VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLIS EQUATION

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To verify modified bernoullis equation and to determine the head loss in the pipe. THEORY: The dynamics equation of fluid motion is obtained by applying Newtons second law of motion to fluid element as a free body.The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and non-viscous. The continuity equation is based upon the principle of conservation of mass and it states that if no fluid is added or removed from the pipe of any length, then the mass passing across different sections shall be same i.e 1 A1 V1 = 2 A2 V2 or AV = Constant A fluid element in motion possesses intermolecular energy, kinetic energy and potential energy.In a fluid flow, the energy per unit weight is termed as head. Thus ,There are three types of heads causing the fluid flow are interpreted as pressure head (pressure energy or flow work per unit weight),velocity head(kinetic energy per unit weight) and potential or datum head (potential energy per unit weight). Pressure head,= P/g m Velocity head,= V2/2g m Potential/datum head = Z m Eulers equation along a steamline is derived by applying Newtons second law of motion to a fluid element moving along a streamline and is given as

i.e. vdv/ds= -1/ dp/ds-gdz/ds integrating the eulers equation,we get v/t + Vv/s = -1/ p/s-gdz/ds vdv/ds = -1/dp/ds ds - gdz/ds ds i.e v2/2 + dp/ + gz = constant for incompressible flow, 2 p/ + V /2 + gz = constant p/g + V2/2g + z = constant

BERNOULLIS EQUATION:
Bernoullis equation states that in an ideal incompressible fluid when the flow is steady and continuous; the sum of pressure head, kinetic head and potential head is constant along a stream line.

PROOF OF BERNOULLIS THEOREM

Consider an ideal incompressible liquid through a non-uniform pipe as shown in fig. Let us consider two section L-L and M-M and assume that the pipe is running full and there is continuity of flow between the two sections. Let the liquid between the two sections L-L and M-M move to L-L and M-M through very small lengths dl1 & dl2.this movement of liquid between L-L and M-M is equivalent to movement of the liquid L-L and L-L and M-M and M-M;the remaining liquid between L-L and M-M being unaffected. Let,W=weight of liquid between L-L and L-L. As the flow is continues, W=wA1.dl1=w.A2dl2

or

A1.dl1=W/w similarly , A2dl2=W/w or A1dl1= A2dl2 Workdone by pressure at L-L,in moving the liquid to L-L =force*distance =p1. A1dl1 Similarly,W.D by pressure at M-M in moving liquid to M-M =- p2. A2dl2 .(the ve sign indicates that dirn of p2 is opposite to p1) .. Total workdone by pressure =P1.A1dl1- P2. A2dl2 =W/w(P1-P2) Loss potential energy is =W(Z1-Z2) Gain in Kinetic Energy =W[V22/2g - V12/2g] =W/2g[V22- V12 ] Also loss of potential energy + workdone by pressure = gain in Kinetic energy 2 .. W(Z1 Z2)+ W/w(P1-P2) = W/2g(V2 -V12) .. i.e. .. (Z1 Z2)+ (P1-P2)/w = (V22-V12)/2g P1/w-P2/w + Z1 Z2 = V22/2g-V12 /2g P1/w + Z1 + V12 /2g = P2/w + Z2 + V22 /2g

-:BERNOULLIS EQUATION:ASSUMPTION:1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

The liquid is ideal and incompressible . The flow is steady and continuous . The flow is along the stream line i.e one dimesional. The velocity is uniform over the section and is equal to mean velocity. The only forces acting on the fluid are the gravity forces and pressure forces.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP RESOURCES:-

Bernoullis apparatus :- sump tank with monoblock centrifugal pump H.P for fluid flow through the apparatus ;constant head supply and delivery tanks , venturi tappings with venturi tube having specified inlet and outlet diameters made of transparent acrylic material;piezometer panel consisting of transparent tubes mounted on a graduated scale for measuring piezometric head;digital stop watch.

PRECAUTIONS:1.Check all connections and electrical supply systems. 2.Operate the inlet and outlet vavels gently and continuously. 3.Ensure before taking reading the flow is steady and continuous. 4.Remove the air bubbles,if any from the monometer limbs using the vent cock on the monometer. 5.After removing the air bubbles, put some back pressure (if the reading on monometer goes beyond the reading scale)using pressure valve. 6.Control the flow by flow valve to maintain different set of constant head in the supply and delivery tank.

PROCEDURE:1. Ensure that the inlet and outlet valve is open for the pump . 2. Switch on the electric power supply and fill the sump tank. 3. Adujust the flow control valves and discharge valves to maintain constant water level in the tanks ,allowing the water to flow through the apparatus and fill the piezometric tubes. 4. Remove the air bubbles , if any from monometer and piezometer tubes. 5. At the time of measuring the discharge , close the outlet valve and measure the time required for increase in water level indicater scale provide for discharge tank. 6. Note down the readings in observation table and ensure that all the precaution and experimental assumption or requirement. 7. Repeat the procedure for different heads and floe rates.

OBSERVATION TABLE
TUBE NO. PIEZOMETRIC SECTION HEAD cm DIAMETER ACTUAL DISCHARGE cm3/sec

RESULT TABLE

TUBE SUPPLY DELIVERY LOSS PIEZOMETRIC VELOCITY NO. HEAD HEAD H2 OF HEAD HEAD H1 HEAD (P/g + Z) cm (V2/2g)cm hL= H1- H2

TOTAL HEAD [(P/g + Z) + V2/2g]

CONCLUSION:-