Laboratory sheets 2012

Statistical Design and Analysis

Laboratory Assignment 1

Lengths of Shoots The lengths (cm) of 40 shoots of the shrub Banksia ericifolia from an area on the N.S.W. coast are recorded in the table below. 27.8 29.5 32.9 31.6 33.5 24.8 23.8 28.9 32.3 25.6 33.2 36.3 35.1 32.5 33.0 30.1 31.0 25.9 35.6 22.7 30.4 24.3 36.6 36.4 26.4 29.7 25.4 29.2 28.4 32.2 27.4 30.7 28.5 32.9 30.0 21.9 30.2 35.4 27.9 34.9

Enter the above values to a MINITAB worksheet and using MINITAB,

1.1 Produce a histogram and boxplot for these values and comment on what information, if any, about the distribution of the shoot lengths can be obtained from these graphs. 1.2 Find the median of the sample. 1.3 Find the range and the interquartile range of the sample. 1.4 Find the mean of the sample. 1.5 Find the variance of the sample. Volume of Timber The Minitab worksheet TREES.MTW contains information about thirty one black cherry trees. One of the variables measured for each tree is its volume of timber in cubic feet. 1.6 Determine if the measurements of the volume are normally distributed. 1.7 Transform the volume using logarithms to the base 10 and determine if the transformed values are normally distributed? The le TREES.MTW can be obtained by using the Minitab commands File > Open Worksheet Look in Minitab Sample Data folder and selecting TREES.MTW from the alphabetical list of les available.

Statistical Design and Analysis

Laboratory Assignment 1

Battery Lifetime It has been established that a brand of battery commonly used in radio transmitters for tracking animals has a useful lifetime (hours) which has a normal distribution with mean 6000 hours and standard deviation 250 hours. The probability that a battery has a lifetime less than some constant c hours can be found using the Minitab commands Calc > Probability Distributions > Normal Cumulative probability Mean: [6000] Standard deviation: [250] Input constant: [c]

while the lifetime that can be expected a proportion p of the time can be found using Calc > Probability Distributions > Normal Inverse cumulative probability Mean: [6000] Standard deviation: [250] Input constant: [p]

1.8 Using Minitab, nd the proportion of batteries whose lifetime is expected to be less than 5400 hours. [This is appropximately 7 1 months.] 2 1.9 What proportion of batteries will be expected to last more than 6500 hours? [This is approximately 9 months.] 1.10 Find the interquartile range for the battery life.

Statistical Design and Analysis

Laboratory Assignment 2

Pulse Rate The Minitab worksheet Pulse.mtw contains pulse rates and other data for students who participated in a simple experiment. The students measured their pulse rate, recorded as Pulse 1 and then tossed a coin. If the coin showed a head, the ran on the spot for one minute whilst if the coin showed a tail they sat down for one minute. The students measured their pulse rates again at the end of minute, with the results being recorded as Pulse 2. Some of the other data recorded in the worksheet are: Ran Smokes Sex Height Weight 1 = ran for one minute, 2 = did not run 1 = smokes regularly, 2 = does not smoke regularly 1 = male, 2 = female Height in inches Weight in pounds

Use Minitab to answer the following. 2.1 Is there any signicant dierence in initial pulse rate between those students who smoke regularly and those who do not smoke regularly? 2.2 Find a 95% condence interval for the dierence in initial pulse rate between male and female students. 2.3 Is the second pulse rate for those students who ran signicantly higher than their rst pulse rate? 2.4 Is there any dierence between the rst and second pulse rates for those students who did not run? 2.5 Consider four groups of students male students who ran, male students who did not run, female students who ran and female students who did not run. For each group obtain the dierences in pulse rates and on the same graph produce boxplots for the dierences for each of these four groups. Does the graph suggest any signicant dierences that have not been tested above?

Statistical Design and Analysis

Laboratory Assignment 2

Accuracy and Precision The Handbook for International Standards for Statistical Methods denes both the accuracy and precision for measurements. Measurements are accurate if they are on average close to the true value being measured and are precise if there is little variation amongst repeated measurements of the same true value. A solution which is known to contain 250 g/l of a particular substance is given to two people to analyse. Each person takes 12 samples of the solution and determines the concentration of the substance in the solution for each sample with the results given below. Person 1 Person 2 246 244 255 249 256 244 251 248 245 250 255 251 267 250 251 243 259 248 246 241 264 272 253 231

2.6 Is there a dierence between the two people with respect to the value they obtain for the concentration? 2.7 Is there a dierence between the two people with respect to the precision of their measurements?

