Analog Communications Lab Manual

RRS College of Engineering and Technology
Analog Communications Lab Manual
List of the experiments:
S. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Name of the experiment Amplitude modulation and Demodulation Frequency modulator and demodulator Balanced modulator Synchronous detector SSB modulation and Demodulation Mixer characteristics Pre-Emphasis & De- Emphasis Phase Locked Loop(PLL) Fibre Optic Analog Link
Page No 2 5 8 11 14 20 22 25 28
1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. AM trainer kit 2. Dual trace CRO 3. CRO Probes & patch chords
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
CH1
CH2
Message signal source
AM Modulator
AM Demodulator
Carrier source
THEORY: In Amplitude modulation the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied by the modulating voltage whose is invariably, lower than that of the carrier frequency. In practice, the carrier frequency (HF), while the modulating frequency (AF).

Formally, AM is defined as a system of modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier is made proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating voltage. Let the modulating and carrier signal can be represented as m(t)= Am Cos 2fmt c(t) = Ac Cos 2fct respectively . The ultimate AM equation is = Ac(1+ Cos 2fmt ) Cos 2fct , where is the modulation index. If =1 the AM is perfectly modulated, if <1 the AM is under modulated and finally, if >1 the AM is over modulated.
PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the block diagram. 2. Apply the 1Vp-p message signal from the message source and 1Vp-p carrier from the carrier source to the modulator. 3. Connect the message signal on CH1 of CRO and connect the modulated output on the CH2 of the CRO. 4. Observe the perfectly modulated AM wave on the CRO and calculate the modulation index (), amplitude of the modulated waveform. 5. Now varying the amplitudes of the message and carrier and observe the both over and under modulated AM waves, and calculate the modulation index () values. 6. Apply the modulated output to the demodulator and observe the demodulated signal and calculate the amplitude and phase difference w.r.t to the modulating signal.
OBSERVATIONS: Modulation Perfect Under Over 3 Vmax Vmin =(Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+ Vmin)

WAVEFORMS:
RESULT: Amplitude modulated signal is generated and original signal is demodulated from the AM signal. Depth of modulation is calculated for the various amplitude levels of the modulating signals.
2. FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:
1. To generate frequency modulated signal and determine the modulation index and bandwidth for various values of amplitude and frequency of modulating signal.
2. To demodulate a Frequency Modulated signal using FM detector.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. FM trainer kit 2. Dual Trace CRO 3. CRO Probes & Patch chords
BLOCK DIAGRAM: CH1 CH2
FM Modulator with in -built Carrier generator
FM Demodulator
THEORY: In Frequency modulation the instantaneous Frequency of the carrier signal is varied by the modulating voltage. Basically, FM is the continuous time angle modulation technique and also it is a non-linear modulation process, which having the constant envelope. The bandwidth required for the FM is more compare then the AM. The FM is divided into two types according to is NBFM (<1) & WBFM (>1). Where is the modulation index=f (max freq. deviation)/ fm (message freq)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the block diagram. 2. First without applying modulating signal to the modulator observe the output and measure amplitude and frequency of the signal, and ensure that is the carrier. 3. Apply the 2Vp-p message signal from the message source to the modulator.Connect the message signal on CH1 of CRO and connect the modulated output on the CH2 of the CRO. 4. Observe the Frequency modulated wave on the CRO and calculate the modulation index (), amplitude of the modulated waveform. 5. Now varying the amplitudes of the message and observe the modulated FM wave, and calculate the modulation index () values. 6. Apply the modulated output to the FM demodulator and observe the demodulated signal and calculate the amplitude and phase difference w.r.t to the modulating signal.
OBSERVATIONS:
Amplitude (volts
Fmax (Hz)
Fmin (Hz)
f Fmin)
=(Fmax- = f /fm

WAVEFORMS:
RESULT: Phase reversal in DSB-SC Signal is occur at the zero crossing of modulating
signal is observed.
3. BALANCED MODULATOR
AIM: To generate AM-Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) signal by using
balanced modulator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Balanced modulator trainer kit 2. Dual trace CRO 3. CRO Probes & patch chords
BLOCK DIAGRAM: CH1 CH2
Balanced /product Modulator
Carrier Source THEORY: The balanced modulator is used to generate the DSB signal. Balanced modulator is also called as the product modulator. The IC required for the balanced modulator is IC1496. The output of the balanced modulator is the product of the two input signals. The two inputs of any modulator are the message and carrier. The output but the DSB signal. When compared to the AM, in DSB the carrier is suppressed and the lower side band and upper side bands are transmitted. The power required to transmit the DSBSC signal less when compared with the conventional AM. To demodulate the DSBSC signal we should use the synchronous detector.

