Track and Field in the United States. It reached its peak during the 1870s and featured long-distance races. The races were usually held indoors and the contestants attempted to outdistance each other (Noverr, 37). Track and Field as we know it today got its origins in the United States from the highland games that were held by the Scottish Caledonian clubs. In 1867 the games held in New York consisted of three-hundred- and sixhundred yard races, the hop, step, and jump, and putting the stone (Green, 205). The New York Athletic Club constructed the first cinder track in 1868 (Noverr, 38). One of the inter-military events was a pentathlon that was named the AllPoint Company Championship that was held in 1917. The pentathlon was composed of 100 and 800 yard races, a broad jump, a shell put, and a pull up (Wakefield, 45). Soldiers were also allowed to participate in track and field events of the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) during the 1940s. Even today many of our armed forces athletes participate in the track and field at the Olympics. The military have been hosting their own track and field events for many years. Some examples are the Armys Fort Jackson Field and Track Meet in June 1953 and the Fort Hood Field and Track Meet in January 1980. Events at Fort Jackson included the 3 mile run, broad jump, javelin, and 440 yard dash. The 1980 meet at Fort Hood included javelin, discus, shot put, high jump, and 1500 meter run.
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Figure 284. Fort Jackson Track and Field Meet opening, 19 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 250 424333).
Figure 285. Fort Jackson Track and Field Meet 3 mile run, 19 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 250 424340).
Figure 286. Fort Jackson Track and Field Meet broad jump, 20 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 250 424334).
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Figure 287. Fort Jackson All-Army Field and Track Meet ceremonies at Patton Stadium, 12 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 255 430773).
Figure 288. Fort Jackson All-Army Field and Track Meet javelin Patton Stadium, 12 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 255 430776).
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Figure 289. Fort Jackson All-Army Track and Field Meet 440 yard dash at Patton Stadium, 12 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 255 430782).
Figure 290. Fort Jackson All-Army Track and Field Meet 440 yard dash at Patton Stadium, 12 Jun 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 255 430784).
Figure 291. Fort Hood Track and Field javelin, 8 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679506).
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Figure 292. Fort Hood Track and Field discus, 8 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679508).
Figure 293. Fort Hood Track and Field shot put, 8 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679509).
Figure 294. Fort Hood Track and Field high jump, 8 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679510).
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Figure 295. Fort Hood Track and Field 1500 m run, 8 Jan 1980 (NARA 111-SC Box 438 679511).
Wrestling/Boxing The military greatly influenced wrestling and boxing. Boxing was outlawed in most states during the post-Civil War era. By the 1940s boxing matches were normal events held on military installations. Wrestling matches occurred in Mare Island, California as an outdoor activity. The Naval Air Station in Alameda had a boxing ring set up outside in 1942 and Fort Sam Houston had a new athletic arena built in 1941 that sat 3,750 for boxing and wrestling matches. Wrestling and boxing enter into military training after General Leonard Wood and the War Department issued the Manual of Physical Training for Use in the United States Army in 1914. Wrestling and boxing were useful in training soldiers in hand-to-hand combat. Boxing and Wrestling as spectator sports were used to show the militarys power and masculinity. This seeped over in to civilian life as well. Boxing became a very profitable sport by the 1920s. By the 1950s there were Wednesday night fights telecasted weekly. It was the first sport to be taken over by television (Noverr, 242).
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Figure 296. Mare Island, CA wrestling (NARA 71-CA Box 237).
Figure 297. NAS Alameda box king smoker, 1942 (NARA 80-G Box 130 28726).
Recreational Areas
During World War I the YMCA provided recreational areas for soldiers during their leaves, also known as leave areas. Military officials were concerned about recalling men during their leave in case of a German attack and problems with soldiers not knowing the French language or customs while among the French civilian population. The YMCA selected areas with hotel, recreational facilities, healthy climate, and scenic surroundings. The first leave area was in Aixles-Baines, but by the end of the war there were nineteen areas in France, two in Italy and one in England. In these leave areas soldiers would find canteens, writing rooms, libraries, and organized excursions, dances, guided tours, hikes, and games (Venzo, 159).
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Today the U.S. Armys Morale, Welfare, and Recreations (MWR) offer multiple recreational areas for families. Soldiers can choose from a family vacation at Disney World, camping, or a full scale resort that hold Veteran sports tournaments. These recreational areas are located all over the world. The military had some recreational areas for fleet officers, including Camp Erdman in Oahu and Camp Gordon at Mirror Lake. Camp Erdman had several cottages, a swimming pool, a recreation building, a beach area, and a large open area for baseball or other activities. Camp Gordon was surrounded by a lake which made swimming a popular activity.
Figure 298. Camp Erdman, Oahu recreation camp for fleet officers, 20 Jun 1945 (NARA 80-G Box 1239 330409).
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Figure 312. Camp Gordon aerial of Mirror Lake, 24 Mar 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 247 421111).
Figure 313. Fort Campbell aerial of Lake Taal Recreation Area, 1 Jul 1953 (NARA 111-SC Box 254 429234).
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Evaluating Military Recreational Resources

