Anda di halaman 1dari 5

ECE708PROJECT PART1

KISHANNANDAKUMAR A20252276 SPRING2011

APPLICATIONS OF OFDM
Various modulation techniques are being implemented in order to cater to the ever increasing demand for high data rate transfer in wireless communication systems, but increase in high data rate results in reduction of symbol duration. Modulation techniques such as TDMA and GSM cause dispersive fading of the wireless channels which result in more severe Intersymbol Interference (ISI). Therefore there was a need for a new modulation scheme where high data rate transfer can take place without sufficient reduction in symbol duration when compared to single-carrier systems, this is where OFDM comes into play. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation scheme where high data rate transmission is possible in delay-dispersive environment. In OFDM the data to be transmitted is divided into blocks of N symbols. Then each block at the transmitter end is subjected to Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and then transmitted, the N blocks are subjected to Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) at the receiver end to get the original data. A cyclic prefix (CP) or guard interval is inserted between each adjacent OFDM blocks at the transmitter end to avoid Interblock Interference (IBI) caused by the delay spread of wireless channels. OFDM is quiet flexible and allows us to use advance techniques, such as transmit diversity and receiver diversity, to improve transmission efficiency. Most Multiple-InputMultiple-Output (MIMO) techniques that are developed for flat fading Channels can be used in wireless communications for diversity and capacity gain. OFDM is combined with Space-Time Coding (STC) in wideband transmission, to deal with frequency selectivity of wireless channels and also to obtain diversity and capacity gains. Even though OFDM is superior when compared to other single-carrier systems in terms of high-data-rate transfer, the performance of the system is affected by Time and Frequency varying wireless channels. Frequency-varying impairments are caused by the timing offset between the transmitter and the receiver or the delay spread due to a multipath of wireless channels. Time-varying impairments are caused by the frequency offset or Doppler shift. One of the techniques employed for estimating and correcting this is called Pilot- and Nonpilot-Aided Techniques. Another major problem which effects OFDM is when the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is large. This happens due to the fact that the OFDM signal is the superimposition of N sinusoidal signals on different subcarriers. Various methods are used to reduce PAPR some of them are Clipping and Filtering, Selected Mapping (SLM), Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS). In order to suppress the Interference in OFDM multiplereceive antenna array, also called the Adaptive Antenna Array (AAA) can be used. Many modulation or access techniques are employed related to OFDM. OFDM belongs to MC modulation. Two block transmission schemes i.e. Single-Carrier System with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) and Energy Spreading Transform (EST) are used to reduce delay spread of wireless channel by exploiting the CP. There are several other access techniques used such as MC-CDMA and OFDM Access

(OFDMA). OFDM technology is a fixed-access wireless system. To make it a true cellular system with mobility OFDMA was developed. OFDM dates back some 40 years; due to the complexity involved in generating such a signal it had not been implemented till now. The high-data rate application for which OFDM is suitable for has only been implemented in recent years. When OFDM is used for wireless communications, its parameters depend on the Doppler shift and delay spread of wireless channels. OFDM has been adopted in many wireless communication standards, some of them are European Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). OFDM has also been approved by many IEEE standard working groups, such as IEEE 802.11a/g/n, IEEE 802.15.3a, and IEEE 802.16d/e. Some of the applications include Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), and Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN). 1. Mobile and Fixed Wireless Systems: IEEE 802.16 employs OFDM modulation scheme to support peak data rate up to 75 Mb/s at the frequency bands under 11 GHz. The FFT size is fixed at 256 and the sub-channel space is varied according to the bandwidth of the system in OFDMA scheme. The modulation scheme which might be employed in both OFDM and OFDMA modes are QPSK, 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM) or 64QAM, depending on the channel environments and the targeted data rate. The ratio of the length of the CP to the symbol duration may be 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, or 1/32. For diversity and interference suppression antenna arrays are used. OFDMA is a basic modulation scheme in the downlink of 3GPP LTE. 2. MB-OFDM for UWB Systems: Multiband OFDM (MB-OFDM) divides the spectrum into several sub-bands, and a data stream is transmitted over each band by OFDM. MB-OFDM was once a standard candidate for the IEEE 802.15.3a for Ultra-WideBand (UWB) systems. Although the bandwidth of OFDM signal is 409.6 MHz, the bandwidth of each sub-band is 528MHz. UWB can transmit data at a high rate in a short range. Data rate achieved by MBOFDM-based UWB system ranges from 55 to 480 Mb/s over distances up to 10m. 3. Cognitive Radio: Spectrum is a finite source; efficient use of available spectrum is a key requirement for wireless system design. Cognitive radio has emerged as a promising technology to solve the current spectrum scarcity problem. Cognitive Radios are classified into two i.e. Mitola Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). Mitola Radios are too complicated for practical purpose. DSA adapts the transmission frequency, bandwidth and time according to the environment [2]. Due to the flexibility of OFDM for sub-channel assignment and power allocation, the transceiver of cognitive radio can be constructed.
[1]. Taewon Hwang, Chenyang Yang, Gang Wu, Shaoqian Li, and Geoffrey Ye Li, OFDM and Its Wireless Applications: A Survey IEEE TRANS. ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 58, NO. 4, pp. 1673-1694, MAY 2009. [2]. Wireless Communications, Andreas Molisch, pp. 419-443.

