CH 3 Slide

Chapter 3.
Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency
3.1. The dc transformer model 3.2. Inclusion of inductor copper loss 3.3. Construction of equivalent circuit model 3.4. How to obtain the input port of the model 3.5. Example: inclusion of semiconductor conduction losses in the boost converter model 3.6. Summary of key points
Fundamentals of Power Electronics
Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...
3.1. The dc transformer model

Basic equations of an ideal dc-dc converter:
Ig Power input + Vg I
Pin = Pout Vg I g = V I
( = 100%)
Switching dc-dc converter
+ V
Power output
V = M(D) Vg I g = M(D) I
(ideal conversion ratio)

control input
These equations are valid in steady-state. During transients, energy storage within filter elements may cause Pin Pout
2
Equivalent circuits corresponding to ideal dc-dc converter equations

Pin = Pout Vg I g = V I V = M(D) Vg I g = M(D) I
dependent sources
Ig Power input + Vg I + V Power output
Dc transformer
Ig Power input + Vg
1 : M(D)
I + V Power output
M(D) I
M(D)Vg
control input
The dc transformer model

Ig Power input + Vg
1 : M(D)
I + V Power output
Models basic properties of ideal dc-dc converter: conversion of dc voltages and currents, ideally with 100% efficiency conversion ratio M controllable via duty cycle
control input
Solid line denotes ideal transformer model, capable of passing dc voltages and currents Time-invariant model (no switching) which can be solved to find dc components of converter waveforms
4
Example: use of the dc transformer model

1. Original system
R1
+
3. Push source through transformer

M 2(D)R1
V1
+ Vg
Switching dc-dc converter
+ V
M(D)V1
+ V
2. Insert dc transformer model

R1
+ 1 : M(D)
4. Solve circuit
V = M(D) V1
R
V1
+ Vg
+ V
R R + M 2(D) R 1
3.2. Inclusion of inductor copper loss

Dc transformer model can be extended, to include converter nonidealities. Example: inductor copper loss (resistance of winding):
RL
Insert this inductor model into boost converter circuit:

L RL 1 C R v 2 +
i Vg
+
Analysis of nonideal boost converter

L RL 1 C R v 2 +
i Vg
+
switch in position 1
i L + vL RL iC C R + v
i L + vL RL iC C R + v
Vg
Vg
Circuit equations, switch in position 1
Inductor current and capacitor voltage:
L + vL
RL iC C R + v
vL(t) = Vg i(t) RL iC(t) = v(t) / R

Small ripple approximation:
Vg
vL(t) = Vg I RL iC(t) = V / R
Circuit equations, switch in position 2
L + vL
RL iC C R + v
Vg
vL(t) = Vg i(t) RL v(t) Vg I RL V iC(t) = i(t) v(t) / R I V / R
Inductor voltage and capacitor current waveforms

vL(t)
Average inductor voltage:

s 1 vL(t) = v (t)dt Ts 0 L = D(Vg I RL) + D'(Vg I RL V) T
Vg IRL DTs D' Ts
t
Vg IRL V
Inductor volt-second balance:

0 = Vg I RL D'V
iC (t)
I V/R
Average capacitor current:
-V/R
iC(t) = D ( V / R) + D' (I V / R)
Capacitor charge balance:
0 = D'I V / R
10
Solution for output voltage

We now have two equations and two unknowns:
5
RL / R = 0
4.5
RL / R = 0.01
4
0 = Vg I RL D'V 0 = D'I V / R
Eliminate I and solve for V:
V / Vg
3.5
RL / R = 0.02
2.5
RL / R = 0.05
V = 1 1 Vg D' (1 + RL / D' 2R)
1.5
RL / R = 0.1
0.5
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
11
3.3. Construction of equivalent circuit model

