Errors in production or sensitivity of hormones will lead to a predominance of female characteristics which are under the influence of maternal and placental estrogen.
When the primordial germ cell fail to reach the indifferent gonad, the gonad remains indifferent or absent. The indifferent duct system and the external genitalia will develop under the influence of the hormones:
Dihydrotestosterone stimulate
development of prostate, external genitalia, penis and scrotum
Uterus Didelphys uterus entirely doubled Uterus Arcuatus uterus slightly indented in the
middle
Atresia of the Cervix atresia of paramesonephric Atresia of the Vagina sinovaginal bulbs do not
develop
Pseudohermaphroditism or intersexuality
genotypic sex is masked by phenotypic appearance that closely resembles other sex If (+) testes = male pseudohermaphrodite If (+) ovary = female psuedohermaphrodite
Female Pseudohermaphrodite common cause is adrenogenital syndrome wherein the patient has
44 chromosomes plus XX complement Nuclei is chromatin positive and there are ovaries but the excessive production of androgen by adrenals causes excessive external genitalia to develop into a male direction Musculinization may vary from just an enlarged clitoris to almost male genitalia Frequently there is a clitorial hypertrophy and partial fusion of labia majora giving the appearance of scrotum There is small persistent urogenital sinus Syndrome is caused by abnormal steroid metabolism in fetal adrenal cortex
gives rise to a endocrine glands and some parts of middle ear. In subsequent order, the pouches give rise to: 1. middle ear cavity 2. auditory tube 3. stroma of the palatine tonsil 4. parathyroid glands 5. thymus 6. ultimobranchial bodies
Maxillary, manibular and fronto-nasal prominences in the facial region through their fusion
and special growth, determine the size of the mandible size of upper lip size of palate and nose
suspensory ligament
ovary proper and the uterus. The latter extends into the labia majora.
2 maxillary prominences and 2 medial prominences is at most importance since the development of cleft lip is a
the upper lip by the fusion of the very serious morphological and psychological handicap. In deeper portion of the face, the fusion of the maxillary prominences will give rise to: hard and soft palate derivatives of intermaxillary segment (like filtrum) upper jaw component carries upper teeth palatal component forms the triangular primary palate a series of cleft deformities will result from incomplete or partial fusion of these mesenchyamal tissues, which may be caused by hereditary or environmental factors. The final adult form of the face is greatly contributed by the development of: Paranasal sinuses Nasal concha Teeth develops from an ectodermal and
Associated with malformations of the mouth: shortened filtrum or fist mouth, very small mouth, nasal cleft and cardiac abnormalities.
Thyroglossal cyst
Where in the cyst may be found at any point along the migratory path that is followed along the thyroid gland Always located close to or in the midline of neck Cystic remnant of thyroglossal duct 15% of cysts are located close to or just inferior to hyoid bone Sometimes, cyst is connected to the outside by fistula or fistulus cannal which is called
thyroglossal fistula
mesodermal component
The enamel is made up of ameroblast. It lies into a thick layer of dentin produced by
odontoblast or neural crests. Lateral cyst of the neck called branchial cyst
Congenitally it happens when the 2 pharyngeal rd th arch fails to grow caudally over the 3 and 4 arches nd rd th The remnants of 2 , 3 , 4 cleft will remain in contact with the surface by a narrow canal, which we call the branchial fistula
nd
hypoplasia mandible There is cleft palate and a defect in ear and eye
of