Cultural resources are identified and managed within the Department of Defense (DoD) in accordance with Federal laws and military regulations. The identification of historically significant properties and resources can be achieved only through evaluation of their position within the larger historic context. According to the NRHP, historic contexts are defined as the patterns, themes, or trends in history by which a specific occurrence, property, or site is understood and its meaning (and ultimately its significance) within prehistory or history is made clear (NRB #15, 7). A historic property is determined significant or not significant based on the application of standardized National Register Criteria within the propertys historical context.
Criteria for Evaluation

The NRHP Criteria for Evaluation (36 CFR Part 60.4) describe how properties and districts are significant for their association with important events or persons (Criterion A and Criterion B), for their importance in design or construction (Criterion C), or for their information potential (Criterion D). The following is a brief description of each of the four NRHP Criteria for Evaluation (excerpted from National Register Bulletin #15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation): A. Eventassociated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or B. Personassociated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. Design/Constructionembody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. Information Potentialyielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. G. Properties that Have Achieved Significance within the Past Fifty Yearsproperties of exceptional importance.
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Significance
Most DoD installations have recreational complexes that are necessary for the physical and mental health of their service members. These facilities are an integral part of the homeland mission of DoD. Throughout history, recreation has provided much needed relief for the serviceperson to combat periods of intense violent activity and extreme strain followed by long periods of inactivity and boredom. After WWI, it was found that sports helped to promote and maintain military efficiency and morale. Recreation remains an important part of the military life today. However, few historic recreational resources remain intact today. The needs of the military are constantly changing, many fields have been moved, torn down and built over due to space constraints, or lay in disrepair due to lack of use. In addition, the clubs (for officers, NCOs, and enlisted) serve less of a need to the modern military and many have been torn down or adaptively reused. Recreational resources will rarely be eligible for the National Register under Criterion A for events, patterns of events or historic trends. Military installations themselves can be significant for military training periods and build up for major conflicts and events such as, but not limited to: Early Military (pre-1861), Civil War (1861-1865), National Expansion (1865-1916), World War I (1917-1920), Interwar (1921-1940), World War II (1941-1945), Early Cold War (1946-1955), and Late Cold War (19561989). Military installations may also be significant under Criterion A for their association with a pattern of events such as research and development of weapons, aircraft, technology or intelligence. However, recreational resources on installations are rarely directly mission supporting, and serve a lesser association with the historic events or patterns of events and therefore are not eligible as such. Exceptions may include the military academies, such as the US Military Academy at West Point, US Air Force Academy, or US Naval Academy where recreation is an integral part of the curriculum of a cadet or midshipmen. Also rare, are recreational resources on installations eligible under Criterion B for their association with significant persons. While documentation may exist of significant persons playing on a ball field or attending functions at an NCO Club, for example, this criterion is generally restricted to those properties which illustrate, rather than commemorate, a persons important achievements (NRB #15).
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Most eligible recreational resources will be eligible under Criterion C. Recreation facilities and resources in the military will generally either be contributing to a larger historic district (for example baseball or softball fields located adjacent to contributing barracks or housing areas) or they will be individually eligible when designed by a notable architect, landscape architect or designer. Examples may include a golf course designed by a famous golf course designer, or an officers club eligible for its architecture or type or method of construction. It is unlikely that any recreational facilities with be individually eligible under Criterion G for exceptional importance. However, they may be contributing resources to a district eligible under Criterion G if the district is less than 50 years of age and of exceptional importance and the recreation resources were built during the period of significance and are integral parts of the district.
Aspects of Integrity
In addition to possessing historical significance, recreational resources must also retain sufficient physical integrity of the features that convey their significance in order to be eligible to the NRHP (NRB #15, 44). Within the concept of integrity, the National Register criteria recognize seven aspects or qualities that, in various combinations, define integrity. To retain historic integrity a property will always possess several, and usually most, of the following aspects: Location Location is the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred. Design Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property. It results from conscious decisions made during the original conception and planning of a property (or its significant alteration) and applies to activities as diverse as community planning, engineering, architecture, and landscape architecture. Design includes such elements as organization of space, proportion, scale, technology, ornamentation, and materials. Setting Setting is the physical environment of a historic property. Setting refers to the character of the place in which the prop-
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erty played its historical role. It involves how, not just where, the property is situated and its relationship to surrounding features and open space. Materials Materials are the physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property. Workmanship Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. Feeling Feeling is a propertys expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular time period. Association Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property.
Integrity
For most recreational resources, the integrity will be difficult to determine due to the addition of modern features. The field of recreation is everchanging: the popularity of sports, the changing rules and demands for equipment, the addition of night lighting and security in addition to the needs of spectators and parking, have affected the numbers of features and additions to recreational resources over the past century. For example, baseball fields have become softball fields and driving ranges and soccer have become more popular. More recently, large sports complexes with multiple ball fields have replaced the ball fields adjacent to barracks of yesterday. However, what remains most important about historic recreational areas is the consistent location, layout and continued use of the facility. For example, ball fields in their historic location and layout with their association to adjacent barracks (location, design, setting, association). While the addition of modern lighting, backstops, and bleachers (materials) can detract some from the integrity (feeling), the assumption is that these features are temporary and will again be replaced in the future. Below are list of potential character-defining features by recreational resource to aid in the integrity evaluation of resources. The list is a guideline, and not intended to be a checklist for integrity, as eligible resources may only have one to two of these features. Notations have been made about
