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Niioptoh edr pu`cgintgdl gl
 Poagdlnc Ytuhgos
Xfo Glldvntgdl Hylnmgis de Acd`nc Idmpotgtgvo Poagdlnc Icustors2 Xfo Inso de tfo Ldrwoagnl Ioltros de Oxportgso
 Nrlo Gsnksol, Glstgtuto edr Qdrkgla Cgeo nlh Glldvntgdl, Nahor _lgvorsgty,  @dx ?:7, 8676 Argmstnh (nrlo.gsnksolJugn.ld)
N`strnit
Xfgs pnpor nlncysos tfo glldvntgdl hylnmgis gl sgx roagdlnc icustors tfnt fnvo `ool nppdgltoh ns Ldrwoagnl Ioltros de Oxportgso nlh fnvo `ool nssossoh ns sdmo de tfo mdst gltorlntgdlnccy idmpotgtgvo roagdlnc icustors gl Ldrwny. Xfo mdst idlsgstolt eglhgla idliorls tfo aront gmpdrtnlio de strdla Ldrwoagnl glldvntgdl systoms gl tfo mnrgtgmo nlh dgc nlh ans glhustrgos gl ulhorpgllgla tfo glldvntgdl hylnmgsm de tfoso icustors. Xfgs eglhgla fns sdmo tfodrotginc gmpcgintgdls `oinuso tfo lntgdlnc covoc gs mnglcy n`solt gl tfo hgsidurso dl cdinc  `uzz (kldwcohao spgccdvors glsgho tfo icustor `dulhnrgos) nlh acd`nc pgpocglos (gltorlntgdlnc rocntgdls nlh kldwcohao ecdws). Qfnt romngls ns nl gmpdrtnlt cdinc enitdr gs tfo fgstdrginccy hovocdpoh, ulgquo idmpotolio de egrms, wfgif gs strolatfoloh `y tfo enit tfnt cdinccy sgtoh, stnto-dwloh fgafor ohuintgdl nlh rosonrif glstgtutgdls fnvo nhnptoh nitgvgty td tfo loohs de koy cdinc glhustrgos. Koy wdrhs2 Poagdlnc icustors, glldvntgdl systoms, glldvntgdl hylnmgis, Ioltros de Oxportgso,  Ldrwny BOC icnssgegintgdl2 P>> >
 
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Gltrdhuitgdl
Muif de tfo ho`nto idliorlgla glhustrgnc idmpotgtgvoloss nmdla sifdcnrs hurgla tfo cnst twolty yonrs fns ompfnsgsoh tfo gmpdrtnlio de cdinc nlh roagdlnc enitdrs nlh pfoldmoln cgko roagdlnc icustors nlh roagdlnc glldvntgdls systoms. Xfo ho`nto gs ovgholt gl oidldmgi aodarnpfy nlh rocntoh egochs nlh gt glicuhos n cnrao lum`or de porspoitgvos nlh idlioptunc npprdnifos (edr dvorvgows soo MD_CNOPX nlh YOKGN, >777; nlh CNAOLHGBK, 0::5). Yifdcnrs naroo tfnt glhustrgnc idmpotgtgvoloss, ospoignccy gl fgaf idst cdintgdls, rosts mdstcy dl tfo hovocdpmolt nlh idmmorignc oxpcdgtntgdl de ulgquo kldwcohao. Xfo moifnlgsms ulhorpgllgla kldwcohao uparnhgla nlh glldvntgdl gl roagdlnc icustors nlh glldvntgdl systoms nro, fdwovor, mdro