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the block diagram. 2. Apply the 1Vp-p message signal from the message source and 1Vp-p carrier from the carrier source to the modulator. 3. Connect the message signal on CH1 of CRO and connect the balanced modulator output on the CH2 of the CRO. 4. Observe the balanced modulator output on the CRO and calculate the modulation index (), which must be 1, and note down the amplitude of the balanced modulator output. 5. The balanced modulator output is same as that of perfect modulated waveform of the AM. OBSERVATIONS:
Modulation Perfect
Vmax
Vmin
=(Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+ Vmin)
WAVEFORMS:
DSB-SC waveform w. r. t modulating signal.
4.00
2.00
V lta e( ) o g V
0.00
-2.00
-4.00 0.00 100.00u 200.00u Time (s) 300.00u 400.00u 500.00u
RESULT: Amplitude modulated signal is generated and original signal is demodulated from the AM signal. Depth of modulation is calculated for the various amplitude levels of the modulating signals.
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4. SYNCHRONOUS DETECTOR
AIM: To generate AM-Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) de modulator signal by using synchronous detector.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Balanced modulator and demodulator trainer kit 2. Dual Trace CRO 3. CRO Probes Patch chords
BLOCK DIAGRAM: Message signal source Balanced Modulator
CH1 Synchronous detector
CH2
Carrier source
THEORY: The balanced modulator is used to generate the DSB signal. Balanced modulator is also called as the product modulator. The IC required for the balanced modulator is IC1496. The output of the balanced modulator is the product of the two input signals. The two inputs of any modulator are the message and carrier. The output but the DSB signal. When compared to the AM, in DSB the carrier is suppressed and the lower side band and upper side bands are transmitted. The power required to transmit the DSBSC signal less when compared with the conventional AM. To demodulate the DSBSC signal we should use the synchronous detector.
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PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the block diagram. 2. Apply the 1Vp-p message signal from the message source and 1Vp-p carrier from the carrier source to the modulator. 3. Connect the message signal on CH1 of CRO and connect the balanced modulator output on the CH2 of the CRO. 4. Observe the balanced modulator output on the CRO and calculate the modulation index (), which must be 1, and note down the amplitude of the balanced modulator output. The balanced modulator output is same as that of perfect modulated waveform of the AM. 5. Apply the balanced modulator output to the synchronous detector and observe the demodulated signal and calculate the amplitude and phase difference w.r.t to the modulating signal.
WAVEFORMS:
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Balanced modulator o/p w.r.t message signal.
T
4.00
2.00
V lta e( ) o g V
0.00
-2.00
-4.00 0.00 100.00u 200.00u Time (s) 300.00u 400.00u 500.00u
Demodulation / output of synchronous detector
4.00
2.00
Vlt g ( ) oa e V
0.00
-2.00
-4.00 0.00 100.00u 200.00u Time (s) 300.00u 400.00u 500.00u
RESULT: The original signal is demodulated from the synchronous detector.
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5.SSB MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To generate the single side band modulation by using phase shift method and demodulation by using synchronous detector. Apparatus and components required:
1. SSB modulation and demodulation trainer kit 2. Dual Trace CRO 3. CRO probes and patch chords BLOCK DIAGRAM:
THEORY: The phase shift method avoids and some of their attendant disadvantages, and instead makes use of the two balanced modulators and two phase shifting networks as shown in the block diagram. As indicated, one of the modulators, M1, receives the carrier voltage (shifted by 90o) and the modulating voltage, where as the other modulator M2, is fed the modulating voltage (shifted by 90o) and the carrier voltage. Some times the modulating voltage phase shift is arranged slightly different. It is made +45o for one of the balanced modulator and -45o for another, but result is the same. Both modulators produce an output consisting only of sidebands. 14