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the interiors of buildings for those buildings which may be individually eligible. Golf Courses Golf courses may be individually eligible under Criterion C if they were designed by a famous golf course designer or landscape architect. In addition, the clubhouses may be individually eligible under Criterion C as well if there is architectural integrity of both interiors and exteriors. First step for evaluating a golf course is to do the historical research; was it designed by a designer or architect or was the clubhouse? Second, is to find out if it is located within an existing historic district? If so, was it built during the same period of significance as the district, and does it contribute to the district? Ask those same questions if the course is located adjacent to an existing district, as the district may need to be enlarged to include the historic golf course. Many early district nominations did not look at landscape features or recreational resources, just buildings and structures. Character Defining Features Number of holes and placement of each hole Overall layout of the course and its relationship to clubhouse, structures and natural or man-made features (lakes, ponds, mountains, etc) [Note that the construction of additional holes over the years may have affected the overall layout of the course.] Difficulty of the golf course (par) Condition of the club house (both exterior and interior if individually eligible) Views (from each tee-off spot and throughout the course?) Clubs: Officers Club Officers clubs may be individually eligible under Criterion C if they were designed by a famous architect or contain characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or that possess high artistic values or craftsmanship. To be individually eligible, the officers club must have architectural integrity of both interiors and exteriors. In addition, clubs may be contributing resources in a district under Criterion C, if they were built during the period of significance and in similar architectural style as the rest of the district and they have integrity.
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Character Defining Features: Interiors Interior detail of the public spaces Original layout of the lounges, ballrooms, game rooms, and bars
Character Defining Features: Exteriors Site proximity (and layout) to other officers support areas (officers housing, headquarters, parade ground etc) Was there a swimming pool or tennis courts attached/adjacent to the club? A patio area? And has there been consistent use of these spaces? Views of club from surrounding area Landscaping around club (visibility as a prominent building on the installation/hierarchy) Clubs: NCO Club NCO clubs may be individually eligible under Criterion C if they were designed by a famous architect or contain characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or that possess high artistic values or craftsmanship. To be individually eligible, the NCO club must have architectural integrity of both interiors and exteriors. In addition, clubs may be contributing resources in a district under Criterion C, if they were built during the period of significance and in similar architectural style as the rest of the district and they have integrity.
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Figure 314: Rear area of Fort Bragg NCO Club showing patio and pool, 1961 (NARA 111-SC Box 367 587442).
Figure 315: Rear of NCO Club, 05 November 2008 (CERL).
Character Defining Features: Interiors Interior detail of the public spaces Original layout of the lounges, ballrooms, game rooms, and bars
Character Defining Features: Exteriors Site proximity (and layout) to other officers support areas (officers housing, headquarters, parade ground etc) Was there a swimming pool or tennis courts attached/adjacent to the club? A patio area? And has there been consistent use of these spaces? Views of club from surrounding area
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Landscaping around club (visibility as a prominent building on the installation/hierarchy) Enlisted Club Character Defining Features: Interiors Interior detail of the public spaces Original layout of the lounges, ballrooms, game rooms, and bars
Character Defining Features: Exteriors Site proximity (and layout) to other officers support areas (officers housing, headquarters, parade ground etc) Was there a swimming pool or tennis courts attached/adjacent to the club? A patio area? And has there been consistent use of these spaces? Views of club from surrounding area Landscaping around club (visibility as a prominent building on the installation/hierarchy)
Field Houses/ Gymnasiums Field houses or gymnasiums may be individually eligible under Criterion C if they were designed by a famous architect or contain characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or that possess high artistic values or craftsmanship. To be individually eligible, the facility must have architectural integrity of both interiors and exteriors. In addition, field houses or gymnasiums may be contributing resources in a district under Criterion C, if they were built during the period of significance and in similar architectural style as the rest of the district and they have integrity.
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Figure 316: Dedication of Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, 14 May 1951 (NARA 111-SC Box 785 370519).
Figure 317: Exterior Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL).
Figure 318: Interior Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
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Character Defining Features Original use; basketball, volleyball, badminton, etc. Can the area still be converted to suit all these uses? Was there an indoor swimming pool or weightlifting and fitness area? Was there an area for spectators? Was there benches that were removable or permanent? What was the original lighting? What was the original floor material? Was it hardwood for a basketball court that was sometime converted into volleyball or badminton court? Was there a stage?
Swimming Pools Swimming pools located at Officers clubs and NCO clubs or within housing areas should be evaluated as features of the whole. Character Defining Features Original size, shape and depth Materials Landscape around the pool (Layout (room for tables, chairs, around the pool) Associated structures (Bathhouse, snack bar, pump house or other service buildings for the pool) Fencing
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Fields (Baseball/ Softball/ Football/ Polo/ Soccer) Ball fields will rarely be individually eligible, but may be contributing resources to a district or part of a larger recreational complex. Character Defining Features Was there permanent backstops or bleachers? Was there a dugout or scoreboard? Associated structures (press box, ticket office, snacks) Fencing Layout (size etc), relationship to parking, barracks etc Signage
Stadia (Baseball/ Football) Stadia may be individually eligible under Criterion C if they were designed by a famous architect or contain characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or that possess high artistic values or craftsmanship.
Figure 319: Norfolk Virginia baseball stadium, date unknown (NARA 71CA Box 323).
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Figure 320: Norfolk Virginia baseball stadium, 2008 (CERL).
Character Defining Features Material of the original structure was it a simple wooden structures that included rows of bleachers that were covered by a roof or more elaborate with brickwork and steel framing? Was there lighting for night games? Shape of the spectator seating. Baseball usually had L-shaped seating, where as football usually had two parallel blocks that faced each other. Original use of the stadium. Did it serve multiple purposes? Was it designed for football and track and field events? Was there a track, if so what was the original material of the track? Was there a scoreboard? Any associated buildings (ticket office, equipment shed etc)
Bowling Character Defining Features Was it secluded within its own structure? How many lanes historically? Today? Was/is there a locker area or concession stand?
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What was the system set up to return balls, restack the pins, or to keep score?
Riding Stables Character Defining Features Is the configuration of the stalls still the same? Landscape around the riding stable (riding pens)? Features such as fencing, water troughs and feeding areas? Are there associated rings or corrals? Riding trails? Courts
Figure 321: Fort Winfield Scott parade ground basketball court, Presidio of San Francisco, 2008 (CERL).
Character Defining Features Is the court grass, dirt, sand, pavement, asphalt, or concrete? Landscape around the court Moveable or permanent nets? Has the size of the court changed? Fencing Location (relationship to field house, barracks, officers housing?)
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Ice Rinks May be indoor or outdoor rinks, may be eligible under Criterion C if they were designed by a famous architect or contain characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or that possess high artistic values or craftsmanship. Character Defining Features Indoor or outdoor Facilities supporting the Ice Rink
Recreational Areas Recreational areas for military families range from a simple RV/motor home park to lake resorts with cabins, camping areas, swimming areas and boat rental. It is possible there is a need for a national context for these areas looking at their association with the transition to an all volunteer military in 1973. Character Defining Features Layout and design of facility Recreational resources (swimming, boating, basketball courts, tennis courts, horseshoes, etc) Buildings and structures (cabins, camp store, restrooms, wash house, lodge, boat house, changing rooms, snack bars, etc) Picnic facilities Playgrounds Camping areas Gate and/or gatehouse How does the facility fit into the natural landscape (which areas were left as natural forest and which areas were planted?)
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Figure 322: Belton Lake Recreation Area (Ft. Hood), Texas, 2004 (CERL).
Figure 323: Fourth Cliff Family Recreation Area (Hanscom AFB), Massachusetts, 2008 (CERL).
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Context Case Studies