ho`ntoh. Gmpdrtnlt strnlhs de wdrk fnvo ompfnsgsoh olhdaoldus enitdrs ns gmpdrtnlt edr conrlgla nlh glldvntgdl nitgvgty gl roagdlnc icustors nlh rocntoh  pfoldmoln (o.a. NYFOGM, 0:::). Aodarnpfgi icustorgla enigcgtntos tfo oxifnlao de kldwcohao `otwool cdinc nitdrs, nlh gt mny ncsd niioltunto glldvntgdl trgaaorgla cdinc rgvncry (MNCM@OPA nlh MNYKOCC, 0::0). Fdwovor, roiolt idltrg`utgdls td tfo cgtornturo nrauo tfnt ldl-cdinc rocntgdlsfgps nlh kldwcohao ecdws nro ncsd iruignc sdurios de hylnmgsm gl icustors (@NXFOCX
ot nc
., 0::8; AOPXCOP nlh QDCEO, 0::5). Ytgcc dtfor idltrg`utgdls nrauo edr tfo gmpdrtnlio de tfo n`sdrptgvo inpnigty de egrms ns `ogla vgtnc enitdrs edr suiiosseuc glldvntgdl rosucts gl egrms nlh icustors (A_GCGNLG nlh @OCC, 0::?). Xfo n`sdrptgvo inpnigtgos de egrms nro cnraocy sool td hotormglo tfo n`gcgty de egrms nlh icustors td niioss acd`nc kldwcohao sdurios. Xfgs pnpor agvos n irgtginc nssossmolt de tfo moifnlgsms ulhorpgllgla conrlgla nlh glldvntgdl gl icustors `nsoh dl ompgrginc ovgholio erdm sgx Ldrwoagnl roagdlnc icustors. Xfoso woro nppdgltoh ns tfo Ldrwoagnl Ioltros de Oxportgso gl 0::5 `nsoh dl n idmpotgtgdl  `otwool 08 nppcginlts, monlgla tfnt tfo sgx icustors gl quostgdl nro nssossoh td `o nmdla tfo mdst gltorlntgdlnccy idmpotgtgvo roagdlnc icustors gl Ldrwny. Xfo pnpor honcs wgtf tfo edccdwgla rosonrif quostgdls2
 
Qfnt typos de glldvntgdl hylnmgi hdmglnto gl tfo sgx roagdlnc icustors; kldwcohao uparnhgla gl glhgvghunc egrms, icustor-spoigegi uparnhgla moifnlgsms nlh/dr oxtrn-roagdlnc kldwcohao ecdws4
 
Nro tforo systomntgi hgeeorolios gl glldvntgdl hylnmgis `otwool tfo sgx icustors4 Xfo pnpor gs dranlgsoh ns edccdws2 Gl soitgdl 0 tfo sgx roagdlnc icustors nro tfdrduafcy hosirg`oh wgtf hotngcs de fdw tfoy `oinmo Ioltros de Oxportgso. Yoitgdl 9 rovgows cgtornturo honcgla wgtf tfo moifnlgsms tfnt stgmucnto conrlgla nlh glldvntgdl inpn`gcgtgos gl roagdlnc icustors, hgstglaugsfgla tfroo mngl typos de glldvntgdl hylnmgis. Gl soitgdl 8, wo nlncyso nlh idmpnro tfo glldvntgdl hylnmgis gl tfo sgx icustors idlstgtutgla tfo Ldrwoagnl Ioltros de Oxportgso. Xfgs gs edccdwoh `y Yoitgdl ? tfnt summnrgsos tfo mngl eglhglas nlh hgsiussos sdmo tfodrotginc cossdls.
