Design of Water-Retaining Structures

Application of Eurocodes to Control Crack Widths

Evolution of Eurocodes
The Commission of European Community (EC) Action programme in the construction industry based on Article 95 of the Treaty of Rome Eliminating technical obstacles to trade between member states Set of common technical rules for the design of buildings and civil engineering works Established a steering committee in 1975
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Evolution of Eurocodes (continued)

A set of first generation Eurocodes were published after 15 years The responsibility of producing structural Eurocodes was given in 1989 Agreement between the European Commission; and European Committee for Standardization (CEN) - Comit Europen de Normalization
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Evolution of Eurocodes (continued)

European Pre-standard - EuroNorm Vornorm(ENV) National Application Document (NAD) Conversion
National Comments on ENVs Feedback from users on ENVs Co-ordination conditions Format and editorial consistency

European standard - EuroNorm (EN)

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Eurocodes
After publication of an EN 2 year period is allowed for national calibration During which National Annex is issued There is a 3-year coexistence period Adapt there national provisions to withdraw conflicting national rules At the end of the coexistence period The former national standards will be withdrawn (e.g. withdrawal of BS 8110 )
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National Annexes
The National Standards body of a state should publish the parameters in a National Annex On behalf and with the agreement of the national competent authorities A National Annex cannot change or modify The contents of a EN text in anyway other than Where it indicates that national choices may made by means of Nationally Determined Parameters
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Eurocodes at National Level

National Title Page
National Title, e.g. SLS EN 1992-3:xxxx

National Forward EN Title Page

e.g. EN 1992-3 1992-4:1998 June 2006 Supersedes ENV

EN Text EN Annex(es)
Normative, and Informative

National Annex
e.g. NA to SLS EN 1992-3:xxxx
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Maintenance of the Eurocodes

All ENs will have a 5 year review The primary objective of the first review Reduce the number of Nationally Determined Parameters Strong wish from EC Makes up-to-date source of information

The Structural Eurocodes

EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
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The Structural Eurocodes (continued)

EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timbre structures EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
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Related Parts of Eurocodes

EN 1991-1-5 Eurocode 1, Actions on structures Part 1-5: General actions-Thermal actions EN 1991-4 Eurocode 1, Actions on structures Part 4: Silos and tanks EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings EN 1992-3 Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structures
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Related Eurocodes
EN 206-1: Concrete: Specification, performance, production and conformity EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete EN 10138: Prestressing steels

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Basis of Structural Design Assumptions (EN 1990:2002 Cl 1.3)

(1) Design which employs the Principles and Application Rules is considered to meet the requirements, provided that the assumptions given in EN 1990 to EN 1999 are satisfied

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Principles and Application Rules (EN 1990:2002 Cl 1.4) The Principles comprise:
General statements and definitions for which there are no alternatives, as well as; Requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically stated

The Principles are identified by the letter P following the paragraph number

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Principles and Application Rules (EN 1990:2002 Cl 1.4)

The Application Rules are generally recognized rules which comply with the Principles and satisfy their requirements It is permissible to use design rules which are different from the Application Rules given in EN 1990 for works, provided that
It is shown that the alternative rules agree with the relevant Principles, and Are at least equivalent with regard to the structural safety, serviceability and durability which would be expected when using Eurocodes

In EN 1990, the Application Rules are identified by a number in brackets ()

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Indicative Design Working Life

Design working life category 1 2 3 4 5 Indicative design working life (years) 10 10 to 20 15 to 30 50 100 Examples

Temporary structures (1) Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry girders, bearings Agricultural and similar structures Building structures and other common structures Monumental building structures, bridges, and other civil engineering structures

(1) Structures or parts of structures that can be dismantled with view to being re-used should not be considered as temporary

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Basic Requirements (EN 1990:2002 Cl 2.1) A structure shall be designed and executed In such a way that it will during its intended life With appropriate degrees of reliability; and in an economical way Sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use, and Remain fit for the use for which it is required
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Route to Meet of Basic Requirements

The basic requirements should be met:
By the choice of suitable materials By appropriate design and detailing, and By specifying control procedures for design, production, and use to the relevant particular project