Results of previous section (derived via inductor volt-sec balance and capacitor charge balance):
vL = 0 = Vg I RL D'V iC = 0 = D'I V / R
View these as loop and node equations of the equivalent circuit. Reconstruct an equivalent circuit satisfying these equations
12
Inductor voltage equation

vL = 0 = Vg I RL D'V
L RL
Derived via Kirchoffs voltage law, to find the inductor voltage during each subinterval Average inductor voltage then set to zero This is a loop equation: the dc components of voltage around a loop containing the inductor sum to zero
+ <vL> + IRL =0
Vg
D' V
IRL term: voltage across resistor of value RL having current I DV term: for now, leave as dependent source
13
Capacitor current equation

iC = 0 = D'I V / R
node
Derived via Kirchoffs current law, to find the capacitor current during each subinterval Average capacitor current then set to zero This is a node equation: the dc components of current flowing into a node connected to the capacitor sum to zero
D' I
V/R <iC> =0 C + V R
V/R term: current through load resistor of value R having voltage V DI term: for now, leave as dependent source
14
Complete equivalent circuit

The two circuits, drawn together:
RL +
Dependent sources and transformers

I1 + nV2 + nI1 V2
Vg
D' V
D' I
n:1
The dependent sources are equivalent to a D : 1 transformer:

RL I D' : 1 + V
15
I1
+ V2
Vg
sources have same coefficient reciprocal voltage/current dependence
Solution of equivalent circuit

Converter equivalent circuit
RL I D' : 1 + V R
Vg
Refer all elements to transformer secondary: R / D' 2

L
Solution for output voltage using voltage divider formula:
D' I Vg / D' +
V=
V
16
Vg D'
R R+ RL D' 2
Vg D'
1 1+ RL D' 2 R
Solution for input (inductor) current
RL I
D' : 1 + V R
Vg
I=
Vg Vg 1 = 2 2 D' R + RL D' 1 + RL D' 2 R
17
Solution for converter efficiency

RL I
Pin = (Vg) (I)

Vg
+
D' : 1 + V R
Pout = (V) (D'I)
Pout (V) (D'I) V = = D' Pin Vg (Vg) (I)
=
1+
1 RL D' 2 R
18
Efficiency, for various values of RL

100%
=
1+
1 RL D' 2 R
90%
0.002 0.01
80% 70% 60%
0.02 0.05 RL/R = 0.1
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
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3.4. How to obtain the input port of the model

Buck converter example use procedure of previous section to derive equivalent circuit
ig 1 2 C vC R iL L + vL RL +
Vg
Average inductor voltage and capacitor current:
vL = 0 = DVg I LRL VC
iC = 0 = I L VC/R
20
Construct equivalent circuit as usual
vL = 0 = DVg I LRL VC
RL + <vL> =0 DVg + IL
iC = 0 = I L VC/R
+ <iC> =0 VC
VC /R R
What happened to the transformer? Need another equation
21
Modeling the converter input port

Input current waveform ig(t):
ig(t)
iL (t) IL area = DTs IL 0 0 DTs Ts
Dc component (average value) of ig(t) is
Ig = 1 Ts
Ts
ig(t) dt = DI L
0
22
Input port equivalent circuit

Ig = 1 Ts
Ts
ig(t) dt = DI L
0
Vg
Ig
D IL
23
Complete equivalent circuit, buck converter

Input and output port equivalent circuits, drawn together:
Ig IL RL +
Vg
D IL
+ DV g
VC
Replace dependent sources with equivalent dc transformer:

Ig 1:D IL RL +
Vg
VC
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3.5. Example: inclusion of semiconductor conduction losses in the boost converter model
Boost converter example
i
L iC +
Vg
+
DTs Ts
Models of on-state semiconductor devices: MOSFET: on-resistance Ron Diode: constant forward voltage VD plus on-resistance RD Insert these models into subinterval circuits
25
Boost converter example: circuits during subintervals 1 and 2

i
L iC + R v
Vg
+
DTs Ts
L + vL RL iC Ron C R + v
i L + vL RL RD
VD
iC C R
+ v
Vg
Vg
26
Average inductor voltage and capacitor current

vL(t)
Vg IRL IRon DTs D' Ts
t
Vg IRL VD IRD V
iC (t)
I V/R
-V/R
vL = D(Vg IRL IRon) + D'(Vg IRL VD IRD V) = 0 iC = D(V/R) + D'(I V/R) = 0

