Biology AS revision

Single Circulatory System - Found in fish - Two chambered heart instead of 4 - Blood travels to gills, passes through capillaries, where it picks up Oxygen and loses some pressure. - Then goes back to the heart but at a lower speed due to lower pressure Double Circulatory System - Found in Mammals and Birds - A Pulmonary and a Systemic Circulation - Pulmonary goes from heart to lungs - Systemic goes from heart to the rest of the body - Must have 4 chambers (2 Atri & 2 Ventricles) - Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to lungs - Left side receives the oxygenated blood and gives it a boost so that it can travel around body

Heart Structure - Cardiac Muscle - Right Atrium - Left Atrium - Right Ventricle - Left Ventricle (this has the thickest muscle as it is responsible for pushing blood around entire body) - Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, it then enters the right ventricle through the right tricuspid valve and then it is pushed into the lungs via the pulmonary arteries (the only arteries carrying deoxygenated blood) Oxygenated blood then passes back Into the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium

which then enters the left ventricle via the left bicuspid valve where it then receives a boost to go around the entire body Valves Atrio-Ventricular Valves (AV Valves) - These are the Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves - As the name suggests they are between the atrium and ventricle. The tricuspid valve has three cusps/flaps whilst the Bicuspid valve has two cusps/flaps Semi-Lunar Valves - Guard the openings to pulmonary artery and aorta and prevent backflow, both valves have three semi-lunar cusps How The Heart Beats Sequence of events in a heartbeat are known as the cardiac cycle This cycle has four overlapping processes - Atrial Systole: Both Atria contract, forcing blood into the Ventricles - Ventricular Systole: Both ventricles contract, forcing blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and through the aorta to the rest of the body - Atrial Diastole: The Atria relax, Ventricles are still contracted. Blood enters the Atria from the large veins coming from the body - Ventricular Diastole: Ventricles relax and become ready to fill with blood from the atria as the next cycle begins

Control Of The Cardiac Cycle - Heartbeat must be carefully controlled so that the chambers only beat when they are full of blood. This is done by coordinating the cardiac cycle - Each heartbeat starts with an impulse from the SA Node (Sino-Atrial Node which is located on the right atrium. This is known as the pacemaker. The electrical signal spreads over the atrium causing it to contract. - The signal does not directly pass to the ventricles, if that happened then they would contract before they were full of blood (this isnt very good) so the signal is delayed slightly by the Atrio-Ventricular Node (AV Node) where it picks up the signal and passes it through a collection of muscle fibres in the ventricular septum known as the Bundle Of His, from here the signal spreads through the wall of the ventricles, through the Purkyne fibres and the ventricles contract Blood Vessels - Three major types: Arteries, Veins & Capillaries - Arteries carry blood from the heart - Arteries branch into smaller Arterioles - Arterioles then branch into Capillaries - Capillaries are permeable and are only 1 cell layer thick this allows exchange between blood and nearby cells, blood flows from capillaries into venules, which drain into larger veins. - Both Arteries and Veins have the same three layers: Tunica Externa, Tunica Media & Tunica Interna. The thickness abd composition of these layers differ depending on the function of the vessel. - Arteries have a particularly thick Tunica Media containing smooth muscle and elastic fibres - Veins have a thinner Tunica Media and a larger lumen to carry slower-flowing blood at low pressure. Capillary Circulation The circulatory system keeps all cells bathed in tissue fluid. The

tissue fluid has a reasonably constant composition because capillaries allow exchange of materials between blood and fluid. How tissue fluid is formed - Blood from the arterioles is under high hydrostatic pressure (physical pressure from the contraction of the ventricles) When blood enters a capillary, substances are forced out through the permeable wall. The capillary walls act as filters and a proportion of all chemicals under a particular size is squeezed, forming tissue fluid. The composition of Tissue fluid is very similar to blood plasma. Structure and Function In Blood Vessels Vessel Artery Structure Rich in elastic fibres; very tough elastic walls with some muscle fibres Function Recoil; withstands surges in pressure and maintains diastolic blood pressure Higher proportion of Can constrict or muscle to elastic dilate to control fibres compared to blood supply to artery particular areas Thin, permeable Allows rapid diffusion and exchange Relatively thin; Returns blood to contain valves; heart under low have larger lumen pressure, valves than similar sized prevent backflow artery

Arteriole

Capillary Vein