It will be shown; however, that where as both upper sidebands leads the input carrier voltage by 90o, one of the lower sidebands leads the reference voltage by 90oj and the other lags it by 90o. The two lower sidebands are thus out of phase, and when combined in the adder, they cancel each other. The upper side bands are in phase at the adder and thus add and thus add, giving SSB in which the lower sideband has been cancelled. The foregoing may be proved as follows. If taken for granted that two balanced modulators are also balanced with respect to each other, then amplitudes may be ignored, as they do not affect the result. Note also that both balanced modulators are fed from the same sources. As before taking Sin (m t) as the carrier and Sin (c t+90o) s the modulation, we see that the balanced modulator M1 will receive Sin (c t) and Sin (c t+90o) where as modulator M2 takes Sin(c t+90o) and Sin(c t). Following the reasoning in the proof of the balanced modulator, we know that the output of M1 will contain sum and difference frequencies. Thus V1 = Cos [(c t+90o)-m t] - Cos [(c t+90o)+m t] =Cos [(c t+90o)-m t] - Cos [(c t+90o) +m t] ----------LSB USB Similarly, the output of M2 will contain V2=Cos [(c t - (m t -90o)] - Cos [c t - (m t -90o)] --------The output of the adder is Vo =V1+V2= 2 Cos [(c t+90o)-m t] -------------(3) (2) (1)
This is obtained by adding Equation (1) and (2) and observing that the first term of the first equations 180o out of phase with the first term of the second equation. We have that one of the sidebands in the adder is cancelled, where as the other is the system as shown yields the upper side band. A similar analysis shown that SSB with the lower sideband present will be obtained if both signals are fed (phase-shifted0 to the one balanced modulator. 15
PROCEDURE: 1. Switch on the trainer and measure the output of the regulated power supply i.e., 12V
and-8V.
2. Observe the output of the RF generator using CRO. There are 2 outputs from the RF generator, one is direct output and another is 90o out of phase with the direct output. The output frequency is 100 KHz and the amplitude is 0.2VPP. (Potentiometers are provided to vary the output amplitude).
3. Observe the output of the AF generator, using CRO. There are 2 outputs from the AF generator, one is direct output and another is 90o out of phase with the direct output. A switch is provided to select the required frequency (2 KHz, 4KHz or 6 KHz). AGC potentiometer is provided to adjust the gain of the oscillator (or to set the output to good shape). The oscillator output has amplitude 10VPP. This amplitude can be varied using the potentiometers provided.
4. Measure and record the RF signal frequency using frequency counter. (or CRO). 5. Set the amplitudes of the RF signals to 0.1 Vp-p and connect direct signal to one balanced modulator and 90o phase shift signal to another balanced modulator.
6. Select the required frequency (2KHz, 4KHz or 6KHz) of the AF generator with the help of switch and adjust the AGC potentiometer until the output amplitude is 10 VPP (when amplitude controls are in maximum condition).
7. Measure and record the AF signal frequency using frequency counter (or CRO). 8. Set the AF signal amplitudes to 8 Vp-p using amplitude control and connect to the balanced modulators. 9. Observe the outputs of both the balanced modulators simultaneously using Dual trace oscilloscope and adjust the balance control until desired output wave forms (DSB-SC).
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10. To get SSB lower side band signal, connect balanced modulator output (DSB_SC) signals to subtractor. 11. Measure and record the SSB signal frequency.
12. Calculate theoretical frequency of SSB (LSB) and compare it with the practical value. LSB frequency = RF frequency AF frequency
13. To get SSB upper side band signal, connect the output of the balanced modulator to the summer circuit. 14. Measure and record the SSB upper side band signal frequency. 15.Calculate theoretical value of the SSB(USB) frequency and compare it with practical value. USB frequency = RF frequency + AF frequency
Wave forms: Carrier wave at 00:
Modulating wave at 00:
17

Carrier wave at 900:
Modulating wave at 900:
Balanced modulator o/p w.r.t message signal.

