1.0 Objectives 1.1. To learn the techniques for air pressure measurements. 1.2.

To learn the use of pitot-tube probe for air velocity measurements. 2.0 Introduction/theory Pitot-tube is a measuring device that is widely used in many field of engineering such as aerospace, chemical and structural. First develop by French engineer Henri pitot in 18th century and modified by also a French scientist Henry Darcy. It is widely used to measure the aircraft airspeed. This measurement is important because it affect the pressure reading. Besides that, it is also used by the chemical industry in order to measure the velocity of flowing gas. The basic of pitot-tube is consist of tube that is pointing to the flow directly whereby the area of the hole is facing perpendicularly to the airflow. When there is a flow through it, the velocity will become zero as it will be stagnant. Thus it will known as total pressure. Basically it is define as the ram air that pushed to the tube. Pitot-ube also measure the static pressure whereby the static probe that is place perpendicularly to the airflow will measure the static pressure. Static pressure is the measurement of the flowing pressure. The pitot-tube is attached to the manometer u-tube. Inside the manometer, mercury is used usually to measure the difference of height. This difference of height will contribute to the value of pressure. Using the Bernoulli equation, velocity can be easily obtained.

3.0 Apparatus 3.1. Hampden Wind Tunnel Model H-6910 CHL 3.2. Dura block manometer 3.3. Pitot-static probe

Pitot tube senses total and static pressures.

**Manometer measures velocity pressure (Difference between total and static pressures).

4.0 Procedures 4.1 Standard test section is installed in the wind tunnel. 4.2 A pitot-static probe is installed in the probe positioned and through the duct access hole in the test section. 4.3 Pressure tubing is then connected from the static and total pressure taps on the Pitot - static tube to one of the manometers with a range of -0.2 to +0.2 in Figure 1-1 above. 4.4 Velocity pressures ( in ) at various locations within the duct are read and per

recorded by using the variable frequency drive control to adjust fan speed and Pitot tube positioned to locate the Pitot tube vertical location in the duct. 4.5 The average velocity is calculated using Equation 1.1 with the data in Table 1-1.

V= 4004.4 ---------- Equation 1.1

for Air at 0.075 , 70 F, 29.92 in Hg Barometric Pressure where V = Velocity in ft./min. = Velocity pressure in inches of water

The volumetric flow rate (ft3/min) is calculated using Equation 1.2 then is tabulated in Table 1-4.

A -----------Equation 1.2 = volumetric flow rate ft. / min = average air velocity ft. / min A = Area inside of duct.

where

(HEC Standard test section is 0.444 ft. inside dimensions)

5.0 Results Sample calculation Average velocity, =4004.4 Where, P=0.019 thus, =561.82 ft/min For volumetric flow rate, = xA ,

A=area of the test section which is 0.444 =561.82x0.444 =249.45 /min

Tabulation in mm water

Fan speed,RPM 360 720 1080 1440 1800

CL 0.5 1.5 3.5 6 9.5

20 0.5 1.5 3.5 6 9.5

Velocity pressure, P( Probe position (mm) above duct center line 40 0.5 1.5 3.5 6 9.5

60 0.5 1.5 3.5 6 9.5

80 0.5 1.5 3.5 6 9.5

Table 1.1 tabulation of result in mm water

Tabulation in inches
Velocity pressure, P Fan speed,RPM Probe position (mm) above duct center line CL 20 40 60 360 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 720 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 1080 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 1440 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 1800 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 Table 1.2 tabulation of result in inches

80 0.019 0.059 0.13 0.23 0.37

Fan speed,RPM (inch water) 360 0.019 720 0.059 1080 0.13 1440 0.23 1800 0.37

(ft/min) 561.82 973.11 1486.46 1946.23 2448.95

/min) 249.45 432.06 659.98 864.12 1087.33

Table 1.3: tabulation of velocity average

and volumetric flow rate,

6.0 Discussions 6.1. Comments on result 6.1.1.1. From the obtained result we can see that the value changes of pressure in, P, is equal in every elevation at each fan speed. This is true because, in stream tube, the pressure in every position will be equal. Besides that this experiment was conducted at very low speed thus this flow we can assume having same density this it is known as incompressible flow. 6.1.1.2. As the fan speed increase the changes in pressure also increase.

Note that these changes is the changes of stagnation pressure. As we know when the velocity increase, the pressure will decrease and this decreasing pressure is known as static pressure. 6.1.1.3. Also the volume flow rate increase as the fan speed increase

because the volume of air that flow inside the test section increase. 6.2. Improvement 6.2.1.1. To improve this experiment, there must be no hole at the test

section. Especially at the hole where the pitot tube is inserted. This is important so that there will be no leakage in pressure. 6.2.1.2. Besides that, the fan control knob should be made friendly used so

that it can be adjusted easily. If the knob is easily used, so, the value of fan speed can be determine easily.

7.0. Conclusion 7.1.Pitot tube is used to find the pressure as we can see in the table of results. 7.2.Pitot tube also used to find the air flow velocity from the changes in pressure obtained from the calibration.

8.0. References 8.1. John D. Anderson, Jr. (2007). Fundamentals of Aerodynamics 4th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Pitot-Tube : Measurement of Airspeed, page 210-211. 8.2. Pitot Tube. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tube.

EAS 3921 Aerospace Lab 1 Semester II 2011 / 2012 Calibration of Wind Tunnel Air Speed Using Pitot-Static Probe 28th March 2012

Name : Mohamad Ridzuan bin Mohd Sharif Matric : 160317 Lecturer : Dr. Azmin Shakrine Mohd Rafie Demo : Cik Khamisah Technician : Encik Saffairus Salih