Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 40 (2003) pp.

211214 c International Academic Publishers

Vol. 40, No. 2, August 15, 2003

Large Amplitude Solitary Waves in a Fluid-Filled Elastic Tube

DUAN Wen-Shan
Department of Physics, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China

(Received November 28, 2002)

Abstract By using the potential method to a uid lled elastic tube, we obtained a solitary wave solution. Compared
with reductive perturbation method, this method can be used for larger amplitude solitary waves. The result is in agreement with that of small amplitude approximation from reductive perturbation method when the amplitude is small enough. PACS numbers: 47.35.+i

Key words: soliton, potential method

1 Introduction
The concept of solitons has now become ubiquitous in modern physics and can be found in many branches of physics. For example, solitary waves in nonlinear lattices,[1] solitons in surface shallow water waves,[2] and many kinds of nonlinear solitary waves in plasmas and in dusty plasmas.[36] The nonlinear waves in a uid-lled elastic tube are also reported to be solitary waves which can be probably described by a KdV equation.[7] There are many research works on linear and nonlinear waves in a uid-lled elastic tube. The blood pulse waves propagating in a artery both in human beings and animals have been explained by a KdV equation or solitons recently.[8] Later two solitons have been suggested to describe the blood pulse waves.[9] Following these works Duan studied the eect of blood viscosity and the reection of blood waves at arterial branching,[10] and compared with famous experimental results.[11] Usually a KdV equation is obtained by using reductive perturbation method from the conservation laws of mass and momentum, as well as state equation for the uid lled in the tube. It is usually assumed that the uid in the tube is incompressible and the blood is a Newton uid, while the tube is assumed to be thin, homogeneous, long, straight, circular, and elastic. Assuming that the radial displacement is small enough compared with the radius of the elastic tube and the wavelength is large enough compared to the radius of elastic tube, a KdV equation is obtained for this system by using the reductive perturbation method. In this paper we will study solitary wave solution for this system, but for larger amplitude by using the potential method. We obtained the nonlinear wave solution by this method, but had no restriction conditions.
The

2 Solitary Potential
For simplicity and generality, we now consider an incompressible uid that is conned within an innitely long circular cylinder. The wall of the cylinder is thin and elastic. A localized pressure increase in the uid (only axial variations are considered) causes a radially symmetric expansion of the elastic tube in the region of pressure increase. The normalized equations governing the uid motion are those of conservation of mass and momentum given by A (Au) + = 0, t x u u p +u = , t x x 2A p=A1+ 2 , t (1) (2) (3)

where u is the uid velocity which is normalized by Eh/20 a, A is the cross sectional area of the cylinder normalized by a2 , and p is the uid pressure normalized by Eh/2a, and a, h, E are the radius, thickness and the Youngs modulus of the tube, respectively, 0 is the density of the uid, and x and t are also normalized by w ah/20 and w a2 /E, respectively. In order to investigate the properties of largeamplitude stationary solitary waves, we assume that all dependent variables in Eqs. (1) (3) depend only on a single variable = x M t, where M is the Mach number (soliton velocity /cd ) and cd = Eh/20 a. Thus, in the stationary frame, we obtain from Eqs. (1) and (2) A= M M 2 2p , (4)

project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10247008), the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (YS021-A22-018), the Scientic Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars , State Education Ministry, and the Natural Science Foundation of Northwest Normal University (NWNU-KJCXGC-215)

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where we have imposed the appropriate boundary conditions for localized disturbances when || , A 1, u 0, and p 0. Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) and multiplying both sides of the resulting equation by dA/d, integrating once, letting A = 1 + A, and imposing the appropriate boundary conditions for localized solutions, namely, A 0 and dA/d 0 as , we obtain 1 dA 2 + V (A) = 0 , (5) 2 d where the potential reads 1 1 M2 V (A) (A)2 + (A)3 (A)4 . (6) 2 M2 Equation (5) can be regarded as an energy integral of an oscillating particle of unit mass with a velocity dA/d and position A in a potential V (A). It is clear that M2 1 M2

V (A) = 0 and dA/d = 0 at A = 0. In order to obtain a solitary wave solution, V (A) < 0 should be satised. We therefore nd that if M 2 > 4/3, V (A) < 0 is always satised. But if M 2 < 4/3, V (A) < 0 can 1/M 2 3/4 or be satised only when A 1/2 > 2 3/4. Equation (5) can be rewritA 1/2 < 1/M ten as dA 2 = (A)2 (A A1 )(A A2 ) , (7) d where A1 = A2 = 1 + 2 1 2 1 M2 1 , 4 M2 1 M2 1 . 4 M2 (8) (9)

Now we can obtain the solitary wave solution as[12]