0. Xfo idmpotgtgvo icustors de Ldrwny ’ tfo Ldrwoagnl Ioltros de Oxportgso
Xfo ompgrginc nlncysos idvor glldvntgdl prdiossos gl tfo sgx roagdlnc icustors nppdgltoh ns  Ldrwoagnl Ioltros de Oxportgso (LIO) gl 0::5. Xfroo nhhgtgdlnc LIO woro hoighoh dl gl 0::1, `ut tfgs nlncysgs dlcy glicuhos tfo sgx egrst Ioltros erdm 0::5. Xfoso sgx icustors oxpdrt  `otwool 50 nlh 67 % de tfogr sncos, wfgif ncsd glicuho egauros erdm sdmo cdinc suppcgors. Xfo  LIO-prdarnmmo wns cnulifoh gl 0::5 wgtf tfo ngm td strolatfol glldvntgdl nlh gltorlntgdlncgsntgdl prdiossos gl spoigegi icustors. Xfgs strolatfolgla diiurs gl pnrtgiucnr `y  prdmdtgla idccn`drntgdl `otwool egrms, P&H nlh ohuintgdlnc glstgtutgdls nlh tfo pu`cgi 0
 
soitdr. Xfo LIO-prdarnm gltolhs td suppdrt icustors tfnt fnvo wgtf tfo `ost idlhgtgdls edr eurtfor ardwtf, nlh wforo gmpdrtnlt nitdrs wgtfgl tfo icustors naroo td oltor cdla-torm nlh  `glhgla iddporntgdl. Xfo prdarnmmo wgcc suppdrt rocntgvocy eow icustors, nlh dlcy sgx woro socoitoh gl 0::5 (Mnp >). Mnp >2 Xfo cdintgdl de tfo sgx Ldrwoagnl Ioltros de Oxportgso nppdgltoh gl 0::5 Xfo socoitgdl de tfoso pnrtgiucnr icustors rosucts erdm idm`glntgdls de `dttdm-up nlh tdp-hdwl prdiossos. Xfo tdp-hdwl nspoit rocntos td tfo enit tfnt tfo tfroo lntgdlnc suppdrt dranlgsntgdls Glldvntgdl Ldrwny, tfo Posonrif Iduligc de Ldrwny nlh YGUN mnho tfo  prdarnm nlh gts ovncuntgdl irgtorgn pu`cgi. Cdinc nitdrs tfol fnh td ostn`cgsf, dr uso nl ncronhy oxgstgla, pnrtlorsfgp de rocovnlt pcnyors td edrm nl nppcgintgdl. Xfo nppcgintgdls woro ovncuntoh `y tfo lntgdlnc suppdrt dranlgsntgdls nlh suppdrtoh `y ardups de oxtorlnc oxports. Ns mnly ns 08 icustors nppcgoh, nlh tfo socoitgdl de sgx ns tfo mdst gltorlntgdlnccy idmpotgtgvo de tfoso wns `nsoh dl ovncuntgdls de tfo icustors‗ nlh tfo egrms‗ rosdurios, dladgla icustor hylnmgis, glldvntgdl nitgvgty nlh idccn`drntgdl, gltorlntgdlnc cglknaos, nlh tfo quncgty de tfo nppcgoh prdboits. Xfo sgx LIO nro hoegloh tfrduaf n `dttdm-up prdioss hurgla tfo nppcgintgdl prdiohuro. Ydmo cdinc nitdrs tddk tfo conh gl iddrhglntgla tfo nppcgintgdl. Xfo cdinc pnrtlorsfgp hoegloh tfo nitdrs tfnt `ocdla td tfo icustors, `dtf egrms nlh suppdrtgla dranlgsntgdls suif ns fgafor ohuintgdl nlh P&H glstgtutgdls, icustor nlh pu`cgi suppdrt dranlgsntgdls, nlh eglnlignc nitdrs. Xfrduaf tfgs prdioss tfo sgzo nlh tfo aodarnpfginc ronif de tfo icustors nro hoegloh. Xfo sgzo de tfo sgx icustors vnrgos erdm 0? egrms nlh 0,::: ompcdyoos td 7: egrms nlh mdro tfnl >:,::: ompcdyoos (Xn`co >). Xfo cnraost icustor `y enr, Mnrgtgmo Möro, idvors n cnrao rnlao de nitgvgtgos, suif ns sfgp hosgal, sfgp `ugchgla, oqugpmolt suppcgors, sfgppgla idmpnlgos, nlh ohuintgdl, P&H, nlh eglnlio. Dtfor icustors nro hoegloh mdro lnrrdwcy td
Mgirdsystoms Uostedch Glstrumoltntgdl Xrölhocna Yu`son Fdrhncnlh Mnrgtgmo Möro PnuedssYystom olagloorgla Kdlas`ora
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