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Terminology
Action means a load or an imposed deformation Effects of actions or Action effects mean internal moments and forces and deformations caused by actions Strength is a mechanical property of a material in units of stress Resistance is a mechanical property of a cross-section of a member, or a member or structure
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Actions Permanent action, G Variable action, Q Accidental action, A Seismic action, AE Geotechnical action

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Classification of Actions (EN 1990:2002 Cl 4.1.1)

Actions shall be classified by their variation in time as follows:

Permanent actions (G), e.g. self-weight of structures, fixed equipment, and indirect actions caused by shrinkage and uneven settlements, prestressing force (P) Variable actions(Q), e.g. imposed loads on building floors, beams and roofs, wind actions or snow loads Accidental actions (A), e.g. explosions, or impact from vehicles
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Classification of Actions (continued)

Certain actions such as seismic actions and snow loads, may be considered as either accidental and/or variable actions, depending on the site location Actions caused by water may be considered as permanent and/ or variable actions depending on the variation of their magnitude with time

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Characteristic Values of Actions (EN 1990:2002 Cl 4.1.2)

The characteristic value Fk of an action is its main representative value and shall be specified: As a mean value, and upper or lower value, or a nominal value (which does not refer to a known statistical distribution) The characteristic value of a permanent action shall be assessed as follows: if the variability of G can be considered as small, one single value of Gk may be used If the variability cannot be considered small, two values shall be used: an upper value Gk, sup and a lower value Gk, inf
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Other Representative Values of Variable Actions (EN 1990:2002 Cl 4.1.3)

The combination value, represented as a product y0Qk, used (y0 - factor for combination value of a variable action ) For the verification of ultimate limit states and irreversible serviceability limit states

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Other Representative Values of Variable Actions (EN 1990:2002 Cl 4.1.3) (continued)

The frequent value, represented as a product y1Qk used (y1 - factor for frequent value of a variable action ) For the verification of ultimate limit states involving accidental actions and For verifications of reversible serviceability limit states For buildings, for example, the frequent value is chosen so that the time it is exceeded is 0.01 of the reference period
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Other Representative Values of Variable Actions (EN 1990:2002 Cl 4.1.3) (continued) The quasi-permanent value, represented as a product y2Qk, used (y2 - factor for quasipermanent value of a variable action ) For the verification of ultimate limit states involving accidental actions; and For the verification of reversible serviceability limit states. Quasi-permanent values are also used for the calculation of long-term effects
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For example, loads on building floors, the quasipermanent value is usually chosen so that the proportion of time it is exceeded is 0.50 of the reference period The quasi-permanent value can alternatively be determined as the value averaged over a chosen period of time In the case of wind actions, the quasipermanent load is generally taken as zero

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Characteristic value, Qk Instantaneous action, Q Combination value, y0Qk Frequent value, y1Qk

Quasi-permanent value, y2Qk

Time

Variable action
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Number formats
Word of warning , is used in place of .
e.g. 2,9 means 2.9 1,000 means 1.000 NOT one thousand Be vigilant on using expressions with constants

stands for per mil ( one thousandth)

e.g. 3,5 means 0.0035

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Compressive Strength of Concrete

Expressed in terms of strength class Example notation: C 25/30 This means normal weight or heavy weight concrete having characteristic cylinder strength of 25 N/mm2 and cube strength of 30 N/mm2 In all expressions of Eurocodes, characteristic compressive strength denoted by fck refers to cylinder strength
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Tensile Strength of Concrete

Tensile strength of concrete, fct ,is represented by the direct tensile strength Direct tensile strength is related to splitting tensile strength by fct = 0.9 fct, sp Mean tensile strength is denoted by fctm Characteristic tensile strength ( 5% fractile) is denoted by fctk,0.05 Characteristic tensile strength ( 95% fractile) is denoted by fctk,0.95
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Limits on crack width

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Scope of Part 3 of EN 1992

(101)P Part 3 of EN 1992 covers additional rules to those in Part 1 for the design of structures constructed from plan or lightly reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete for the containment of liquids or granular solids

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(102)P Principles and Application rules are given in this part for the design of those elements of structure which directly support the stored liquids and materials (i.e. the directly loaded walls of tanks, reservoirs or silos). Other elements which support these primary elements, the tower structure which supports the tank in a water tower) should be designed according to the provisions of Part 1-1.
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Durability and Leakage of liquids

(107) In clauses relating to leakage and durability, this code mainly covers aqueous liquids. Where other liquids are stored in direct contact with structural concrete, reference should be made to specialist literature.