A =

1 A1 cosh2 1 2 1 M 1 ( 0 ) A2 sinh2 M2 2
2

M2 1 ( 0 ) M2

(10)

where 0 is an integration constant. If we neglect the higher order term of (A)4 , solution of Eq. (10) is M2 1 sech2 , M2 then the uid velocity is given by A = M2 1 M2 1 sech2 M M M2 and the uid pressure is given by u= p=
2

(11)

sech4 ,

(12)

M2 1 1 (M 2 1)2 sech2 + 2 M 4 M2 (4sech2 tanh2 2sech4 ) ,

from Eq. (11), u from Eq. (12), and p from Eq. (13) for dierent M = 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.01. There are many differences among them for larger M . It is interesting to see that the amplitude of u is larger than that of A. For larger M the maximum value of p is not at the position of = 0 which is completely dierent from that by using reductive perturbation method. But for smaller M the dierences can be neglected which is in agreement with the result obtained by using the reductive perturbation method.

(13)

1 where = 2 constant.

M2 1 (x M t) + 0 , 0 is an arbitrary M2

Fig. 2 The variations of uid velocity, the cross sectional area, and the uid pressure with respect to x M t given by Eqs. (11) (13) for M = 1.3. Fig. 1 The variations of uid velocity, the cross sectional area, and the uid pressure with respect to x M t given by Eqs. (11) (13) for M = 1.4.

Figures 1 5 show the solitary wave solution of A

For small amplitude solitary waves, we derive the KdV equation from Eqs. (1) (3) by employing the reductive perturbation technique and the stretched coordinates = (x v0 t) and = 3 t, where is a small parameter

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measuring the weakness of the amplitude or dispersion, and v0 is the unknown soliton velocity to be determined later. We then expand the variables, A, u, and p, about the unperturbed states, in power of series of , as done in Refs. [8] [10], and develop equations in various powers of , which give the following results: A1 = u1 = p1 , v0 = 1, and A1 3 A1 1 3 A1 = 0. + A1 + 2 2 3 (14)

KdV equation (14) has a soliton solution A1 = 2u0 sech2 u0 (x (1 + 2

2

u0 )t) ,

(15)

comparing Eqs. (11) and (15), we nd that if M is small enough, M = 1 + 2 u0 , two solutions are the same where A = 2 A1 . It seems that the potential method can be used to both the large amplitude and small amplitude solitary waves, however the reductive perturbation method can only be used to the small amplitude solitary waves.

Fig. 3 The variations of uid velocity, the cross sectional area, and the uid pressure with respect to x M t given by Eqs. (11) (13) for M = 1.2.

Fig. 4 The variations of uid velocity, the cross sectional area, and the uid pressure with respect to x M t given by Eqs. (11) (13) for M = 1.1.

3 Conclusion
By using the potential method, we obtained the solitary wave solution for uid-lled elastic tube. For small amplitude solitary waves, the results are the same as those obtained by using the reductive perturbation method. The reductive perturbation method can be used to solve the small amplitude solitary waves, however the potential method can be used to solve the large amplitude solitary waves. If the Mach number M is large enough, it is found that the shapes of solitary waves of A, u, and p are not same, which is shown in Figs. 1 5. But the results from reductive perturbation method are completely the same, suggesting that the shapes of solitary waves of A, u and p were the same. But when the Mach number M 1, the results from two method are approximately the same.

Fig. 5 The variations of uid velocity, the cross sectional area, and the uid pressure with respect to x M t given by Eqs. (11) (13) for M = 1.01.

References
[1] V.V. Konotop, Phys. Rev. E53 (1996) 2843. [2] H. Hashimoto and H. Ono, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 33 (1972) 605. [3] B.S. Xie and K.F. He, Phys. Plasmas 6 (1999) 3808.

[4] W.S. Duan, Chaos, Soliton and Fractals 14 (2002) 503; ibid. 14 (2002) 1315, Chin. Phys. Lett. 19 (2001) 452; Phys. Plasmas 8 (2001) 3583. [5] S. Munro and E.J. Parkes, J. Plasma. Phys. 62 (1999) 305. [6] S. Munro and E.J. Parkes, J. Plasma. Phys. 64 (2000) 411.

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[7] S.J. Cowley, Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 36 (1983) 280. [8] S. Yomasa, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 56 (1987) 506. [9] J.F. Paquerot and M. Remoissenet, Phys. Lett. A194 (1994) 77. [10] W.S. Duan, B.R. Wang, and R.J. Wei, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 65 (1996) 945; Phys. Rev. E55 (1997) 1773; Phys.

Lett. A295 (2002) 133. [11] Y.C. Fung, Biomechanics Circulation, Springer, Berlin (1984). [12] M. Wadati, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 38 (1975) 673.