11/11/2005 Chapter 3 1

Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Stress
Stress
-
-
Strain
Strain
Relations
Relations
Problems
Problems
Linear Behavior
Linear Behavior
Temperature Effects
Temperature Effects
11/11/2005 Chapter 3 2
Problem 3.3
A square plate in the side of a ship with 800mm sides parallel
to the x and y axes has a uniform thickness h=10mm and is
made of an isotropic steel (E=200GPa and v=0.29). The plate is
subjected to a uniform state of stress.
1
2
0 ( ), 500
0 ,
, .
zz zx zy xx
yy yy
If Plane stress MPa and
for the plate determine and the final
dimensions of the plate assuming linearly elastic conditions
o o o o o
c o o
= = = = =
= =
Solution:
0
1
0
0 . 2 9 ( 5 0 0 ) 1 4 5 . 0
z z z x z y x y y y
y y y y x x
y y x x
S i n c e
E E
M P a
o o o o c
u
c o o
o u o
= = = = =
= =
= = =
11/11/2005 Chapter 3 3
1 5 0 0 0 . 2 9 (1 4 5)
0 . 0 0 2 2 9
2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 . 2 9 ( 5 0 0 1 4 5)
( ) 0 . 0 0 0 9 3 5
2 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 (1 . 0 0 2 2 9 ) 8 0 1 . 8 3
8 0 0
1 0 (1 0 . 0 0 0 9 3 5) 9 . 9 9
x x x x y y
z z x x y y
x
y
z
E E
E
L
L m m
L m m
u
c o o
u
c o o
= = =
+
= + = =
= =
=
=
11/11/2005 Chapter 3 4
Problem 3.7
An airplane wing is made of an isotropic linearly elastic aluminum
alloy (E=72 GPa and v=0.33). Consider a point in the free surface of
the wing that is tangent to the (x,y) Plane.
250 50 , 150
xx yy xy
If MPa MPa and MPa o o o = = =
2
2( 150)
tan 2 1 0.3927
250 50
xy
xx yy
rad
o
u u
o o

= = = =
+
Determine the directions for strain gages at that point to measure
two of the principal strains. What are the magnitudes of these
principal strains?
Solution:
( )
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
1 1 2
2 2 1
(250 50) 250 50
150 100 212.1 312.1
2 2 2 2
100 212.1 112.1
0
1 312.1 0.33( 112.1)
0.00485
72000 72000
1 112.1 0.33(312.1)
0
72000 72000
xx yy xx yy
xy
MPa
MPa
E E
E E
o o o o
o o
o
o
u
c o o
u
c o o
+
| | +
| |
= + = + + = =
| |
\ .
\ .
= =
=

= = =
= = = .00299
11/11/2005 Chapter 3 5
Problem 3.8
An bearing made of an isotropic bronze (E=82.6 GPa and v=0.35) is
subjected to a state of plane strain . ( 0)
zz zx zy
c c c = = =
, , , 90 , 50 70
zz xx yy xy xx yy xy
Determine and if MPa MPa MPa o c c o o o = = =
:
82600
30590
2(1 ) 2(1 0.35)
0 ( )
0.35(90 50) 14
90 0.35( 50 14)
( ) 0.00124
82600 82600
50 0.35(90 14)
( ) 0.00105
82600 82600
zz
zz xx yy
zz
xx
xx yy zz
yy
yy xx zz
xy
xy
Solution
E
G MPa
E E
MPa
E E
E E
u
o u
c o o
o
o u
c o o
o
u
c o o
o

