DEPARTMENT OF PREVENTION OF FOOD ADULTERATION A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Food is one of the essential of life. So it should be pure, nutritious and free from any type of adulteration for proper maintenance of human health. It is the duty of every Government to make pure food available to the countrymen in sufficient quantities. In order to make available unadulterated food in the country, the Government makes various food laws. Similarly, Government of India also made the laws to prevent adulteration in food articles in 1954 called "Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954". To given effect to the provisions of the Act, Rules were made in 1955 and called "Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules, 1955". Though PFA Act and Rules are Central Legislature but the responsibility of implementation has been entrusted to the State Governments and Union Territories. Each State Government and Union Territory has created its own organisation for implementation of the Act and Rules framed thereunder. Till 1976 in Delhi, the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act and Rules were implemented by Municipal Corporation of Delhi, NDMC and Delhi Cantt. Board in their respective areas through Sanitary Inspectors notified as Food Inspectors. In 1976 major amendments were made in PFA Act and Rules, the implementation work of the Act and Rules made thereunder were taken over by the Govt. of Delhi by the Directorate of Health Services. Later on separate Directorate of Prevention of Food Adulteration were created and entrusted the responsibility of implementation of the provisions of PFA Act and Rules. The Directorate is headed by the Director, an IAS officer and notified to function as Food Health Authority under the Act. He/She is assisted by joint Director and other technical staff under guidance of Secretary, Health and Family Welfare of Govt. of Delhi.

OFICERS OF DIRECTORATE OF PREVENTION OF FOOD ADULTERATION

S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Name of Officer Sh. K.S. Wahi, Director Jt. Director Sh. K.G. Rao, LHA Smt. Mohini Srivastava, Public Analyst Sh. G.S. Mehra, DLA Sr. Prosecutors: i) ii) iii) iv) Ms. Usha Mann Sh. Raj Narain Sh. Anil Gupta Sh. B.S. Joon

Officer Ph. No. 7194858 7195860 7153847 7153846 7187464

Res. Ph. No. 4648307 -3361897 7445164 --

3381402 7187464 7187464 7187464 7153923 7153923 ---7153921

914-513234 5253882 7026074 6140557 -5934257 7866968 7246021 5592602 --

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Sh. Vijay Kumar, A.O. Sh. Ashok Parashar, A.A. O. Sh. S.K. Nagpal, ALHA Dr. P.K. Vats, ALHA Sh. K.K. Mittal, ALHA Sh. Ravikant Satdeve Food Inspectors - 37 Field Assistants - 24

SCOPE OF THE P.F.A. ACT

The PFA Act makes provisions for the prevention of adulteration in food, enacted by the Parliament and it extends to the whole of India. Based on the experience of the Act from time to time, various provisions of Act have been amended in the year 1964, 1976 and 1986. These amendments have been aimed at providing stringent punishments to the offenders and giving powers to the voluntary consumer organisations to actively associate themselves in the programme of implementation of food laws. Under the provisions of PFA Act & Rules the terms like Adulterant, Adulterated Food, Food, Misbranded Food, Primary Food etc. have been defined as follows" 1. 2. ADULTERANT: means any material which is or could be employed for the purposes of adulteration. ADULTERATED FOOD: An article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated: (a) if the article sold by a vendor is not of the nature, substance or quality demanded by the purchases and is to his prejudice, or is not of the nature, substance or quality which it purports or is represented to be; if the article contains any other substance which effects, or if the article is so processed as to affect injuriously the nature, substance or quality thereof; if any inferior or cheaper substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the article; so as to affect, so as to affect injuriously the nature, substance or quality thereof; if any constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted so as to affect injuriously the nature, substance or quality thereof; if the article has been prepared, packed or kept under insanitary condition whereby it has become contaminated or injurious to health; if the article consists wholly or in part of any filthy, putrid rotten, decomposed or diseased animal or vegetable substance or is insect infested or is otherwise unfit for human consumption; if the article is obtained from the diseased animal;

(b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g)

(h) (i) (j)

if the article contains any poisonous or other ingredient which renders it injurious to health. if the container of the article is composed, whether wholly or in part, of any poisonous or deleterious substance which renders its contents injurious to health; if any colouring matter other than that prescribed in respect thereof is present in the article, or if the amounts of the prescribed colouring matter which is present in the article are not within the prescribed limits of variability; if the article contains any prohibited preservative or permitted preservative in excess of the prescribed limits; if the quality of purity of the article falls below the prescribed standard as laid down under Appendix B of PFA Rules, 1955 or its constituents are present in quantities not within the prescribed limits of variability, which renders it injurious to health; if the quality or purity of the article falls below the prescribed standard or its constituents are present in quantities are within the prescribed limit of variability but which does not render it injurious to health;

(k) (l)

(m)

Provided that where the quality or purity of the article, being primary food, has fallen below the prescribed standards or its constituents are present in quantities not within the prescribed limits of variability, in either case, solely due to natural cases and beyond the control of human agency, then such article shall not be deemedto be adulterated within the meaning of this sub-clause. Thus, food adulteration includes not only the intentional addition, substitution or abstraction of substances which adversely affects the nature, substances, quality of foods but also their incidental contamination during storage, processing, transportation and distribution. 3. FOOD: means any article used as food or drink for human consumption other than drugs and water and includes: (a) (b) (c) any article which ordinarily enters into, or is used in the composition or preparation of, human food, any flavouring matter or condiments, and any other article which the Central Government may, having regard to its use, nature, substance or quality, declare, by notification in the Official Gazette, as food for the purposes of this Act.