As a part of this project, two military installations, Fort Bragg in North Carolina and Kirtland AFB in New Mexico, were visited and their recreational resources extensively photographed. The examples should be used as a guide to help identify key character defining features which will ultimately help determine the integrity of each resource. Fort Bragg Recreation (Case Study #1) History/Existing Conditions (and map) Fort Bragg, located in Fayetteville, North Carolina, has four historic districts; the Old Post Historic District, the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, and Simmons Army Airfield Historic District, and the Pope Army Airfield Historic District. Of the four, only the Old Post Historic District contains recreational resources. The Old Post Historic District (OPHD) is significant under Criterion C for its layout and design. The OPHD was laid out incorporating Beaux-Arts design principles, specifically the formalization and dedication of green spaces, open vistas, and the juxtaposition of residential and administrative areas. The Officers housing, Normandy Heights, and the NonCommissioned Officers housing, Bastogne Gables, were constructed in the Spanish-Eclectic style. Both housing areas are built around a central park area, and the golf course and officers club are adjacent to the officers housing area. Two ball fields located behind the old barracks buildings remain as does the Polo Field. Contributing resources within the OPHD include the Ryder Golf Course, Officers Club, Polo Field, and two ball fields. Lee Field House is individually eligible for its architecture under Criterion C. Stryker Golf Course Recreational resources located outside the OPHD and not determined individually eligible are the Ice Rink, Dragon Lanes Bowling, NCO club, football field, and Smith Lake Recreational Area. Photographs of these have been included as examples.
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Officers Course, Ryder Golf Course