=
=
= = =
+ +
= = +
= =
+
+ = =
+
+ = =
=
70
0.00229
30590 G
= =
11/11/2005 Chapter 3 6
Problem 3.11
The nonzero stress components at a point in a steel plate
(E=200 GPa and v=0.29) are
( )
( )
2 2
1,2
1 2
:
1 1
(80 0.29(120)) 0.000226
200000
1 1
(80 0.29(120)) 0.000226
200000
1 1.29
(50) 0.000323
200000
1
( )
2 4
0.000355 0.000348
0.000703, 0.
xx xx yy
yy yy xx
xy xy
xx yy
xx yy xy
Solution
E
E
E
c o uo
c o uo
u
c o
c c
c c c c
c c
= = =
= = =
+
= = =
+
= +
=
= =
3
000007
( ) 0.00029
xx yy
E
u
c o o = + =
Determine the principal strains.
80 120 50 .
xx yy xy
MPa MPa MPa o o o = = =
11/11/2005 Chapter 3 7
Problem 3.13-14
A steel plate (E=200 GPa and v=0.29) is subjected to a state of plane
stress Determine the
principal stresses and strains. Also calculate the extensional strain in a
direction 20
o
CCW from the x axis.
80 , 100 , 0 50
xx yy zz xy
MPa MPa and MPa o o o o = = = =
2
2
min,max
2
2
1 2 3
:
( , )
2 2
80 100 80 100
50 10 102.96 112.96 92.96
2 2
112.96 , 0, 92.96
xx xy xx xy
xy
Solution
The principal stresses relative to x y axes are given by
MPa
MPa MPa
o o o o
o o
o o o
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
+
| |
= + = =
|
\ .
= = =
1 1 2 3
2 2 1 3
3 3 1 2
1 1
( ) (112.96 0.29(92.96)) 0.0007
200000
1 1
( ) ( 0.29(112.96) 0.29(92.96)) 0.000029
200000
1 1
( ) ( 92.96 0.29(112.96)) 0.0
200000
The corresponding principal strains are
E
E
E
c o uo uo
c o uo uo
c o uo uo
= = + =
= = + =
= = = 006286
11/11/2005 Chapter 3 8
80, 100 50
0
1
( 80 0.29(100)) 0.000545
200000
1
(100 0.29(80)) 0.000616
200000
0.29
( 80 100) 0.000029
200000
1.29
(50) 0.000323
200000
0
xx yy xy
xz yz zz
xx
yy
zz
xy
xz yz
The strain components for
are
o o o
o o o
c
c
c
c
c c
= = =
= = =
= =
= + =
= + =
= =
= =
2 2 2 4
20
20
cos 20 0.9397, sin 20 0.3420, 0
2.016 10
o
o
o o
xx yy zz
For the direction CCW from the x axis
l m n
l m n x c c c c

= = = = =
= + + =
11/11/2005 Chapter 3 9
Problem 3.21
A member Whose material properties remain unchanged (invariant) under
rotations of 90
o
about axes (x, y, z) is called a cubic material relative to axes
(x, y, z) and has three independent elastic coefficients (C
1
, C
2
, C
3
).Its stress-
strain relations relative to axes (x, y, z) are
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
3
3
3
xx xx yy zz
xx xx yy zz
xx xx yy zz
xx xy
xx xz
xx yz
C C C
C C C
C C C
C
C
C
o c c c
o c c c
o c c c
o
o
o
= + +
= + +
= + +
=
=
=
11/11/2005 Chapter 3 10
1 2 3
( 72 0.33),
103 , 55 27.6 .
0.0003
xx
Although in practice aluminum is often assumed to be an
isotropic material E GPa and v it is actually a
cubic material with C GPa C GPa and C GPa
At a point in an airplane wing the strain components are
c
= =
= = =
= , 0.0002, 0.0001, 0.00005, 0
.
.
.
.
yy zz xy xz yz
a Determine the orientation of the principal axes of strain
b Determine the stress components
c Determine the orientation of the principal axes of stress
d calculate the stress comp
c c c c c = = = = =
.
onents and determine the orientation
of the principal axes of strain and stress under the assumption
that the aluminum is isptropic
11/11/2005 Chapter 3 11
0
) 0, .
( , ) .
( , )
2
1
arctan 22.5
2
)
xz yz
xy
strain strain
xx yy
a Since the z axis is a principal strain axis
The other principal axes lie in the x y plane The CCW
rotation from x y axes to principal axes is given by
b By the stress strain
c c
c
u u
c c
= =
= =

103(0.0003) 55(0.0002 0.0001) 47.4

55(0.0003 0.0001) 103(0.0002) 42.6
55(0.0003 0.0002) 103(0.0001) 37.8
2(27.6)(0.00005) 2.76
) 0,
xx
yy
zz
xy
xz yz
relations
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
c Since the z axis is a principal st
o
o
o
o
o o
= + + =
= + + =
= + + =
= =
= =
0
, ( , )
1 2(2.76)
arctan 24.5
2 47.4 42.6
stress
ress axis
Thus in the x y plane
u = =

11/11/2005 Chapter 3 12
0
) 22.5
,
51.61
(1 )(1 2 )
0.0006. 25.88
2(1 )
(51.61)(0.0006) 2(25.88)(0.0003) 46.49
(51.61)(0.0006) 2(25.88)(0.0002
strain
xx yy zz
xx
yy
d
To compute the stresses compute and e as follows
E
GPa
E
e G GPa
MPa
u

u u
c c c
u
o
o
=
= =
+
= + + = = =
+
= + =
= +
0
0
) 41.32
2(25.88)(0.00005) 2.588
1 2(2.588)
arctan 22.5
2 46.49 41.32
22.5
xy
stress
strain stress
MPa
MPa o
u
u u
=
= =
= =

= =