4. MISBRANDED : an article of food shall be deemed to be misbranded: (a) if it is an imitation of , or is a substitute for, or resembles in a manner likely to deceive, another article of food under the name of which it is sold, and is not plainly and conspicuously labelled so as to indicate its true character; if it is falsely stated to be the product of any place of country; if it is sold by a name which belongs to another article of food; if it is so coloured, flavoured or coated. powdered or polished that the article is damaged is concealed or if the article is made to appear better or of greater value than it really is; if false claims are made for it upon the lable or otherwise; if when sold in packages which have been sealed or prepared by or at the instance of the manufacturer or producer and which bear his name and address, the contents of each package are not conspicuously and correctly stated on the outside thereof within the limits of variability prescribed under this Act; if the package containing it, or the label on the package bears any statement, design or device regarding the ingredients or the substances contained therein, which is false or misleading in any material particular, or if the package is otherwise deceptive with respect to its contents; if the package containing it or the label on the package bears the name of a fictitious individual or company as the manufacturer or producer of the article; if it purports to be, or is represented as being, for special dietary uses, unless its label bears such information as may be prescribed concerning its vitamin, mineral, or other dietary properties in order sufficiently to inform its purchases as to its value for such uses; if it contains any artificial flavouring, artificial colouring or chemical preservative, without a declaratory label stating that fact, or in contravention of the requirements of this Act or Rules made thereunder; if it is not labelled in accordance with the requirements of this Act or Rules made thereunder;

(b) (c) (d)

(e) (f)

(g)

(h) (i)

(j)

(k)

5. PRIMARY FOOD: means any article of food, being a produce of agriculture or horticulture in its natural form.

PROHIBITION OF MANUFACTURE, SALE ETC. OF CERTAIN ARTICLES OF FOOD No person shall himself or by any person on his behalf manufacture for sale or store, sell or distribute: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) any adulterated food, any misbranded food, any article of food for the sale of which a licence if prescribed except in accordance with the conditions of the licence, any article of food the sale of which is for the time being prohibited by the Food (Health) Authority in the interest of public health, any article of food in contravention of any other provision of this Act or of any rule made thereunder, any adulterant.

PENALTIES UNDER LAW : 1. If any person:(a) Whether by himself or by any other person on his behalf, imports into India or manufacturers for sale, or stores, sell or distributes any article of food:(i) which is adulterated within the meaning of sub-clause (m) of clause (ia ) of Section 2 or misbranded within the meaning of clause (ix) of that section or the sale of which is prohibited under any provision of this Act or any rule made thereunder or by an order of Food (Health) Authority;

(ii) (b)

other than an article of food referred to in sub-clause (I), in contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or of any rule made thereunder; or

whether by himself or by any other person on his behalf, imports into India or manufacturers for sale, or stores, sells or distributes any adulterant which is not injurious to heath; or prevents a food inspector from taking a sample as authorised by this Act; or prevents a food inspector from exercising any other power conferred on him by or under Act; or being a manufacturer of an article of food, has in his possession, or in any of the premises occupied by him, any adulterant which is not injurious to health; or uses any report of certificate of a test or analysis made by the Director of the Central Food Laboratory or by a Public Analyst or any extract thereof for the purpose of advertising any article of food; or whether by himself or by any other person on his behalf, gives to the vendor a false warranty in writing in respect of any article of food sold by him,

(c) (d) (e) (f)

(g)

he shall, in addition to be penalty to which he may be liable under the provisions of Section 6, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months but which may extend to three years, and with fine which shall not be less than one thousand rupees : Provided that:(i) if the offence is under sub-clause (i ) of clause (a) and is with respect to an article of food, being primary food, which is adulterated due to human agency or is with respect to an article of food which is misbranding within the meaning of sub-clause(k) of clause (ix) of section 2; or

(ii) if the offence is under sub-clause (ii) of clause (a), but nor being an offence with respect to the contravention of any rule made under clause (a) of clause (g) of sub-section (1-A) of section 23 or under clause (b) of sub-section (2) of Section 24,

the court may, for any adequate and special reasons to be mentioned in the judgement, impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three months but which may extend to two years, and with fine which shall not be less than five hundred rupees; Provided further that if the offence is under sub-clause (ii) of clause (a) is with respect to the contravention of any rule made under clause (a) or clause (g) of Sub-section(1A) of Section 23 or under clause (b) of Sub-section (2) of Section 24, the court may, for any adequate and special reasons to be mentioned in the judgement, impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months and with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees. (1-A) If any person whether by himself or by any other person on his behalf, imports into India or manufactures for sale or stores, sells or distributes:(i) (ii) any article of food which is adulterated within the meaning of any of the sub-clauses (e) to (1) (both inclusive) of clause (ia) of Section 2; or any adulterant which is injurious to health, he shall, in addition to the penalty to which he may be liable under the provisions of Section 6, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year but which may extend to six years and with fine which shall not be less than two thousand rupees;

