EE2092 Laboratory Practice III

Distribution Systems

Theory
Voltage variation in a uniformly distributed distribution line. Consider a point where the length from the supply is x and and the voltage cross a small distance dx is dV. Let, i = load per unit length of the cable r = resistance per unit length of the cable l = length of the cable I2 V(x) dV V1 V2

I1

dx

( x)

( ) (

( )

[ ]

( )
When

( )

From (1) and (2) equations

( )

We can use this equation to calculate the voltages of given points theoretically, when the system fed at both ends. If the second end is open circuited (dos not supply at that end)

( )

Therefore, this equation can be used when the cable fed at only one end.

Calculations Data given about the distribution system;

Table of the loads and the lengths of the cables Cable 1 2 3 4 5 Load(A/m) 1.05 0.48 0.72 1.55 1.05 Length(m) 400 500 750 340 340

Table of scale factors:Scale 2.5 : 1 220,000 : 1 1/ 88,000 : 1 Quantity Voltage Current Resistance

Table of model value:-

Model 1 2 3 4 5

No. of sections 7 4 6 6 6

Series resistance (k pe sect on 0.5 1.1 1.1 0.5 0.5

Shunt resistance k pe sect on 330 330 220 220 330

1) Uniformly loaded distributor Fed 90V at one end Length (m) 0 57.14 114.29 171.43 228.57 285.71 342.86 400.00 Theoretical value (V) 225.00 222.77 220.89 219.34 218.14 217.29 216.77 216.60 Practical value (V) 225.00 222.25 220.00 218.75 217.25 216.25 215.50 215.25

90V fed at both end

Length (m) 0 57.14 114.29 171.43 228.57 285.71 342.86 400.00 2) Uniformly loaded radial distributor

Theoretical value (V) 225 223.97 223.28 222.94 222.94 223.28 223.97 225.00

Practical value (V) 225.00 222.75 222.00 221.75 221.25 222.00 222.75 225.00

Model 1 Length (m) 400.00 342.86 285.71 228.57 171.43 114.29 57.14 0 Model 4 Length (m) 56.67 113.33 170.00 226.67 283.33 340 Model 5 Length (m) 56.67 113.33 170.00 226.67 283.33 340 Voltage value (V) 222.25 220.50 220.00 218.75 217.75 217.00 Voltage value (V) 221.75 219.50 218.25 216.25 215.25 215.00 Voltage value (V) 214.50 215.00 216.00 217.00 218.75 221.25 222.75 225.00

3) Uniformly loaded ring distributor Model 1 Length (m) 0 57.14 114.29 171.43 228.57 285.71 342.86 400 Model 2 Length (m) 525 650 775 900 Model 3 Length (m) 1025 1150 1275 1400 1525 1650 Model 4 Length (m) 1706.67 1763.33 1820 1876.67 1933.33 Model 5 Length (m) 1990 2046.67 2103.33 2160 2216.67 2273.33 2330 Voltages (V) 195.50 199.00 203.00 207.50 212.75 218.50 225.00 Voltages (V) 181.25 183.75 186.25 188.57 191.50 Voltages (V) 177.00 175.75 175.25 176.00 177.75 180.00 Voltages (V) 190.25 186.25 182.75 179.25 Voltages (V) 225.00 219.50 215.00 209.75 205.75 202.25 198.75 195.75

1) Uniformly loaded ring distributor with a tie line Model 1 Length (m) 0 57.14 114.29 171.43 228.57 285.71 342.86 400 Voltages (V) 225.00 222.25 220.50 219.25 217.50 217.00 216.75 216.00

Model 2 Length (m) 525 650 775 900 Voltages (V) 216.75 218.50 220.50 224.50

Model 3 Length (m) 1025 1150 1275 1400 1525 1650 Model 4 Length (m) 1706.67 1763.33 1820 1876.67 1933.33 Voltages (V) 198.75 199.00 199.75 200.75 202.25 Voltages (V) 217.50 211.75 207.25 203.75 200.50 199.50

Model 5 Length (m) 1990 2046.67 2103.33 2160 2216.67 2273.33 2330 Voltages (V) 204.25 206.00 209.00 211.75 215.75 220.00 225.00

Discussion 1) Advantages and disadvantages of radial and ring distribution systems.

Radial distribution system Advantages; Require a minimum length of cables to make a such a distribution system. Lowest initial cost and lowest maintenance cost. Expansion is easier than the other systems when it is necessary.

Disadvantages; All the consumers are depending on one feeder. If there is a fault in the middle of the line or if there is some maintenance consumers above that point will lose the supply. We can observe low voltage profile Consumers at the far end of the distribution will have high voltage fluctuations. The life time is low.

Ring distribution systems.

Advantages Low voltage fluctuations at loads. Reliability is high as there are two feeders. A breakdown in the middle of the line will not cut off the supply to any customer. Such a system can supply to more number of customers.

Disadvantages More expensive to implement and maintain than a radial system. Consumers near the feeding point can experience high voltages and voltage drops due to variation of the loading conditions.

2) Methods that can be used to improve voltage profile in a distribution system. Usage of distribution transformers. Connecting a tie line from feeding point to the junction adjacent to the minimum voltage point in a system. More single phase transformers can be used to avoid more voltage fluctuation. Using capacitor banks to improve load factors. Balancing of the loads on the primary feeders. Increasing of feeder conductor size. Installing of new substations and primary feeders. The ring type systems can be fed at several ends.

3) Allowable limits for distribution voltage and frequency in Sri Lanka? The statutory limit of voltage variations is In frequency 6% of rated value of 230 V. i.e. 243.8V - 216.2V.

1% of rated value of 50Hz is the allowable limit. i.e. 50.5 - 49.5Hz

4) In distribution systems both underground cables and overhead lines are used. Comparisons and contrast the two options. Underground system As all the distribution lines are below the ground the hazards are minimum. Initial cost is very high as usage of conduit cables and laying of cables and building manholes to be done. Lesser Flexibility Less faults as conductors are underground and provided with better insulation. Better appearance as all the cables are not visible. Difficult to locate the point of failure and carry out repairing operations. High current carrying capacity and lower voltage drop as closer spacing is provided. Higher life time. Low maintenance cost as low interactions with outside elements. Less interference with communication circuits. Effect from lightning is minimum. Overhead system Safety is much less as overhead systems can contact with people or other equipments easily. Very less initial cost compared to underground system. Higher Flexibility. More faults can occur. Not good appearance as many wires are distributed in an uneven manner. Easy to locate and repair. Low current carrying capacity and high voltage drop. Less life time as the interactions with other elements is high. High maintenance cost as faults occurred due to outside elements is high. Less interference with communication circuits. Mainly with telephone cables. Cables are directly vulnerable to lightning.