Figure 324: Ryder Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
188
NCO Course, Stryker Golf Course

Figure 327: Stryker Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
Figure 328: Stryker Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
Figure 329: Figure 4: Stryker Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
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Officers Club
Figure 330: Officers' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
190
Figure 333: Officers' Club Swimming Pool, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
Figure 334: Officers' Club Swimming Pool, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
Figure 335: Officers Club Swimming Pool, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
191
NCO Club
Figure 336: NCOs' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL).
Figure 337: NCOs' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
192
Figure 338: NCO Swimming Pool, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
Figure 339: NCO Swimming Pool, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
193
Field House/Gymnasiums
Figure 340: WWI-era field house, 05 November 2010 (CERL). Callahan Field House was determined ineligible because it has been moved at least once and there is no original exterior fabric.
Figure 341: Cold War era William C Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL). Lee Field House was determined individually eligible for architecture.
Figure 342: William C Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL).
194
Figure 343: William C Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL). The building houses three individual basketball playing courts, an indoor swimming pool, an outdoor swimming pool, and offices for Post Special Services.
Figure 344: William C Lee Field House, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
195
Softball Fields
Figure 347: Softball Fields, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
Figure 348: Softball Fields, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
196
Polo/Soccer Fields
Figure 349: Polo Fields, Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
Figure 350: Soccer Field, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
Figure 351: Soccer Field, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.
197
Stadia Football
Figure 352: Football Stadium, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL). Hedrick Stadium was determined ineligible.
Figure 353: Football Stadium, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL).
198
Bowling Alley
Figure 354: Dragon Lanes, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2008.
Figure 355: Dragon Lanes Interior, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2008.
Figure 356: Dragon Lanes Interior, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2008.
199
Ice Rink
Figure 357: Ice Rink, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2007.
200
Riding Stables
Figure 360: Riding Stables, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2007.
201
Other Recreational Areas

