Anda di halaman 1dari 3

GLYCOLYSIS - aka Embden-Meyerhof Pathway - by German chemists Gustav Embden and Otto Meyerhof in the 1930s - metabolic pathway

by which glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate, chemical energy in the form of ATP is produced, and NADH-reduced coenzymes are produced - oxidation process where NO O2 is used (anaerobic metabolic pathway) *aerobic pathway: requires O2 - oxidizing agent: NAD+ - ten-step enzyme-catalyzed process where all enzymes are found in the cytosol where glycolysis takes place TWO STAGES OF GLYCOLYSIS I. SIX-CARBON STAGE - energy consuming stage - energy release assoc'd with the conversion of 2 ATP to 2 ADP is used to transform monosaccharide into monosaccharide phosphates - intermediates are all either glucose or fructose derivatives in w/c PO4 groups are present Step 1: PHOSPHORYLATION - Form'n of Glucose 6-Phosphate, a glucose mol w/ a phosphate grp attached to the OH oxygen on C6 - PO4 grp is from ATP - Hexokinase, enzyme requiring Mg+2, catalyzes the rxn - "trapping" glucose w/n a cell *Glucose can cross cell membranes, but glucose 6-phosphate cannot *kinase: enzyme that catalyzes transfer of PO3-2 from ATP to substrate Step 2: ISOMERIZATION - Form'n of Fructose 6-Phosphate - Glucose 6-Phosphate is isomerized to fructose 6-phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase Step 3: PHOSPHORYLATION - Form'n of Fructos 1,6-Biphosphate - requires energy - ATP: source of phosphate and energy - phosphofructokinase, enzyme that requires Mg+2 for rxn to take place - fructose mol contains now 2 PO4 grps II. THREE-CARBON STAGE - energy converting stage - intermediates: C3-phosphates, two of w/c are high-energy phosphate species - C3 intermediates are all phosphorylated derivatives of dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, glycerate, or pyruvate, w/c in turn are derivative of glyvcerol or acetone. Step 4: CLEAVAGE - Formation of Two Triose Phosphates - reacting C6 species split into two C3 species - Because fructose1,6-biphosphate (mol being split) is unsymmetrical, the two trioses produced are not indentical:

PRODUCTS: a) dihydroxyacetone phosphate (triose): readily converted to glyceraldehyde 3phosphate b) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: the only glycolysis intermediate - aldolase, enzyme that catalyzes the rxn Step 5: ISOMERIZATION - Form'n of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate - Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (ketose) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (aldose) are isomers, and the isomerization process from ketose to aldose is catalysed by the enzyme, triosephosphate isomerase Step 6: OXIDATION and PHOSPHORYLATION - Form'n of 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate - rxn catalysed by the enzyme, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase wherein a phosphate group (high-energy phosphate group) is added to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to produce 1,3-biphosphoglycerate - hydrogen of aldehyde grp becomes part of NADH *high-energy phosphate group: produced when a phosphate group is attached to a carbon atom that is also participating in a carbon-carbon or carbon-oxygen double bond *source of the added phosphate is inorganic phosphate (Pi) - first of the two glycolysis steps in w/c a high energy phosphate compound ("energy-rich") is formed - energy from the high-energy phosphate compound is used to convert ADP to ATP Step 7: PHOSPHORYLATION OF ADP - Form'n of 3-Phosphoglycerate - diphosphate species just formed is converted back to a monophosphate species - ATP producing step in w/c C-1 phosphate group of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (high-energy PO4) is transferred to an ADP mol to from the ATP - enzyme, phosphoglycerokinase - first of the two steps in w/c ATP is formed from ADP through substrate-level phosphorylation w/c always involves a high-energy phosphate compound *Substrate level phosphorylation: *Oxidative Phosphorylation: Step 8: ISOMERIZATION - Formation of 2-Phosphoglycerate - PO4 grp of 3-phosphoglycerate is moved from C3 to C2 - enzyme, phosphoglyceromutase *mutase: Step 9: DEHYDRATION - Formation of Phosphoenolpyruvate - ROH dehydration rxn - enzyme, enolase (Mg+2 requiring)

- result: another cmpd cntng a high-energy phosphate grp; the phosphate grp is attached to a carbon atom that is involved in a carbon-carbon double bond *enol: phosphoenolpyruvate (OH grp has been phosphorylated) - a compound in w/c an OH grp is attached to a carbon atom involved in a carbon-carbon double bond - second of the two glycolytic steps in w/c a high-energy ("energy-riched") phosphate compound is formed; energy from the high-energy phosphate cmpd is used to convert ADP to ATP Step 10: PHOSPHORYLATION OF ADP - Form'n of Pyruvate - substrate-level phosphorylation occurs - Phosphoenolpyruvate transfers its high-energy phosphate group to an ADP mol to produce ATP and pyruvate - enzyme, pyruvate kinase (requiring both Mg+2 and K+) - 2 C3 mols 2 ATPs - second of the 2 steps in w/c ATP is formed from ADP ** ATPs: Steps 1,3,7,10 Net gain of 2 ATPs for every glucose molecule converted into 2 pyruvates ** Equation: Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi 2Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H+ + 2H2O

Anda mungkin juga menyukai