COORDINATION AND RESPONSE HOMEOSTASIS

the maintenance of a ________ and _________ internal environment of an organism examples: blood glucose levels, temperature regulation takes place via a _________ loop

Negative/ positive feedback when a change occurs in the body, there are two ways the body can respond 1. negative feedback - body responds in such a way as to ___________ the direction of a change - once this mechanism in place and the condition is reversed, negative feedback is sent to prevent any more corrective mechanism by targeting organ that produces the change 2. positive feedback (extra) - amplification of signal Temperature regulation cold-blooded animals are unable to maintain body temperature warm-blooded animals are able to maintain body temperature

heat loss/ gain - via radiation, conduction and convection - evaporation

Skin

Mechanisms involved in temperature regulation 1. Rise in blood temperature increased sweating - sweat gland becomes more active, more sweat is produced, sweat evaporate heat loss vasodilation - blood arterioles near skin surface dilate, increased heat loss through radiation hair erector muscles relax - hair lies close to skin surface, less air is trapped less insulation more effective heat loss via convection and conduction metabolic rate decreases - decrease rate of respiration less energy produced less heat 2. Decrease in blood temperature shivering occurs - generate heat hair erector muscle contracts - hair stands and traps more air increased insulation reduced heat loss via convection and conduction vasoconstriction - bood arterioles near skin surface constrict less blood flow to the skin surface less heat loss metabolic rate increases - increased rate of respiration more energy produced more heat Importance of constant body temperature enzymes work their best at optimum temperature diffusion rates are affected by temperature liquids such as blood become more viscous (thicker)

 cells die in low temperatures less blood to skin/extremities no oxygeon/ less oxygen - enzymes inactivated

Regulation of blood glucose INSULIN produced by the beta cells in the pancreas (an ____________ gland) secreted when there is an _______ in blood glucose concentration converts excess glucose to ____________ so that blood glucose concentration is maintained at a constant 90 mg/dL target cells: liver cells, muscle cells, normal cells How it works increases ______________ of cell membrane to glucose - more glucose enters cell _________________ in the blood excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage (in ___________ and ___________) causes increased oxidation of glucose during respiration less glucose in the blood ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT OF INSULIN AND GLUCAGON regulates blood glucose levels both insulin and glucagon are always produced, it is the amount that affects regulation

DIABETES undersecretion of insulin condition which results in the body being _______ to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood 1. Type 1: pancreas cannot produce enough insulin 2. Type 2: target cells cant respond well to insulin excess glucose is excreted in the urine