27
Construction of equivalent circuits

Vg IRL IDRon D'VD ID'RD D'V = 0
RL + IRL D Ron + IDRonI
D' VD
D' RD + ID'RD + D' V
Vg
D'I V/R = 0
V/R + D' I V R
28
Complete equivalent circuit

RL D Ron D' VD D' RD + D' V + D' I V R
Vg
RL
D Ron
D' VD
D' RD
D' : 1 + V R
Vg
+
29
Solution for output voltage

RL D Ron D' VD D' RD D' : 1 + V R
Vg
V= 1 D'
V = 1 Vg D'
Vg D'VD
D'VD Vg
D' 2R D' 2R + RL + DRon + D'RD

1 R + DRon + D'RD 1+ L D' 2R
30
Solution for converter efficiency

RL D Ron D' VD D' RD D' : 1 + V R
Pin = (Vg) (I)

Vg
+ I
Pout = (V) (D'I)

1 D'VD Vg
= D' V = Vg
1+
RL + DRon + D'RD D' 2R
Conditions for high efficiency:

Vg / D' >> VD D' 2R >> RL + DRon + D'RD
31
and
Accuracy of the averaged equivalent circuit in prediction of losses

Model uses average currents and voltages To correctly predict power loss in a resistor, use rms values Result is the same, provided ripple is small
0
MOSFET current waveforms, for various ripple magnitudes:

i(t)
(c) (b) (a) 2I 1.1 I 0 DTs Ts
Inductor current ripple (a) i = 0 (b) i = 0.1 I (c) i = I
MOS FET rms current

I D D
Average power loss in R on D I2 R on (1.0033) D I2 R on (1.3333) D I2 R on
(1.00167) I (1.155) I D
32
Summary of chapter 3
1. The dc transformer model represents the primary functions of any dc-dc converter: transformation of dc voltage and current levels, ideally with 100% efficiency, and control of the conversion ratio M via the duty cycle D. This model can be easily manipulated and solved using familiar techniques of conventional circuit analysis. 2. The model can be refined to account for loss elements such as inductor winding resistance and semiconductor on-resistances and forward voltage drops. The refined model predicts the voltages, currents, and efficiency of practical nonideal converters. 3. In general, the dc equivalent circuit for a converter can be derived from the inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge balance equations. Equivalent circuits are constructed whose loop and node equations coincide with the volt-second and charge balance equations. In converters having a pulsating input current, an additional equation is needed to model the converter input port; this equation may be obtained by averaging the converter input current.
33

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Chapter 3.

Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

3.1. The dc transformer model

Switching dc-dc converter

(ideal conversion ratio)

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

Equivalent circuits corresponding to ideal dc-dc converter equations

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

The dc transformer model

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

Example: use of the dc transformer model

3. Push source through transformer

Switching dc-dc converter

2. Insert dc transformer model

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

3.2. Inclusion of inductor copper loss

Insert this inductor model into boost converter circuit:

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

Analysis of nonideal boost converter

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

Circuit equations, switch in position 1

Inductor current and capacitor voltage:

vL(t) = Vg i(t) RL iC(t) = v(t) / R

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

Circuit equations, switch in position 2

vL(t) = Vg i(t) RL v(t) Vg I RL V iC(t) = i(t) v(t) / R I V / R

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

Inductor voltage and capacitor current waveforms

Average inductor voltage:

Vg IRL DTs D' Ts

Inductor volt-second balance:

Average capacitor current:

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

Solution for output voltage

V = 1 1 Vg D' (1 + RL / D' 2R)

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

3.3. Construction of equivalent circuit model

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

Inductor voltage equation

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

Capacitor current equation

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...

Complete equivalent circuit

Dependent sources and transformers

The dependent sources are equivalent to a D : 1 transformer:

sources have same coefficient reciprocal voltage/current dependence

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, ...