T
4.00
2.00
V lta e( ) o g V
0.00
-2.00
-4.00 0.00 100.00u 200.00u Time (s) 300.00u 400.00u 500.00u
SSB output:
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Demodulation / output of synchronous detector
4.00
2.00
Vlt g ( ) oa e V
0.00
-2.00
-4.00 0.00 100.00u 200.00u Time (s) 300.00u 400.00u 500.00u
Result: The SSB modulation demodulation is performed
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6. MIXER CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To perform the mixer characteristics
Apparatus and Components required: 1. Mixer characteristics trainer kit 2. Dual trace CRO 3. probes and patch chords Circuit diagram:
V1 12 R22 k 2 R 4.7k 1 R31 0 0k
R41 0 0k
C 1n 2
C11 0 0n
fx
C11 0 0n R 10k 5
fy
THEORY: The heterodyne means to mix. This process involves a simple change a translation of carrier frequency and this change in a carrier frequency is achieved by heterodyning or mixing. Generally, mixing is done in mixer or frequency mixer. Both the local oscillator voltage whose frequency of and the signal voltage frequency is are applied to the frequency mixer.
R 10k 6
C 1n 3
T1 B 0 C1 7
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PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 2. Connect the sine wave form through Fx 3. Adjust the amplitude control to 2Vp-p and frequency of 10 KHz. 4. Connect sine waveform another AF oscillator through Fy and adjust the amplitude control to 2Vp-p and frequency 10 KHz. 5. Connect CRO terminals across Vout and ground. 6. If Fx =Fy=100 Hz, the output is zero. 7. Vary the frequency Fx to 101KHz and observe the different frequency Fx-Fy, the frequency will be 1 KHz. If we increase and decrease the frequency to 101 KHz or 90 KHz, then we can observe the different frequency as 1 KHz. Similarly the Fx and note down different frequency for different values.
WAVEFORM: Amp
Result: The characteristic of the Mixer has studied.
21
7. PRE-EMPHASIS & DE-EMPAHSIS

AIM: To perform the frequency response of the pre-emphasis & de-emphasis circuit and draw the graphs.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Dual Trace CRO 2. function generator 3. pre emphasis and de emphasis trainer kit 4. patch chords
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY: Filtering will remove the noise in RF circuits, but noise control in the low frequency (audio) amplifier is achieved through a high pass filter at transmitter ( pre-emphasis) a LPF at receiver (de-emphasis). The measurable noise in low frequency electronic amplifier is most pronounced over the frequency range of 1 KHz to 2 KHz. At the transmitter, the audio circuits are tailored to provide a higher level of audio signal at the upper audio frequency range for aired noise level, the 22

greater signal voltage yields a better S?N ratio. at the receiver, when the upper audio frequency signals are attenuated to form a flat frequency response, the associated noise level is also attenuated. A time constant was selected rather than s set of component values for the pre-emphasis circuit to allow product designer free choice of component values to match either the RC or L/R. L/R circuit are less common because large inductance values and small resistance values required to achieve the 75 sec of time. The dB increase for any frequency over the range can be form as dB gain = 20 log 1+ ( f/f1)where f1 is frequency at 3dB point and f is the frequency under investigation. The de-emphasis curve for 75 sec can be form as dB loss =20 log 1+(f/f1) The dB improvement in the under at any frequency is formed as dB a power ratio dB= 20 log (1/3)(f/f1). PROCEDURE: 1. Construct the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Observe the input waveform on CRO CH1. 3. Adjust the amplitude of the sine wave using the amplitude knob to a particular voltage, say 4v,6v,10v etc. 4. Observe the o/p waveform on CRO in CH2. 5. Measure the o/p voltage in the CRO and note down in the observation table. 6. Calculate the attenuation and log f values as shown in the observation table. 7. Draw the graph frequency (X-axis) and attenuation in dB (Y-axis) to show the emphasis curves on a semi log graph.
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TABULAR FORMS: a) pre-emphasis input voltage=______ volts Frequency (Hz) O/p voltage (volts ) Log f (Hz) Attenuation in dB 20 log Vo/Vi
b) de-emphasis input voltage=______ volts
Frequency (Hz)
O/p voltage (volts )
Log f (Hz)
Attenuation in dB 20 log Vo/Vi
WAVEFORMS:
Gain in dB : 1050-5-10: Pre -emphasis
De-emphasis
Log f RESULT: The frequency response of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits are obtained.
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8. PHASE LOCKED LOOP

