VIII. Age of Contradiction -Progress, man has unlimited potential and ALWAYS gets better!!!

(Mid 1800s to 1914) -Europe is fluctuating; questioning and unsure; like the 1960s in the US A. Why?? Major Cultural SHIFTS; classic values/beliefs are being questioned. What is Right? Right depends on the Person!!!!! 1. Cottage Industry TO Industrialization -Agrarian -Industrial -Urban -rural -personal -Impersonal -farming -togetherness -Rat race of life 2. Conservative TO Liberal -Traditional, status quo -Change, new, Enlightenment -Aristocracy -Equality, social contract -Monarchs -Consent of the governed 3. Capitalism TO Communist (1848) -private ownership -no private ownership -competition -COLLECTIVE ownership -profit -no profit -work together!! -at the expense of the poor -no competition 4. Creationism TO Evolution -monotheistic -Charles Darwin -omnipotent -we evolved, werent created THIS CREATES AN ABSOLUTE MESS!!!!!!!!!!! (somewhat faith v reason) B. Congress of Vienna Austria ^Meeting of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain; conference about liberal and conservative 1. Post Napoleonic Wars (1815) -Void of leadership -liberal or conservative???? 2. Prince Metternich of Austria DOMINATES!!! 3. Principle of Legitimacy -Whoever was there before they got knocked down by Napolean 4. Destroy the Revolutionary Spirit -French and American revolution spirit -Get rid of the mob rule 5. Balance of Power -They agree that all will have about the same amount of everything 6. Principle of Intervention -If any of the revolutionary things begin to happen in one country the other countries will help the one facing revolution -This foreshadows WWI C. Results of the Congress of Vienna **Europe is still not ready to adopt enlightened concepts ^American Revolution 1775-1781 1776 is the D of I ^French Revolution 1789-1799 Declaration of the right of man ^Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 1. Why???????? -Fear of Mob Rule, the people have too much power

-Those in power dont want to give up power -Each person is equal, no one is treated equally (idea is from Locke and Hobbes) -The rich would not have riches anymore -Why change stability???? -Religious traditions would be lost (MORALS!!!!!!) -Individualists would get ideas and start rebelling and cause conflict (DEVISIVE!!) 2. Conservatism is Established: -Look what liberalism has done, Mob rule even though the people are stupid!! -Tradition = Stability -Obediance/discipline is too legitimate, so political authority -Organized state supported religion = Unity of moral values -Enlightenment ideals are abstract and unproven, making them risky -INDIVIDUALISM imperals social stability; it destroys obedience and discipline D. Forces of Change: Liberalism and Nationalism LIBERALISM 1. Time to Change, more people know more and HAVE MORE!!! Not everyone is tied to the land, they are intelligent and they want more say in government, they want their view taken into consideration 2. Goodness of Human Nature is accepted, LINEAR time, man is good by nature so let man be man 3. Reasoning man will Eradicarte evil = let mane be free!!!! The good will take care of the bad. 4. Selfish interest promotes effort!! This is motivations for yourself, rewars, ACHIEVEMENT!!!!! If you limit mans innovation is like inciting a rebellion 5. Equality is promoted by constitutions, rule of law, speech/press--- TWO HEADS ARE BETTER THAN ONE!!!!!!!! NATIONALISM 6. Hand in hand with liberalism 7. Loyalty is to your nations culture and traditions, people and language, not the monarchs, people want to be with like people 8. Belonging & community sense powerful = Emotional, moved by emotion not stats or figures 9. Advance our people Ethnic Superiority like the white mans burden except more specific, BE PROUD OF WHAT YOU ARE!!!!!!!!! 10. People are sovereign and should unite them for our government!!!!!!! 11. VOLKSGEIST!!!!!!!!! The peoples spirit!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 12. Trumps liberalism, rather belong than be with our government E. Revolutions of 1848 ^Most European capitals rebelled: the masses had it!!!! (Like the US in the 1960s) PEOPLE ARE FURIOUS!!!!!!!!!!!! 1. Inspired by liberalism and nationalism against the conservative rulers 2. Want a voice to solve economic woes (like the wall street protest) 3. Results: Conservative rulers smash the rebels!!!!! -Constitutional Government but still the same rulers but they cant do as they please -Ethnics in communities couldnt unite = the seeds of WWI = NATIONALISM 4. ARAB SPRINGCyclical??? Egypt, Libya, and Syria