Provided that if such article of food or adulterant, when consumed by any person is likely to cause his death or is likely to cause such harm on his body as would amount to grievous hurt within the meaning of Section 320 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to term of life with fine which shall not be less than five thousand rupees. (1-AA) If any person in whose safe custody any article of food has been kept under Sub-section(4) of Section 10, tampers or in any other manner interferes with such articles, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months but which may extend to two years and with fine which shall not be less one thousand rupees. (1-B) If any person in whose safe custody any article of food has been kept under Sub-section (4) of Section 10, sells or distributes such article which is found by the magistrate before whom it is produced to be adulterated within the meaning of sub-clause (h) of clause (ia) of Section 2 and which, when consumed by any person is likely to cause his death or is likely to cause such harm on his body as would amount to grievous hurt within the meaning of Section 320 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) then, notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-section (1-AA), he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term shall bot be less than three years but which may extend to term of life and with fine which shall not be less than five thousand rupees.

(1-C) if any person contravenes the provisions of Section 14 or Section 14-A, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months and with fine which shall not be less than five hundred rupees. (1-D) if any person convicted of an offence under this Act commits a like offence afterwards, then without prejudice to the provisions of Sub-section 92), the court, before which the second or subsequent conviction takes place, may order the cancellation of the licence if any granted to him under this Act, and thereupon such licence shall, notwithstanding anything in this Act, or in the rules made thereunder stand cancelled. (2) If any person convicted of an offence under this Act commits a like offence afterwards it shall be lawful for the court before which the second or subsequent conviction takes place to offender's name and place or residence, the offence and the penalty imposed to be published at the offender's expense in such newspapers or in such manner as the court may direct. The expenses of such publications shall be deemed to be part of the cost attending the conviction and shall be recoverable in the same manner as a fine. Thus, under the provision of PFA Act, the minimum punishment is 6 months imprisonment with a fine of Rs.1,000/- which may extend upto life imprisonment with unspecified amount of fine depending upon the gravity of the offence. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACT All the 27 SDMs of Govt. of Delhi have been empowered to function as Local (Health) Authority under the provisions of PFA Act and Rules. A team of 3 Food Inspectors and a SDM in each district under the guidance of the respective Deputy Commissioner have been constituted. The Food Inspectors under the supervision of SDM go to the field and collect samples at random and also on complaints from various food articles outlets. One sample consists of 3 counterparts and each counterpart is properly sealed, marked and fastened as per law and bears the slip of the LHA/SDM bearing his signature and code number. One counterpart of the sample is sent for analysis to the Public Analyst by next working day positively. The Public Analyst sends a report of analysis within 40 days from the receipt of the sample to the concerned Local Health Authority. If the sample is found genuine and the Local (Health) Authority is satisfied with the report of Public Analyst, intimation is sent to the person from whom the sample was lifted. When the Local (Health) Authority is of the opinion that the report sent by Public Analyst is erroneous, he may send counter part of the sample to other Public Analyst within a period of 20 days from the date of receipt of the report from the first Public Analyst. In case the sample is found adulterated, the case if investigated by the Food Inspector and prosecution is launched in the special designated court for the purpose and the intimation is sent for this action to the vendor who may approach the court within a period of 10 days for sending the other counterpart to the Central Food Laboratory, in case the vendor feels the report sent by the Public Analyst was erroneous. The further action is taken by the court in this regard.

ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT Besides lifting of samples, carrying out of analysis of the Food samples in the food laboratory and prosecuting the offenders, the Deptt. is engaged in other activities also viz. Demonstration cum education programmes, awareness creation programmes and participation in Health Melas etc. Emphasis is given in creation of awareness among school children and the people residing in slums, J.J. Clusters and Semi-Urban areas. The people are educated on various provisions of the food laws, demonstration on simple tests of detection of adulteration in food articles. The booklets containing all the information about food article, adulterants, various health problems caused due to adulterants, simple methods for detection of common adulterants and the pre-cautions to be taken by the consumers while purchasing of the food articles Annexure-I, are distributed to the public free of cost at various exhibitions, health melas and education programmes especially conducted by the Department. GRIEVANCES REDRESSAL With a view to take the administrating more responsive to the needs of the people of Delhi and to bring transparency to its functioning, Government of Delhi has decentralized the administration. In consonance with this policy of Govt. of Delhi, the Department of PFA has already started to lift samples District wise under the guidance of Sub-Divisional Magistrates of different Districts. The teams of Food Inspectors henceforth would lift the samples only in the presence of SDMs who have been given powers of Local Health Authority under the PFA Act/rules. Thus, the Food Inspectors cannot lift samples independently and shall lift the samples only in the presence of SDMs/LHAs. In case of any doubt, the shopkeeper/vendor/manufacturer will be well within his/her right if he/she insists for the Identity Card of the SDMs/LHAs or Food Inspectors to ascertain their credentials. The public is hereby informed to send their complaints, if any, in respect of any food item which is on sale in respective localities, to the Deputy Commissioners (Civil) or sub Divisional Magistrates the area. Following are the telephone numbers and location of the 27 Sub Divisional Magistrates of Delhi:

THE SDM/LHA OF YOUR AREA: DISTRICT NORTH SDM (Sadar Bazar) Room No. 152, Tis Hazari Phone:- 3978984 DISTRICT WEST SDM(Punjabi Bagh) Delhi State Coop Bldg Main Rohtak Road, Nangloi Phone: 5183588 SDM (Rajouri Garden) Old Middle School, Ram Pura, Phone: 7190615 DISTT NEW DELHI SDM(Connaught Place) Room no 18 Piatala House Phone: 3386228 SDM(Sansad Marg) 12/1 Jam Nagar House Shahjahan Road Phone : 3386982 SDM (Chankya Puri) Room No 11 Patiala House Phone: 3386844 DISTT SOUTH WEST SDM (Najaf Garh) BDO Office New Roshan pura Najafgarh Phone: 5021834 SDM (Vasant Vihar Old terminal tax building Kapashera Phone: 5065622

SDM (Civil Lines) Room No. 138, Tis Hazari Phone:- 3918044

SDM (Kotwali) Room No. 156, Tis Hazari Phone:- 3911031

SDM (Patel Nagar) Old Middle School, Ram Pura Phone: 7190613

DISTRICT NORTH-EAST SDM (Seelampur) Old Seelampur Court, G.T. Road Shahdara Phone:- 2824272 SDM (Seema Puri) Weaver's Complex Opp. Gagan Cinema Phone:- 2122733

DISTRICT CENTRAL SDM( Darya Ganj) Room no 145, Tis Hazari Phone : 3914464

SDM(Karol Bagh) Room no 137, Tis Hazari Phone: 3913901

SDM(Pahar Ganj) Factory Complex Jhandewalan Phone 3559400

SDM (Delhi cantt) Old Terminal Tax Building Kapashera Phone : 5069185

DISTRICT NORTH-WEST SDM (Saraswati Vihar) Kanjhawala, Phone: 5951140

DISTRICT EAST SDM(Vivek Vihar) L.M Bandh , Shastri Nagar Pushta , Geeta Colony Phone : 2013258 SDM (Preet Vihar) L.M Bandh , Shastri Nagar Pushta , Geeta Colony Phone : 2230370 SDM(Gandhi Nagar) L.M Bandh , Shastri Nagar Pushta , Geeta Colony Phone 2058348

DISTT SOUTH SDM (KalkaJI) 37 Tuglka bad Indl Area Hauz Khas Phone: 6096500, 6071388 SDM (Defence Colony) Mehrulai Badar Pur Road Saket Phone: 6568772 SDM (Hauz Khas) Old Tehshil Mehruli Bldg Qutab Minar Phone: 6964402

SDM (Narela) BDO Complex Ali pur Phone: 7204214

SDM(Model Town) Old Middle School Rampura Phone: 7151900

If your complaint is not solved by the SDM, talk to the Dy. Commissioner of your area: Dy Commissioner (NORTH) Dy. Commissioner (WEST) Dy. Commissioner (NEW DELHI) Room no 154, Tis Hazari Old Middle School 12/1 Jam Nagar House Phone: 3943048 Rampura Shah Jahan Road, Fax: 3963393 Phone: 7190629 Phone : 3389685, Fax : 7190617 3389549 Fax: 3389379 Dy. Commissioner (NORTH-EAST) Weavers complex Dy. Commissioner (CENTRAL) Opp Gagan cinema Room no 148 , Tis Hazari Dy. Commissioner (SOUTH WEST) Phone: 2122732 Phone: 3962824 Old Terminal Tax Bldg. Fax : 2129686 Fax : 3914300 Kapashera Phone: 5065633 Fax : 5069113 Dy. Commissioner (NORTH-WEST) Dy. Commissioner (EAST) Kanjhawala L.M. Bandh Shastri Nagar Phone 5953785 Pushta, Geeta colony Dy. Commissioner (SOUTH) Phone: 2421656 Mehrauli Badarpur Road Fax : 2455519 Saket, Phone: 6525796 Fax: 6855025

Divisional Health Authority (D.L.H.A): A-20, Lawrence Road, Indl Area, Delhi-35 Divisional Local Health Authority (I) Divisional Local Health Authority (II) Divisional Local Health Authority (III) (North, North-East, & North-west Districts (West, Central, East Districts) (New Delhi, South-West, South Phone: 7153846 Phone: 7187464 Districts) phone: 7187468

You can also approach: FOOD HEALTH AUTHORITY CUM DIRECTOR (PFA)

Name of food Adulterant articles MILK & MILK PRODUCTS 1) Milk Impure water

Disease/Health affects

Simple method for detection of common adulterants

Remarks

Water

May cause nausea, 1. The lactometer reading shall not ordinarily Abdominal pains be less than 26. Diarrhoea, gas 2. The presence of water can be detected by Formation putting a drop of milk on a polished slanting Consumers will be surface, the drop of pure milk either stops or flows slowly leaving a white trail behind it. deprived from the Whereas milk adulterated with water will desired nutirional flow immediately without leaving a mark. value foods. Diarrhoea, gas Formation Add a few drops of tincture of Iodine or Iodine solution. Formation of blue colour indicates the presence of starch.

Lactometer is marked in degrees ranging from 0.40 The test is not valid if skimmed milk of other thickening material is added.

Starch

Removal of fat

Consumers will be The Lactometer reading will go above 26 while deprived from the the milk apparently remains thick. desired nutritional value foods

The milk can easily be tested by Urease strips (available in the Medical stores) because synthetic milk be devoid of protein. b) Test for Glucose/ It causes cancer, Milk does not contain glucose /invert sugar, if inverted sugar impairment of body test for glucose with urease strip found positive. If it is made of synthetically by adding while colour water paint. part, cause behavior It means milk is adulterated. change i.e. irritating behavior Synthetic milk a) Test for protein

Sugar syrup

--

--

Oils, alkali, urea and detergent etc. Glucose, inverted sugar syrup is added in milk to increase the consistency and test.

c. Urea

Urea on boiling may convert into biuret which causes fall in blood pressure produces stron irritation in the urinary tract. Causes skin diseases & damages to respiratory tract. Harmful to intestines also. Diarrhoea/Gas formation

Take 5 ml of milk in a test tube and add 2 drops Test for synthetic milk requires of bromothymol blue solution development of specific reagents. In case of blue colour after 10 minutes indicates the doubt, please contact PFA deptt. presence of urea in milk.

d) Neutralizer washing soda/baking soda alkaline detergent

Take 5 ml of milk in a test tube and 2 drops of bromocresol purple solution. Development of violet colour after 10 minutes indicates the presence of Neutralizer or alkaline detergent in milk. Boil a small quantity of sample with some water, cool and add a few drops of loding solution. Formation of blue colour indicates the presences of starch. Boil a small quantity of sample with some water, cool and add a few drops of Iodine solution. Formation of blue colour indicated the presence of starch.

DO

2.Khoa and products

its Starch

3. Paneer

Chhana/ Starch

DO

4.Ghee

Vanaspati Margarine

or Consumer will be deprived from the desired nutritional value foods

Take about one tea spoon full of method sample of ghee with equal quantity of concentrated Hydrochloric acid in a stoppered test tube and add to it a pinch of sugar. Shake well for one minute and let it stand for five mintues. Appearance of crimson colour (vilot pink) in lower (acid) layer shows presence of Vanaspati or Margarine.

The test in specifie for seasame oil which is compulsory added to Vanaspati and Margarine Some coal tar colours also give a positive test. If the test is positive i.e. red colour develops only by adding strong Hydrochloric acid (without adding crystals is of sugar) then the sample is adulterated with coaltar dye. If the crimson or red colour develops after adding and shaking with sugar, then alone Vansapati or Margarine is present.

5) Mashed potatotes, other starches

It may cause food poisoning because starchy foods are more susceptiable for Micro-organisms

The presence of mashed potatoes and sweet patotatoes in a sample of Ghee can easily be detected by adding a few drops of iodine, when iodine, which is brownish in colour turns to blue then mashed potatoes/sweet potatoes/other starches are presents. Take about one tea spoon full of melted sample of butter with equal quantity of concentrated Hydrochloric acid in a stoppered test tube and add to a pinch of sugar. Shake well for one minute Appearance of crimson colour is lower (acid) layer shows presence of Vanaspati or Margarine. The presence of mashed potatoes and sweet potatoes in a sample of butter can easily be detected by adding a few drops of iodine.When iodine (which is brownish in colour) turns to blue if mashed potatoes/sweet potatoes/other starches are present. The test is specific for sesame oil which is compulsorily added to Vanaspati and Margarine some coal tar colours also give a positive i.e. red colour develops only by adding strong. Hydrochloric acid (without adding crystal of sugar) then the sample is adulterated with coaltar dye. If the crimson or red colour develops after adding and shaking with sugar , then alone Vanaspati or Margarine is present.

6) Butter

a)

Vanaspati Margraine

or Consumer will be deprived from the desired nutritional value.

b) Mashed Potatoes May cause food Sweet Potatoes and poisoning after some other starches time because adulterated foods are more suspectable to Micro-organisms.

a) Argemone oil OILS AND FATS

Epidemic dropsy (fluid accumulation in lower extermities) glaucoma, heart trouble debilitating diseases like beri-beri

Take small quantity of oil in a test tube. Add equal quantity of concentrated Nitric acid and shake carefully. Red to reddish brown colour in lower (acid) layer would indicate the presence of Argemone oil.

Colourless (not yellowish) Nitric acid may be used. Artificial colour if present will usually be a bright shade of colour, generally. Red or pink. The test may sometimes give misleading result. The test may not respond if the Argemone oil is present in small quantity.this test may not be positive.

b) Mineral oil

Lever trouble and Take 2 ml of the oil sample and add equal possibility of cancer. quantity of N/2 alcoholic potash. Heat in boiling water bath(dip in boiling water) for about 15 minute or till it becomes clear and add 10 ml of hot water. Any turbidity shows presence of mineral oil. Causes vomiting gastro enterities (Diarrohea) Convulsions oedema (i) Take about one ml of the oil. Add 10 ml of If castor oil is present in small quantity, this test acidified petroleum ether and mix well. And a may not be positive. few drops of ammonium molybdate regent. Immediate appearance of white turbidity indicates the presence of castor oil 1. Dissolve oil in petroleum either in a test tube and cool the test tube in ice-salt mixture. Turbidity within 5 minutes shows castor oil. Dissolve 10 gm of sample in glass of water, allow to settle , chalk will settle down at the bottom.

c) Castor oil

SWEETENING AGENT Sugar

Chalk powder

Stomatch disorder

Pithi sugar

I ) Washing soda

ii) Chalk powder iii) Yellow colour (unpermitted)

Skin diseases & damage to respiratory tract Stomach disorder/cancer Cancer

iv) Honey

Sugar solution

Add few drops of Hydrochloric acid, effervescence (give off bubbles) will indicate the presence of washing soda. Dissolve 10 gm of sample in a glass of water, allow to settle. Chalk will settle down at the bottom. Take 5 ml in a test tube from the above solution and add few drops of cone HCl. A pink colour in lower acid layers shows the presence of unpermitted colour. A cotton which dipped in pure honey when This test is only for added water. lighter with a match stick burns and shows the purity of honey. If adulterated, the presence of water will not allow the honey to burn. It does, it will produce a cracking sond.

a) Metanil Yellow Degeneration of testis Extract colour with luke water from food (a non-permitted in males articles. Add few drops of concentrated colour) Hydrochloric acid. If Magenta red colour develops the presence of metanil yellow is indicated. b) Saccharin Carcingenic may i) Taste a small quantity, Saccharin leaves cause bladder cencer a lingering sweetness (on tounge for a considerable time and

Sweetmeats, Ice Cream and Beverages

Leaves bitter tastes at the end. ii) Take two spoons of liquid sample or about 5 to 10 gms of solid sample with little quantity of water in a test tube, add few drops of Hydrochloric acid and 10 ml of solvent ether, Shake well. Decant the ether layer in a test tube or beaker and wash the either layer with small quantity of water evaporate the ether spontaneously. Add one drop of water (warm) to the residue and taste. Sweet taste will indicate the presence of saccharin.

FOOD GRAINS AND THEIR PRODUCTS i) Wheat, Rice, a) Maize, Jawar, Bajra, Chana, Barley etc.

Dust, pebble, Stomach Disorder These may be examined visually to see foreign stone straw, Lever damage and matter, damaged grains, discoloured grains , weed seeds cancer insect rodent contamination etc. damaged grain weevilled grains, insects rodent hair and excreata a) Purple black longer sized grains in Bajra show the presence of Ergots b) Put some grains in a glass tumbler containing 20 percent salt solution. Ergot floats over

Damaged/ discoloured grains should be a slow as possible since they may be affected by fungal toxins Argemon seeds, Dhature seeds etc. in modernately excessive amount can result in risk to health. Discard the damaged/undesirable grains before use.

b) Ergot (a fungus -Docontaining poisonous substance)

c) Dhatura

Lever damage cancer

d) Karnel Bunt

e) Argemone seed

and The surface while sound grains settles down Dhatura seeds are flat with edges with blackish brown colour which can be seperated out by Stomach, Disorder close examination. The affected wheat karnel have a dull apperance, blackish in colour and rotten fish Epidemic dropsy, smell glaucoma, Heart Assemble mustard seed which show a trouble protrusion on close examination. The surface of Argemone seed is grainy and rough while that of mustard seed is smooth. When Mustard seed is pressed in side, it is yellow where as seed is white.

Argemone

Sella Rice (Parboiled Rice)

Metanil Yellow (a Degeneration test is in Rub a few grains in the plams of tow hands, non-permitted males /cancer yellow colour get ruduced or disappear. Add a coalter colour) few drops of concentrated Hydrochloric acid to a few rice grains mixed with little water presence of pink colour indicates presence of Metanil yellow. Turmeric (colouring Anaemia paralysis etc. i) for golden (if turmeric contains appearance) lead chromate) Take a small amount of sample in test See Appendix I tube, add some water and shake Dip Boric acid paper (filter paper dipped in Boric acid solution). If it turns pink, turmeric is present.

3. Dal Whole and (a) Khersari Dal split

Lathyrism, & Leprosy

Take some rice and sprinkle on it a small amount of soaked lime for some time. Paralysis The rice grains will turn red if turmeric present. i) Khesari dal has edged typed appearance showing a slant on one side and square The test is only for khesari dal (Metanil yellow in appearance in contrast to other dals. if present will give a similar colour immediately even without simmering). ii) add 50 ml of dilute Hydrochloric acid to the sample and keep in simmering for about 15 minute. The pink colour developed indicates the presence of Khesari dal Visual exmination will detect these adulterants. Raject if the number of insects is large or if the odour is unpleasant and taste bitter or gritty.

ii)

4. Atta, Maida b) suji (Rawa)

c)

Clay, stone, gravels, webs insects, rodent hair & excreta Metanil yellow (a non permitted coalter colour)

Stomach disorder Lever damage cancer

&

Degeneration of test is Take 5 gms of the sample with 5 ml of water in in males and effect a test tube and add a few drops of concentrated lever Hydrochloric acid. A pink colour shows presence of Metanil yellow. Stomach disorder, These can be identified by visual examination. Lever damage & cancer Affect intestines By moving a magnet through the sample, Iron filling can be separated. Lathyrism, Paralysis Add 50 ml of dilute Hydrochloric acid to The test is only for

a) Sand soil, insects webs, lumps, rodent hair and excreta b) Iron filling 5. Besan Khesari flour

Leprosy

10 gms of sample and keep on simmering for about 15 minutes. The pink colour, if developed, indicates, the presence of khesari flour.

Khesari dal (Metanil yellow, if present will give a similar colour even without simmering insects is large or if the odour is unpleasant and taste bitter.

SPICES AND CONDIMENTS Dirt, dust, straw Stomach Disorder Whole spicies insect, damaged Lever damage and seeds, other seeds, Cancer rodent hair and excreta (a) Papaya seeds Black pepper

These can be examined visually

(b) Light black

(c) Coated with Cancer mineral oil Cloves Volatile oil Deprived desired from

Papaya seeds can be seprated out from pepper as they are shrunken, oval in shape and greenish brown or brownish black in colour. (1) Float the sample of black pepper in alchohol (rectified spirit). The mature black pepper berries sink while the papaya seeds and light black pepper float. (2) Press the berries with the help of fingers light berries will break easily while black pepper will not break. Black pepper coated with mineral oil gives kerosene like smell. the (3) Exhausted cloves can be identified by its

Extracted (exhausted cloves)

Nutritional foods

value Small size and shrunken appearance. The characheristic pungent taste of genuine cloves is less pronounced in exhausted cloves. Take some water in beaker/glass and add clvoes. Genuene cloves will settle down at bottom while exhausted cloves will float, on surface. Mustard seeds have a smooth surface the Use manginifying glass for identification. argemone seed have grainy and rough surface and are black and hence can be separated out by close examination. When Mustard seed is pressed in side it is yellow while Argemone seed is white. Appears to be bright coloured and leaves colour immediately in water. Boil the sample with some water in a test tube and cool. And a few drops of tincture of Iodine Iodine test for added starch is not applicable for or Iodine solution. Indication of blue colour turmeric powder. shows the presence of starch. Take one gram of powdered spices in a test tube and add 5 ml. Carbontetra-chloride solvent Shake well and left for some time. Impurities will settle at the bottom, while the spice powder will float on the surface. Taste for addition of common salt.

(c) Mustard Seed

Argemone Seed

Epidemic glaucoma, trouble

dropsy, heart

(d) Turmeric whole 4. Powdered spices

Lead Chromate (a) Added Starch

Anaemia, Abortion, Paralysis, Brain damage deprived from the desired nutritional value foods. disorders/

Powdered spices

(b) Chalk Powder Stomach yellow soap Cancer. stone powder

(c) Common salt

(a) Turmeric powder

(a) Coloured Saw

Deprived from the nutritional value foods. Take a tea spoon full of turmeric powder in a The test is only for Metanil yellow. Stomach disorders, test tube. Add a few drops of concentrated Degeneration of tests Hydrochloric acid. Instant appearance of pink colour which disappeares on dilution with water in male/cancer shows the presence of trumeric. If the colour

persists, metanil yellow (an artificial colour ) a non permiktted coaltar is present. Chalk Powder Stomach disorder/Cancer Take a small quantity of turmeric powder in a test tube containing small quantity of water. Add a few drops of concentrated Hydrochloric acid, effervesence (give off bubbles) will indicate the presnce of chalk of yellow soap stone powder. Take a tea spoon full of chillies powder in a glass of water. Coloured water extract will This test is only for earthy material show the presence of artificial colour. Any grittiness that may be felt on rubbing the sediment at the bottom or glass confirm the presence of brick powder/sand, soapy and smooth touch of the white residue at the bottom indicates the presence of soap stone. Water soluble artificial colour can be detected by sprinkling a small quantity of chillies or turmeric powder on the surface of water contained in a glass tumbler. The water soluble colour will immediately start discending in colour streaks.