SPACETIME CODING MODEM


Wireless communication has undergone a rapid growth in todays technology due to the ever increasing demand for faster data rate transfer and reliability. New methods by which high-data rate transfer can take place are being implemented. One such method by which high-data rate wireless communication can be achieved is based on Space-Time Coded Modulation (STCM), where high-data rate transmission takes place due to presence of multiple transmit and/or multiple receive antennas.

High-data rate transfer can be achieved by using this advanced modem technology based on STCM with multiple transmit antennas and Orthogonal-Pilot Sequences Insertion (O-PSI). Pilot symbol insertion (PSI) has been used to obtain channel estimates for coherent detection and for decoding channel codes over fast flat-fading channels. The advantage of the PSI technique is that it neither requires complex signal processing nor does it increase the peak factor of the modulated carrier.

The data to be transmitted at the transmitter end is broken down into N blocks; each block is then encoded using high-rate Reed Solomon (RS) block encoder. After the encoding process the encoded data is then passed through SpaceTime (ST) channel encoder. The spatial and temporal properties of STCM guarantees that diversity is achieved at the transmitter, while maintaining optional receive diversity, without any sacrifice in transmission rate. The received data at the output of the ST Encoder is then split into N streams. Each stream of encoded symbols is then interleaved, using a block Symbol-by-Symbol Interleaver. Once the interleaving process is done, periodic Orthogonal Sequence is inserted in each of these N streams. Each stream is then pulse-shaped and transmitted from a different antenna. Figure 1 shows Base station transmitter with two transmit antennas.

Figure 1. Base Station Transmitter with STCM and Two Transmit Antennas.

Figure 2 shows Mobile Receiver with two receive antennas. The received signal at the receiver side will be the superposition of the N transmitted signals, so the receiver uses the orthogonal pilot sequences to estimate the different fading channels. Using the appropriate interpolation filter, the receiver then

estimates and obtains accurate channel state information (CSI). The received samples along with the interpolated channel estimates are de-interleaved using a block Symbol-by-Symbol De-interleaver and passed to a Concatenated Space-Time Decoder comprising of the vector maximum likelihood sequence decoder, followed by an RS decoder.

Figure 2. Mobile Receiver with STCM and Two Receive Antennas.

At low SNR, data rates as high as 2.6 times that of presently available rates can be achieved by using the STCM shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Some of the technical challenges faced by wireless communication now a day are developing an efficient coding and modulation technique to improve the quality of service and also the spectral efficiency of wireless communication. The wireless channels are affected by noise, multipath interference, etc. Such problems are overcome by introducing Error Coding techniques at the receiver. Physical limitations of the portable device also cause some technical challenges such as size of the device and low power consumption. Many of the signal processing techniques which may be used for reliable communications and efficient spectral utilization require significant processing power. Advances in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and integrated circuit technology for low power applications will provide a partial solution to this problem. Another way of providing reliable communications over wireless channels is by using different Diversity techniques such as, time, frequency, and space diversity.

Due to the increasing demand for even higher data rate transmission new techniques are being devised such as combination of STCM with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Another technique is Beamforming which is used to increase the range and capacity of WiMAX by providing a better Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).
[1]. Ayman F. Naguib, Vahid Tarokh, Nambirajan Seshadri, and A. Robert Calderbank, A SpaceTime Coding Modem for High-Data-Rate Wireless Communications, IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 16, NO. 8, pp. 1459-1478, OCT. 1998.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai