Waslaluddin, dkk
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Definisi dan Terminologi Prinsip Transduksi Fisika dan Kimia Klasifikasi Sensor Perkembangan Sensor
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Radiasi Mekanik
Magnetik
Termal Elektrik
Magnetik
Termal Elektrik
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Sensor merespon dalam bentuk sinyal yang dapat diproses lebih lanjut seperti
Amplifikasi, pemfilteran, transmisi, pemrosesan dan displai
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Measurement Science
the systematic study and organization of the methods by which INFORMATION is gathered from the PHYSICAL world
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Suatu perangkat yang mengkombinasikan suatu elemen sensor dan pemroses sinyal pada suatu IC tunggal [PY95a] Sensor cerdas adalah suatu sensor yang memiliki fungsi yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan representasi yang benar besaran yang dideteksi atau besaran yang dikontrol [1451.2][Fnk00]
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Elemen primer (primary sensing elements) Kontrol eksitasi Amplifikasi Pemfilteran analog Konversi data Kompensasi Pemrosesan informasi digital Pemrosesan komunikasi digital
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FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI E-nose
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DEFINISI FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Transduksi: Pengubahan dari satu energi ke energi lain
D I R E C T energi termal energi elektrik energi mekanik energi elektrik energi radiasi energi elektrik energi magnetik energi elektrik energi kimia energi elektrik Kimia C O M P L E X energi kimia energi mekanik energi elektrik energi mekanik energi termal Elektrik energi elektrik Magnetik
Radiasi
Mekanik
Termal
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Elektrik : V, I, Q, R, L, C, E, . Magnetik : H, B, , , , dipol momen (m). Radiasi Kimia : Warna, Int., T, R, A, refraktif indeks (n), koef. ekst.(k) : Komposisi (xA), C, kec. reaksi (R), pH, humiditas
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sudut () ??..
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TRANSDUKSI KE ELEKTRIK
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Thermistor Electrochemical Photocurrent Pyroelectric Humidity Length (LVDT) Microphone : temperature : chemistry resistance voltage current voltage
: light intensity
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m e a s u r a n d
SENSOR ACTUATOR
transduce signal to heat, displacement, illumination, etc
ADC
DAC
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Transducer
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PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Capacitance
q C= V
C=
o A
d 2 o l = ln (b / a )
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FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Contoh : Level sensor (physical) h
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2 o H Co = ln (b / a )
o,r , b, a, H
constant
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2 [ o (H h ) + r h] C= ln (b / a )
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Contoh : Occupancy sensor (physical) x
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Cso
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PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Resistance
R=
(T ) l
A
V = i.R
R( , l, A) =
A R l A = + R l A
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PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Contoh : Level sensor (physical) h V
R=
(T ) l
A
V = i.R
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PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Contoh : Force sensor (physical) F V
R=
(T ) l
A
V = i.R
l F =E = l a l l2 R= = a V R =2 l V l
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PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Contoh : Temperature sensor (physical) T V
R=
(T ) l
A
V = i.R
bimetal
l2 l1
l 2 = l 1 [1 + (T2 T1 )] l l2 R= = a V
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PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Contoh : Gas sensor (chem.) C CCO R
= qn e
w t
l 1 l R= = A w.t
R
CCO
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PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Contoh : Humidity sensor (chem.) %H2O %H2O Z
Z = R1 + jC
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%H2O
pore
C1, R1
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KLASIFIKASI SENSOR
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KLASIFIKASI SENSOR
Proprioception (Internal state) v.s. Exteroceptive (external state) measure values internally to the system (robot), e.g. battery level, wheel position, joint angle, etc, observation of environments, objects Active v.s. Passive emitting energy into the environment, e.g., radar, sonar passively receive energy to make observation, e.g., camera Contact v.s. non-contact Visual v.s. non-visual vision-based sensing, image processing, video camera
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Proprioceptive Sensors
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Encoders, Potentiometers
measure angle of turn via change in resistance or by counting optical pulses
Gyroscopes
measure rate of change of angles fiber-optic (newer, better), magnetic (older)
Compass
measure which way is north
GPS
measure location relative to globe
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Classification of Sensors
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI
Stimulus : physical, chemical & biological measurand (energy) Transduction effects : Active (self-generating) vs Pasive (modulation)
Scale of measured properties : scale of measurands
Sensing constraints : ways of measurement Field of applications : e.g. automotive, industrial, robotic, etc. Materials
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Stimulus
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI
Radiasi Kimia Mekanik
Magnetik
Termal
Elektrik
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Transduction effect
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Transduction effect
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Scale of measurands
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Sensing constraints
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Radiant Sensors
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
400 nm
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Radiant Sensors
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI
Light Sensors
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Photodiodes Phototransistor Photoresistors Cooled Detectors Thermal Detectors Golay Cells Thermopile Sensors Pyroelectric Sensors Bolometers Active Far-Infrared Sensors Gas Flame Detectors
Radiation Sensors
Scintillating Detectors Ionization Detectors Ionization Chambers Proportional Chambers GeigerMller Counters Semiconductor Detectors
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Mechanical Sensors
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI
Occupancy and Motion Detectors
Ultrasonic Sensors Microwave Motion Detectors Capacitive Occupancy Detectors Triboelectric Detectors Optoelectronic Motion Detectors Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors
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Mechanical Sensors
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI
Velocity and Acceleration
Capacitive Accelerometers Piezoresistive Accelerometers Piezoelectric Accelerometers Thermal Accelerometers Heated-Plate Accelerometer Heated-Gas Accelerometer Gyroscopes Rotor Gyroscope Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes Optical Gyroscopes
Pressure Sensors Mercury Pressure Sensor Piezoresistive Sensors Capacitive Sensors . VRP Sensors Optoelectronic Sensors Vacuum Sensors Pirani Gauge Ionization Gauges Gas Drag Gauge
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Force, Strain, and Tactile Sensors Strain Gauges Tactile Sensors . Piezoelectric Force Sensors
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Mechanical Sensors
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI
Flow Sensors Thermal Transport Sensors Ultrasonic Sensors Electromagnetic Sensors Microflow Sensors Breeze Sensor Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors Drag Force Flow Sensors Acoustic Sensors Resistive Microphones Condenser Microphones Fiber-Optic Microphone Piezoelectric Microphones Electret Microphones Solid-State Acoustic Detectors
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Temperature Sensors
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI
Thermoresistive Sensors Resistance Temperature Silicon Resistive Sensors Thermistors NTC Thermistors Self-Heating Effect in NTC Thermistors PTC Thermistors Thermoelectric Contact Sensors Semiconductor P-N Junction Sensors Optical Temperature Sensors Fluoroptic Sensors Interferometric Sensors Thermochromic Solution Sensor Acoustic Temperature Sensor Piezoelectric Temperature Sensors
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Magnetic Sensors
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI
Direct Sensors
Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors ChemFET Electrochemical Sensors Potentiometric Sensors Conductometric Sensors Amperometric Sensors Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors Elastomer Chemiresistors
Complex Sensors
Thermal Sensors Pellister Catalytic Sensors Optical Chemical Sensors Mass Detector Biochemical Sensors Enzyme Sensors
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Oscillating Hygrometer
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Chemical Sensors
FI 365 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI
Direct Sensors
Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors ChemFET Electrochemical Sensors Potentiometric Sensors Conductometric Sensors Amperometric Sensors Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors Elastomer Chemiresistors
Complex Sensors
Thermal Sensors Pellister Catalytic Sensors Optical Chemical Sensors Mass Detector Biochemical Sensors Enzyme Sensors
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