Molecular Models

Name: Yara Sayegh Subject: Chemistry Submitted to: Ms. Lady Maalouf Date: March 23, 2011 Class: IB-1

Yara Sayegh ; 000829016

*Purpose/Aim/Objective:
The purpose of this experiment was to make models of molecules, using ball-and-stick model kits; as well as, to convert three-dimensional molecular models to two-dimensional molecular drawings.

*Apparatus/Equipment/Materials:
- 1 ball-and-stick model set (6-student group)

*Procedure:
1. A ball-and-stick model set was used to construct models of water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4) molecules. A sketch of each molecule was made, and shape, bond angles, and type hybridization were noted. 2. Models of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2), and ethane (C2H6) were constructed. The molecular formula for each of these compounds was noted, and a sketch of each molecule was drawn and then named. 3. A model of the substances of the air above a burning candle, which contains nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, oxygen gas, and soot, were constructed. 4. A model urea (CO(NH2)2) was constructed and its shape was sketched. 5. A model of butane (C4H10) was constructed. The model was then sketched. Later, a model of a different molecule that has the same molecular formula as butane was constructed. (Butane was made in two ways (isomers) 6. A model of bromochlorofluoromethane (CHBrClF) was constructed. Then the compound was sketched. After, an isomer of this compound was constructed. 7. Finally, C6H6 was made into a three-dimensional model with two isomers.

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Yara Sayegh ; 000829016

*Data Collection/Processing/Analysis:
Table 1: Molecular Shapes, Bonding Angles, & Type of Hybridization Molecule Water Shape Bent Bond Angles Hybridization

H2 O

104.5o

SP3

Ammonia

Trigonal Pyramidal 107o SP3

NH3

Methane

Tetrahedral 109.5o SP3

CH4

Hydrogen Sulfide

Bent 92o

H2 S

No Hybridization

Carbon Tetrachloride

Tetrahedral 109.5o SP3

CCl4

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Yara Sayegh ; 000829016

Dichlorodifluoromethane

Tetrahedral 109.5o SP3

CCl2F2

Ethane

Tetrahedral 109.5o SP3

C2H6

Nitrogen Gas

Linear 180o

N2

SP

Carbon Dioxide Gas

Linear 180o

CO2

SP

Oxygen Gas

Linear 180o

O2

SP

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Yara Sayegh ; 000829016

Table 2: Molecular Shapes and Structures

Molecule

Shape

CO(NH2)2

C4H10

CHBrClF

C6H6
(isomer 1)

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Yara Sayegh ; 000829016

C6H6
(isomer 2)

*Conclusion:
In conclusion, this experiment allowed us to visualize the different molecules in a threedimensional perspective. Moreover, it allowed us to further our knowledge of molecules and their bonding angles and shapes, as well as developed our skill in reproducing the three-dimensional molecular structures into two-dimensional ones on paper.

*Evaluation & Improvements:

In general, the experiment was nearly perfect. The three-dimensional shapes gave an almost exact form of the molecules, and their bonding angles were roughly correct. However, a more accurate ball-and-stick model set could have been used to improve the experiment. A more accurate set would portray the bonding angles more precisely, as well as the shapes.

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