CHEMISTRY NOTES

4/12/2010 1:51:00 AM

Rates of reaction:
The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction;

A graph of temperature versus rate of reaction produces a curve that doesnt pass through the origin. This is because then at 0C the reaction proceeds although it is rather slow. As the temperature increases the rate of reaction also increases but it is not directly proportional. The rate should roughly be double at every 10C. When particles are heated they gain kinetic energy that means they will have more collisions. For a reaction to occur the collision must be successful i.e. molecules must break and re-join forming new substances. At higher temperatures, collisions are more frequent and more energetic therefore more likely to be successful and lead to a reaction. The more successful collisions each second the faster the reaction takes place.

Investigating catalysis;

A catalyst is a substance which: Speeds up a chemical reaction Does not get used up or changed during a reaction. A solid catalyst must have: The same volume of hydrogen peroxide solution Same concentration of hydrogen peroxide solution Same mass and surface area of solid Recorded time to produce same volume of oxygen

Does the surface are of a catalyst matter? Same volume and concentration of hydrogen peroxide Same substance

Why does a catalyst increase the rate? In the presence of a catalyst, a collision needs less energy. The result is that more collisions become successful, so the reaction goes faster. Catalysts are very important in industry, because they speed up reactions even at low temperatures. This means less fuel is needed, so money is saved.

Definitions
CATALYST- a catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical change. The catalyst itself does not get used up or changed in the reaction. The catalyst itself does not alter the products that are formed in a chemical reaction. COLLISION THEORY- particles must collide in order to be able to react and for the collision to be successful they must collide with a minimum energy called the activation energy. PROFILE- initially the rate of a reaction is fast because there is a high concentration of reactant particles and lots of successful collision leading to a reaction. As the particles are used up there are less successful collision so the rate of reaction is slower. TEMPERATURE- as the temperature of a reaction increases the particles gain kinetic energy. They move faster and have more frequent and more violent collisions. They are more successful collision thus the rate of reaction is faster.

4/12/2010 1:51:00 AM

Atomic number and Mass number;

Each element in the periodic table has 2 numbers. The smallest number is called atomic number. It is equivalent to the number of protons in an atom. Protons have a positive charge and atoms are neutral i.e. they have no charge. The positive charge of protons is balanced out by the negative charges of the electrons. For an atom- Number of protons = Number of electrons +Atomic number For example Neon is a atomic number ten so it will have 10 protons in its nucleus and ten electrons in the shells around the nucleus. The elements in the periodic table are listed in order of increasing atomic number. The largest number is called the mass number of the atom and it is equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons added together. We can now work out the number of neutrons in any atom. Number of neutrons = the mass number the atomic number.

Chemical Behaviour;
All the metals in group 1 of the periodic table have a lonely electron in their outer shell. They are very reactive because they want to lose their outside electron so that they are left with a complete shell of electrons on the outside. They give their outer electron the atoms of other chemicals causing vigorous reactions. The non-metallic element in group 7 of the table is also very reactive because they only need one more electron to complete their uttermost shell. Group 0 of the table contains the noble gases whish are all very unreactive because they have a complete outer shell and do not need to gain or lose electrons.

Patterns in the electronic configurations;

Horizontally As you go across the last number increases by one each time e.g. 2,1,2,2 2,3 2,4. Etc. The same numbers of shells are occupied in each row.

Vertically The group number is the same as the electrons in the outer shell. As you go down a group an extra shell is being filled each time. E.g. group 2,1 2,8,1,2,8,8,1

State Symbols;
Adding state symbols is the final part of writing a chemical equation. The state of each substance is written in a bracket after the formula on the line. Solid (S) Liquid (L) Gas (G) Aqueous (aq) a chemical in a solution i.e. dissolved in water E.g. Sodium + oxygen Sodium oxide 4 Na (s) + 02 (g) 2 Na20 (s)

The salt copper sulphate can be made by reacting copper carbonate with sulphuric acid. Copper Carbonate + Sulphuric Acid Copper Sulphate + Carbon dioxide + water Cu32+ Cu Co3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4 (aq) + Co32- Co2 (g) + H20 (l)