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Classification of Tightness (Table 7.105)

Tightness Requirements for leakage Class 0 Some degree of leakage acceptable, or leakage of liquids irrelevant. 1 Leakage to be limited to a small amount. Some surface staining or damp patches. 2 Leakage to be minimal. Appearance not to be impaired by staining. 3 No leakage permitted
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Design Provisions (111)

Tightness Class 0
the provisions in 7.3.1 of EN 1992-1-1 may be adopted.

Tightness class 1
cracks which can be expected to pass through the full thickness of the section should be limited to wk1. (Provided self-healing of cracks is assumed) provisions in 7.3.1 of EN 1992-1-1 apply
where the full thickness of the section is not cracked, and where the conditions in (112) and (113) are fulfilled.
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Design Provisions (continued)

Tightness Class 2
cracks which may be expected to pass through the full thickness should generally be avoided unless appropriate measures (e.g. liners or water bars) have been incorporated

Tightness Class 3
generally, special measures (e.g. liners or prestress) will be required to ensure watertightness

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Design Provisions (continued)

Provisions in 7.3.1 of EN 1992-1-1
Tightness Class 0 Tightness Class 1, 2, and 3 where full thickness is not cracked

Provisions in 7.3.1 (111) of EN 1992-3

Tightness Class 1 where full thickness is cracked

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Cracks do Not Passing Through Full Thickness

Exposure Class Reinforced members and Prestressed members with prestressed members with bonded tendons unbonded tendons Quasi-permanent load combination X0, XC1 XC2, XC3, XC4 XD1, XD2, XS1 XS2, XS3 0.3 0.41 Frequent load combination 0.2 0.22 Decompression

Note 1: For X0, XC1 exposure classes, crack width has no influence on durability and this limit is set to guarantee acceptable appearance. In the absence of appearance conditions this limit may be relaxed. Note 2: For these exposure classes, in addition, decompression should be checked under the quasi-permanent combination of loads.
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Cracks Passing Through Full Thickness wk1

EN 1992-3 Note to (111) of 7.3.1 May be found in the National Annex However, the recommended values For hD/h 5, wk1= 0.2 mm For hD/h 35, wk1= 0.05 mm For intermediate values, linearly interpolate hD- hydrostatic pressure h- wall thickness of the structure
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Cracks Tightness Class 2 and 3

To assure that cracks do not pass through the full thickness The design value of the depth of compression zone Calculated for quasi-permanent combination of actions Liner elastic material behavior and sectional properties neglecting concrete in tension Xmin is the lesser of 50 mm or 0.2h Where h is the member thickness
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Cracks Tightness Class 2 and 3

If a section is subjected to alternate actions Cracks should be considered to pass through the full thickness Unless it can be shown that some part of the section will always remain in compression

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Control of Cracking
Provision of minimum reinforcement
Verification of crack widths - without direct calculation of crack widths - with direct calculation of crack widths

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Control Without Direct Calculation

Cl 7.3.3 EN 1992-1-1 Crack widths are unlikely to be excessive. For cracking caused dominantly by restraint The bar sizes given in Table 7.2N are not exceeded. For cracks caused mainly by loading, either the provisions of Table 7.2N or the provisions of Table 7.3N are complied with. The steel stress should be calculated on the basis of a cracked section under the relevant combination of actions.
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Control Without Direct Calculation

Cl 7.3.3 EN 1992-3 Crack widths are unlikely to be excessive. For cracking caused dominantly by restraint The bar sizes given in Figure 7.103N are not exceeded where the steel stress is the value obtained immediately after cracking. For cracks caused mainly by loading, either the provisions of Figure 7.103N or the provisions of Figure 7.104N are complied with. The steel stress should be calculated on the basis of a cracked section under the relevant combination of actions.
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Control With Direct Calculation

Cl 7.3.4 of EN 1992-1-1 Eqs. 7.8, 7.9, 7.10 and 7.11 C is the cover to longitudinal reinforcement Ac,eff is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement or prestressing tendons hc,eff is the lesser of 2.5 (h-d), (h-x)/3 or h/2 (see Figure 7.1)
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Tutorial

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