Chillies Powder

(a) Brick, Powder, Stomach salt powder or irritation/Cancer tale powder

(b) Water soluble Lever damage/ Cancer Coaltar Colour

(c ) oil coaltar

(iii) Hing

Take 2 gm of the sample in a test tube, add few ml of solvent ether and shake. Decant ether layer into a test tube containing 2 ml of dilute Hydrochloric acid (1 ml Hel plus 1 ml of water) shake it, the lower acid layer will be coloured distinct pink to red indicating presence of oil soluble colour. Soap stone or other Damaged to the Shake little portion of the sample with water earthy matter elementary canal and and allow to settle. Soap stone or other earthy kidney stone. matter will settle down at the bottom. Coloured dried Cancer tendrils of maize cob Genuine saffron will not break easily like artificial. Artificial saffron is prepared by soaking maize cob in sugar and colouring it with coal tar colour. The colour dissolves in water if artificially coloured. A bit of pure safforn when allowed to dissolved in water will continue to give its safforn colour so long as it lasts. i) Test as per the kit supplied by the salt Deptt. Min. of industries or through State iodine Deficiency disorder (IDD) Cell NCT, Delhi. Cut a piece of potato , add salt and wait minute and add two drops of lemon juice. If iodized salt blue colour will develop. In case of common salt, there will be no blue colour.

soluble Lever damage/cancer

See also Appendix I . In place of solvent ether thinner can also be used.

In compounded Hing due to presence of starch, a slight turbid solution, may be produced. However this will settle down after keeping.

(iv) Saffron

MISCELLENEO US FOODS Iodized Salt

May cause goiter Common salt

ii)

Common salt

White stone

Tea leaves

powdered Damage to the Stir a spoonful of sample of salt in a glass of elementary canals water. The presence of chalk will make solution white and other insoluble immpurities will settle down. (a) Exhuasted tea or Cancer and other tur or gram dal diseases. Take a filter paper and spares a few tea leaves husk with sprinked with water to wet the filter paper if colour. coal tar colour is presented it would immediately stain the filter paper wash the filter paper under tap water and observe the staine against light. Spread a little slaked lime on white proclain tile or glass plate, sprinkle a little tea dust on the lime. Red, orange or other shades of colour spreading on the lime will show the presence of coal tar colour. In case of genuine tea, there will be only a slight greenish yellow colour due to chlorophyll, which will appear after some time. (b) Iron fillings Damaged to the By moving a magnet through the sample, iron elementary canals filling can be separated. (c) chicory Deprived from the Gently sprinkle the coffee powder sample on nutritional value the surface of water in a glass, the coffee floats foods. over the water but chicory begins to sink down within a few seconds. The falling chicory powder particles leave behind them a trail of colour , due to large amount of caramel.

Coffee powder

Starch , toasted bread powder, chokar etc

Do

Take a small amount of coffee powder in a test tube with water and heat. Take another test tube and add two granules of potassium permegnate add 2 drops of cone Hel mix both the solution and add tincher iodine solution. If blue colour comes, it means coffee powder is adulterated alter natively make a decoction of the coffee, decolourises it by adding acidified potassium permegnate solution and then add a drop of Iodine solution. Blue colour shows adulteration with starchy material. (i) Take the solution of sodium hydroxide in a test tube and add coffee powder. Development of red colour indicates presence of tamarind seeds. (ii) Sprinkle the suspected coffee powder on white filter/blotting paper and spray 1 percent sodium carbonate solution on it. Tamarind and date seed powder will, if persent, stain blotting paper/ filter paper red. Lever damage & colour dissolves in water Saccharin gives excessive and Cancer care ingeniclingering sweet taste and leaves bitter taste at the end. May cause bladder

Do Tamarind seeds powder and date seeds powder

Supari Massala

Pan (j) Colour (ii) Saccharin

Catechu Powder

Chalk

Cancer Damaged Chalk gives effervescence (gives off bubbles) elementary canal With concentrated Hydrochiloric acid.

This test is only for chalk.

Silver leaves

Aluminium leaves

Being Reactive (i) Onignition, genuine silver leaves burn away reduces the supply of completely, leaving glistering white essential spherical ball of the same mass whereas Micronutrients aluminium leaves are reduced to ashes of dark grey blackish colour. (ii) Take silver leaves in test tube, add diluted Hydrochloric acid. Appearance of turbidity to white precipitate indicated the presence of silver leaves. Aluminium leaves do not give any trubidity or precipitate. (iii) Take a small portion of metal leaves and add a few drops of concentrated Nitric acid. Silver leaves will completely dissolve where as aluminium leaves will remain undissolved.

Vinegar

Mineral acid

Toxic/damge elementary canal

Test with the Metanil yellow indicator paper in case the colour changes from yellow to pink See appendix I mineral acid is present.

CAUTION: The acids prescribed in these test should be used with caution. Their external & internal use on the body is strictly prohibited. They should strictly be kept away from children. In no case mentally retareded or emotional persons should be allowed to handle them.