Figure 361: Smith Lake Recreation Area, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2007.
202
Kirtland AFB Recreation (Case Study #2) History/Existing Conditions Kirtland AFB is located in Albuquerque, New Mexico and is home to the 377th Air Base Wing. There are three historic districts at Kirtland: the Sandia School Historic District, the 34th Air Division Historic District, and the EMP Simulation Historic District. In addition, there are 59 individually eligible buildings. A 1998 report also found that 151 of the 253 buildings and structures in the Manzano Weapons Storage Area meet the criteria of exceptional importance for inclusion in the National Register. However, no documentation of SHPO concurrence exists. The Sandia School Historic District is significant under Criteria A for its role as the Sandia School for girls and C for architecture. There are no recreational resources that remain from the period of significance of the school. The EMP Simulation Historic District is legible under Criterion G for exceptional importance. No recreational resources exist within the district. The third district, the 34th Air Division Historic District, is eligible under Criterion A for its Cold War role as an early 1950s Air Defense Command headquarters. No recreational resources exist as part of this district.
Golf Course
Figure 364: Golf Course, Kirtland AFB, 06 August 2009.
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Figure 365: Golf Course, Kirtland AFB, 06 August 2009.
Officers Club
Figure 366: Officers' Club, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
Figure 367: Officers' Club, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
204
NCO Club
Figure 368: NCOs' Club, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
Figure 369: NCOs' Club, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
Field House/Gymnasiums
Figure 370: Gymnasium, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
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Swimming Pools
Figure 371: Outdoor Swimming Pool, Now Enclosed, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
Fields (Baseball/Softball/Polo/Soccer)
Figure 372: Schwebke Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
206
Figure 374: Figure 43: Schwebke Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
207
Figure 377: Softball Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
Figure 379: Sand Volleyball, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
208
Figure 380: Softball Fields, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
Figure 382: Sand Volleyball, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
209
Figure 383: Softball Fields, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
Stadia - Football
Figure 384: Football Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
210
Riding Stables
Figure 387: Riding Stables, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.
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Bibliography
82nd Airborne- All American". BaseOps.net. 15 May 2009 <http://www.baseops.net/militarybooks/82airborne.html>. Allen, Edward Frank. Keeping Our Fighters Fit. New York: The Century Co., 1918. "Case Study: Fort Sam Houston Officers Club". ClimateCraft. 13 May 2009 <http://www.climatecraft.com/literature/case_studies/Ft.%20Sam %20Houston.pdf>. Dulles, Foster Rhea. A History of Recreation: America Learns to Play. New York: Meredith Publishing Company, 1965. Fielding, Lawrence W. War and Trifles: Sport in the Shadows of Civil War Army Life Journal of Sports History 4 (Summer, 1977): 151-168. Green, Harvey. Fit for America Health, Fitness, Sport, and American Society. New York: Pantheon Book, 1986. Grover, Kathryn ed. Fitness in American Culture; Images of Health, Sport, and the Body, 1830-1940. Rochester, NY; The Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum, 1989. Gutman, Allen. A Whole New Ball Game; An Interpretation of American Sports. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1988. "History of Softball". FastpitchSoftball.com. 25 Mar 2009<http://www.fastpitchsoftball.com/fastpitchsoftballhistory.as p.> History- Presidio of San Francisco". The Presidio Trust. 13 May 2009 <http://www.presidio.gov/event/rental/officersclub/history.htm>. Kendrick, Scott. "A Brief Illustrated History of Softball". About.com. 25 Mar 2009 <http://baseball.about.com/od/olympicsoftball/ss/softballorigins_ 4.htm> Mandell, Richard D., Sport; A Cultural History. New York; Columbia University Press, 1984.
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Mrozek, Donald J. The Interplay of Metaphor and Practice in the U.S. Defense Establishments Use of Sport, 1940-1950. Journal of American Culture 7(1984):54-59. Noverr, Douglas A. and Lawrence E. Ziewacz. The Games they Played: Sports in American History, 1865-1980. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1983. Pope, Steve. An Army of Athletes: Playing Fields, Battlefields, and the American Military Sporting Experience, 1890-1920 The Journal of Military History 59(July 1995): 435-456. "Soccer in the United States". Wikipedia. 25 Mar 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_the_United_States.> The Evolution of and Ever Evolving Army Sports Program U.S. Army MWR. 27 July 2009 <http://www.armymwr.biz/docs/history_army_sports_program.p df.> Tate, Michael L. The American Army in Transition, 1865- 1898. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007. Venzon, Anne Cipriano, Ed. The United States in the First World War; an Encyclopedia. New York; Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995. Wakefield, Wanda Ellen. Playing to Win; Sports and the American Military 1898-1945. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1997.
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A History of Recreation in the Military Legacy Project # 08-388
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U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) 2902 Newmark Drive Champaign, IL 61822
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This document is a historic context of military recreation in the Department of Defense. This historic context satisfies a portion of Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended (NHPA). Cultural resources personnel at the installation level and their contractors will utilize this military recreation historic context to place their recreation facilities in a broader context to help in determining whether or not these recreation facilities are eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and whether an adverse effect will take place.
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National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) Military recreation

