Thomas Jefferson

In the thick of party conflict in 1800, Thomas Jefferson wrote in a private letter, "I have sworn
upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man."
This powerful advocate of liberty was born in 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia, inheriting
from his father, a planter and surveyor, some 5,000 acres of land, and from his mother, a
Randolph, high social standing. He studied at the College of William and Mary, then read law. In
1772 he married Martha Wayles Skelton, a widow, and took her to live in his partly constructed
mountaintop home, Monticello.
Freckled and sandy-haired, rather tall and awkward, Jefferson was eloquent as a correspondent,
but he was no public speaker. In the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress,
he contributed his pen rather than his voice to the patriot cause. As the "silent member" of the
Congress, Jefferson, at 33, drafted the Declaration of Independence. In years following he
labored to make its words a reality in Virginia. Most notably, he wrote a bill establishing
religious freedom, enacted in 1786.
Jefferson succeeded Benjamin Franklin as minister to France in 1785. His sympathy for the
French Revolution led him into conflict with Alexander Hamilton when Jefferson was Secretary
of State in President Washington's Cabinet. He resigned in 1793.
Sharp political conflict developed, and two separate parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-
Republicans, began to form. Jefferson gradually assumed leadership of the Republicans, who
sympathized with the revolutionary cause in France. Attacking Federalist policies, he opposed a
strong centralized Government and championed the rights of states.
As a reluctant candidate for President in 1796, Jefferson came within three votes of election.
Through a flaw in the Constitution, he became Vice President, although an opponent of President
Adams. In 1800 the defect caused a more serious problem. Republican electors, attempting to
name both a President and a Vice President from their own party, cast a tie vote between
Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The House of Representatives settled the tie. Hamilton, disliking both
Jefferson and Burr, nevertheless urged Jefferson's election.
When Jefferson assumed the Presidency, the crisis in France had passed. He slashed Army and
Navy expenditures, cut the budget, eliminated the tax on whiskey so unpopular in the West, yet
reduced the national debt by a third. He also sent a naval squadron to fight the Barbary pirates,
who were harassing American commerce in the Mediterranean. Further, although the
Constitution made no provision for the acquisition of new land, Jefferson suppressed his qualms
over constitutionality when he had the opportunity to acquire the Louisiana Territory from
Napoleon in 1803.
During Jefferson's second term, he was increasingly preoccupied with keeping the Nation from
involvement in the Napoleonic wars, though both England and France interfered with the neutral
rights of American merchantmen. Jefferson's attempted solution, an embargo upon American
shipping, worked badly and was unpopular.
Jefferson retired to Monticello to ponder such projects as his grand designs for the University of
Virginia. A French nobleman observed that he had placed his house and his mind "on an elevated
situation, from which he might contemplate the universe."
He died on July 4, 1826.
The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from The Presidents of the United States
of America, by Michael Beschloss and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2009 by the White House
Historical Association

Thomas J efferson LETTERS "Eternal Hostility"
To Dr. Benjamin Rush (physician and American Revolutionary leader; signer of the Declaration
of Independence)(1745-1813)
Monticello, Sep. 23, 1800
Dear Sir, -- I have to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of Aug. 22, and to congratulate you
on the healthiness of your city. Still Baltimore, Norfolk & Providence admonish us that we are
not clear of our new scourge. When great evils happen, I am in the habit of looking out for what
good may arise from them as consolations to us, and Providence has in fact so established the
order of things, as that most evils are the means of producing some good. The yellow fever will
discourage the growth of great cities in our nation, & I view great cities as pestilential to the
morals, the health and the liberties of man. True, they nourish some of the elegant arts, but the
useful ones can thrive elsewhere, and less perfection in the others, with more health, virtue &
freedom, would be my choice.
I agree with you entirely, in condemning the mania of giving names to objects of any kind after
persons still living. Death alone can seal the title of any man to this honor, by putting it out of his
power to forfeit it. There is one other mode of recording merit, which I have often thought might
be introduced, so as to gratify the living by praising the dead. In giving, for instance, a
commission of chief justice to Bushrod Washington, it should be in consideration of his integrity
and science in the laws. and of the services rendered to our country by his illustrious relation,
&c. A commission to a descendant of Dr. Franklin, besides being in consideration of the proper
qualifications of the person, should add that of the great services rendered by his illustrious
ancestor, Bn Fr, by the advancement of science, by inventions useful to man, &c. I am not sure
that we ought to change all our names. And during the regal government, sometimes, indeed,
they were given through adulation; but often also as the reward of the merit of the times,
sometimes for services rendered the colony. Perhaps, too, a name when given should be deemed
a sacred property.
I promised you a letter on Christianity, which I have not forgotten. On the contrary, it is because
I have reflected on it, that I find much more time necessary for it than I can at present dispose of.
I have a view of the subject which ought to displease neither the rational Christian nor Deists,
and would reconcile many to a character they have too hastily rejected. I do not know that it
would reconcile the genus irritabile vatum who are all in arms against me. Their hostility is on
too interesting ground to be softened. The delusion into which the X.Y.Z. plot shewed it possible
to push the people; the successful experiment made under the prevalence of that delusion on the
clause of the constitution, which, while it secured the freedom of the press, covered also the
freedom of religion, had given to the clergy a very favorite hope of obtaining an establishment of
a particular form of Christianity thro' the U.S.; and as every sect believes its own form the true
one, every one perhaps hoped for his own, but especially the Episcopalians &
Congregationalists. The returning good sense of our country threatens abortion to their hopes, &
they believe that any portion of power confided to me, will be exerted in opposition to their
schemes. And they believe rightly; for I have sworn upon the altar of god, eternal hostility
against every form of tyranny over the mind of man. But this is all they have to fear from me: &
enough too in their opinion, & this is the cause of their printing lying pamphlets against me,
forging conversations for me with Mazzei, Bishop Madison, &c., which are absolute falsehoods
without a circumstance of truth to rest on; falsehoods, too, of which I acquit Mazzei & Bishop
Madison, for they are men of truth.
But enough of this: it is more than I have before committed to paper on the subject of all the lies
that has been preached and printed against me. I have not seen the work of Sonnoni which you
mention, but I have seen another work on Africa, (Parke's,) which I fear will throw cold water on
the hopes of the friends of freedom. You will hear an account of an attempt at insurrection in this
state. I am looking with anxiety to see what will be it's effect on our state. We are truly to be
pitied. I fear we have little chance to see you at the Federal city or in Virginia, and as little at
Philadelphia. It would be a great treat to receive you here. But nothing but sickness could effect
that; so I do not wish it. For I wish you health and happiness, and think of you with affection.
Adieu.