Statistical Design and Analysis

Laboratory Assignment 3

Dust Extraction Filters are used to extract ne particles of breglass from the air in a surf board factory. In order to determine if the rate with which the air is pumped through the lters has any eect on the amount extracted, samples of air with the same density of breglass particles are pumped through the lters at dierent rates (cubic metres per hour), and the volume of particles exiting the lters (mg/m3 ) measured with the following results. Five samples are used at each of four dierent rates. Flow Rate 200 300 400 500 11 12 18 22 15 11 22 19 14 16 20 23 16 13 19 26 19 16 24 25

3.1 Perform an analysis of variance, including residual plots. What information is provided by the residual plots in this case? 3.2 On the basis of the analysis of variance, is there a signicant dierence amongst the four dierent rates. 3.3 If a signicant dierence does exist amongst the four rates, use Tukeys multiple comparison procedure to determine where the dierence lies.

Statistical Design and Analysis

Laboratory Assignment 3

Measurements on Snakes Ten adult female snakes of the species Vipera bertis are caught and their body lengths and body weights measured with the results shown below. Length (cm) 60 69 66 64 64 67 68 59 65 63 Weight (g) 137 199 193 140 138 172 181 116 177 145

3.4 Use a scatter plot to explore the type and strength of the relationship between the length and weight. Comment on what you observe in terms of the strength and direction of the relationship. 3.5 Use Minitab to t the simple linear regression of weight on length and determine if the linear model is appropriate. 3.6 What percentage of the variability in weight is explained by the length? If possible, give physical interpretations and 95% condence intervals for the parameters in the regression model. 3.7 Use the regression to predict the weight of a snake which is 65 cm long.

Statistical Design and Analysis

Laboratory Assignment 3

Heights of Seedlings Radish seeds are planted and watered until germination and then for ve weeks after germination with solutions of diering salinity. Five dierent salinities are used, and as the dierent salinities are equally spaced, they are coded 1 to 5 with 1 being the solution with the lowest salinity and 5 being the solution with the greatest salinity. The heights of the plants are measured ve weeks after germination with the results shown below. Concentration 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 Height (cm) 7.0 5.2 7.2 7.2 6.0 6.6 5.9 7.1 6.0 6.9 6.1 6.1 5.5 7.2 6.1 5.0 6.5 7.2 7.0 5.6 6.4 6.2 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.8 7.3 5.6 4.3 5.1 5.4

3.8 Fit the simple linear regression of height on salinity level and comment on the adequacy of the linear model.

Statistical Design and Analysis

Laboratory Assignment 4

Blood Pressure Ten pregnant women have their systolic blood pressure measured both before and after an injection given to induce labour with the results shown below. Blood pressure before injection Patient 1 Patient 2 Patient 3 Patient 4 Patient 5 Patient 6 Patient 7 Patient 8 Patient 9 Patient 10 133 123 136 122 131 133 141 118 142 145 Blood pressure after injection 139 129 133 128 142 138 141 122 143 144

4.1 Use the sign test to determine if the injection causes any change in blood pressure. Reaction Times The reaction times following a warning signal are recorded for fteen people who have not had any previous experience with a particular type of machine. Experienced operators have an average reaction time of 2.3 seconds, and we want to test if the inexperienced operators have a longer reaction time. The reaction times are given below. The usual ttest can not be used in this case because the reaction times are not normally distributed. Reaction Times 3.7 6.7 1.0 2.9 8.7 6.1 2.8 3.1 1.8 2.9 4.5 8.6 2.9 2.3 1.5

4.2 Verify that the reaction times are not normally distributed. 4.3 Perform a one sample Wilcoxon test to determine if the reaction times are longer for the inexperienced operators.

Statistical Design and Analysis

Laboratory Assignment 4

Reading Speed An article is printed in three dierent colours with the aim of determining if the colour of the print has an eect on the speed with which the article can be read. Fourteen people are assigned at random to receive the article in one of three dierent colours, and the times (seconds) they take to read the article are shown below. 4.4 Use the KruskalWallis test to determine if colour has an inuence on the time taken to read the article. Ink Colour Black 97 50 73 45 83 Grain Size Three cultivars of a crop are available and each is grown on four dierent farms to determine if the cultivars dier with respect to the size of the grains they produce. 4.5 Use Friedmans test on the results given below to test if there is there is a dierence amongst the cultivars with respect to the size of grains they produce. Grain size (mg) Standard cultivar Farm Farm Farm Farm A B C D 24.5 23.4 23.2 24.0 Premium cultivar 25.5 25.6 25.4 26.0 Super cultivar 26.4 26.8 27.1 26.7 PMS 321 135 96 227 222 Reex Blue 62 107 117 69 150