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cultural resources management

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historic preservation
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A History of Recreation in the Military

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ERDC/CERL SR-11-Final August 2011

A History of Recreation in the Military

Field Houses/Gymnasiums.................................................................................................... 93 Swimming Pools ................................................................................................................... 104

Fields ..................................................................................................................................... 121

Football ..................................................................................................................................... 139

Bowling.................................................................................................................................. 140 Courts.................................................................................................................................... 143

Riding Stables.......................................................................................................................153 Miscellaneous ......................................................................................................................155

Context Case Studies ...........................................................................................................186

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 211

Report Documentation Page

Figures and Tables

Unit Conversion Factors

Figure 1. Elysian Fields in Hoboken, 15 October 1859 (Library of Congress 2008676716).

Figure 2. Knickerbocker Club, 1847 (Wikipedia).

Figure 3. Union prisoners play baseball in Salisbury, NC (Library of Congress 94508290).

Figure 4. Cincinnati Red Stockings, 1869 (Wikipedia).

Figure 5. Roller skating, 1880 (Library of Congress 2005694682).

Figure 9. Lawn Tennis, September 17, 1887 (Library of Congress 2003663899).

Figure 11. YMCA advertisement, circa 1900 (Green 215).

Figure 15. Automobile and trailer, 1940 (Library of Congress fsa2000019603).

Figure 21. Training to come to grips with Hun (Allen 46).

Figure 36. Football in Italy (NARA 111-SC Box 699 332719).

Early Cold War

Late Cold War

Figure 229. Navy lacrosse team, 1928 (NARA 101571).

Figure 235. Norfolk, VA baseball stadium (NARA 71-CA Box 323).

Figure 251. Bowling (NARA 111-SC Box 629 306552).

Figure 296. Mare Island, CA wrestling (NARA 71-CA Box 237).

Evaluating Military Recreational Resources

Criteria for Evaluation

Figure 315: Rear of NCO Club, 05 November 2008 (CERL).

Figure 320: Norfolk Virginia baseball stadium, 2008 (CERL).

Context Case Studies

Officers Course, Ryder Golf Course

Figure 325: Ryder Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.

Figure 326: Ryder Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.

NCO Course, Stryker Golf Course

Figure 328: Stryker Golf Course, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.

Figure 331: Officers' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.

Figure 332: Officers' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.

Figure 337: NCOs' Club, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.

Figure 348: Softball Fields, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.

Figure 350: Soccer Field, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.

Figure 351: Soccer Field, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008.

Figure 353: Football Stadium, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2008 (CERL).

Figure 355: Dragon Lanes Interior, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2008.

Figure 356: Dragon Lanes Interior, Fort Bragg, 06 November 2008.

Figure 358: Ice Rink, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2007.

Figure 359: Ice Rink, Fort Bragg, 05 November 2007.

Other Recreational Areas

Figure 365: Golf Course, Kirtland AFB, 06 August 2009.

Figure 367: Officers' Club, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.

Figure 369: NCOs' Club, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.

Figure 373: Schwebke Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.

Figure 375: Schwebke Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.

Figure 376: Schwebke Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.

Figure 377: Softball Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.

Figure 378: Softball Field, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.

Figure 379: Sand Volleyball, Kirtland AFB, 09 August 2009.