AIM: To measure lock range and capture range of a given of a given PLL
COMPONENTS & APPARATUS REQUIRED. 1. PLL Trainer Kit 2. Function Generator 3. Dual Trace CRO 4. CRO Probes and Patch chords
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
25
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Input PLLO/p
Phase Discriminator
e (t) Low-pass
filter (LPF)
VCO (Voltage controlled Oscillator)
Feed-back path
THEORY: The block diagram represents PLL. It consists of a phase detector, a LPF, and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The phase detector compares the input frequency fin with feed-back frequency fo, the output voltage of the phase detector is proportional to the phase difference between fin and fo. The output voltage of the phase detector is DC voltage and therefore is often refers as error voltage. The output of the phase detector is produces a DC level. The DC level is the input of the VCO. The output of VCO is directly proportional to the input DC level. The VCO frequency is compared with the input frequencies and adjusted frequency constant at the input frequency. The PLL goes through 3 stages 1. Free running stage 2. capture stage 3. phase lock stage Before input is applied the PLL is in free running stage, once the input frequency is applied the VCO frequency starts to change and the PLL is said to be in the capture range.
26

The VCO frequency continues to change until it equals the input frequency and the PLL is then in the phase locked stage. When phase is locked the loop tracks any change in the input frequency through its respective action.
PROCEDURE: 1. Switch ON the experiment trainer kit 2. R1 and C1 values are designed for center frequency fo 3. Sine wave applied to the input terminal using function generator. 4. The input frequency is varied and the frequency at which output frequency becomes equal to input frequency is noted and it is denoted by F1. 5. The input frequency further increased and the output voltage falls down to input and it is noted and denoted by F2.
6. The input frequency further increased and the output frequency becomes equal the frequency is noted as F3. 7. The input frequency further decreases the output frequency raises thus that frequency is noted as F4.
WAVEFORMS: Capture range Lock range | f1
f4 f2
fo
f3
f RESULT: PLL lock range and capture range is measured. 1. lock range =_______ 2. capture range =________
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9. ANALOG LINK USING FIBRE OPTICAL CABLES

AIM: The aim of the experiment is to observe the frequency response of optical fibre cable, and also observe the losses which are occurred in the optical fibres and measure losses in dB of optical fibre chords at the wavelength of 650nm. The coefficients of attenuation per meter at these wavelengths are to be computed from the results.
Apparatus required 1. Fibre Optic analog link Transmitter kit 2. Fibre Optic analog link Receiver kit 3. Dual trace CRO 4. Optical fibre cable (5m & 1m) 5. Patch chords and CRO probes
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
AF input
TX unit 650nmLED
OFC
RX unit Photo device/ Photo transistor
AF Output
THEORY: Attenuation in an optical fibre is a result of a number of effects. We will confine our study to measurement of in two cables ( 1m and 5m ) employing an SMA- SMA in line adaptor. We will also compute loss per metre of fibre in dB. We will also study the special response of the fibre at wavelength of 650 nm.
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PROCEDURE: 1. Switch ON the experiment Trainer kit ( Both transmitter and receiver ) 2. Apply the sinusoidal input signal from the function generator with finite amplitude (3Vp-p) and frequency to the transmitter and connect the input to the CH1 of the CRO and note down the readings. 3. Connect the 5metre optical fibre cable (OFC) between the transmitter and receiver. 4. Connect the output terminal to the CH2 of CRO. Vary the frequency knob in the function generator and observe output and note down the values. 5. Tabulate the output values and calculate the attenuation using formulae Attenuation in dB=20 log (Vi/Vo). 6. Plot the graph on a Semi-Log graph sheet for different attenuation values with different frequencies 7. Repeat the steps from 4 -6 for 1 metre cable.
TABULAR FORMS: 1) AF input Vi=_______ Volts for 5 metres
S. No
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( Volts)
Attenuation in dB =20 log (Vi/Vo)
2) AF input Vi=_______ Volts for 1 metres S. No Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage ( Volts) Attenuation in dB =20 log (Vi/Vo)
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WAVEFORM: Attenuation in dB
0 10k 1
10
100
1000
Log f RESULT: The attenuation losses of the Optical Fibre Cable (both 1m & 5m) for different frequencies are observed.
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