Heat of Fusion of Ice Purpose: To determine the latent heat of fusion of ice.

Apparatus: Calorimeter, thermometer, balance, stopwatch, water, and ice. Theory: The first law of Thermodynamics tells us that energy in an isolated system is conserved. The isolated system we study consists of room temperature water and ice inside a calorimeter. Conservation of energy is described by balancing the heat transferred from the room temperature water to the ice. The result of the process is to melt (fuse) the ice to water at 0C and then raise the temperature of that water as it comes to thermal equilibrium with the surrounding room temperature water. At the same time the initial room temperature water cools so that upon waiting a sufficient time, and while stirring the fluid, the entire system comes to a final equilibrium temperature. Equation (1) shows this conservation assuming that the initial temperature of the ice is 0C . (Notice that both the left and right hand sides of the equation are positive.)
mW cW (Ti T f ) + mC s (Ti T f ) + me cW (Ti T f ) = LmI + mI cW (T f 0C ) . Where (1)

L cW ( = 1.00 cal/g C ) mW mC mI Tf
Ti s me

Heat of fusion of ice Specific heat of liquid water Mass of initial quantity of room temperature water Mass of internal calorimeter cup + stirrer Mass of added ice Final temperature of system Initial temperature of calorimeter, stirrer, and water Specific heat of aluminum cup & stirrer Water equivalent mass (in grams) of thermometer (0.46 of volume in mL of immersed portion of thermometer)

Procedure: Determine the mass of the inner calorimeter cup and stirrer. Add about 100 g (100 mL) of water at room temperature to the inner calorimeter cup. Re-determine the total mass of the cup, stirrer and water. Assemble the base of the calorimeter, and measure the temperature of the water by taking the average of at least three readings, each10 s apart. Now obtain about 20 g of ice. Wipe the moisture from the ice and carefully place the ice in the inner calorimeter cup with the room temperature water. Do not splash, and cover quickly by assembling the rest of the calorimeter. Make sure that the thermometer bulb is completely submerged. Take temperature readings every 10 s while stirring the calorimeter contents. The final equilibrium temperature is the minimum temperature over time. Fill in the data table using appropriate precision. Repeat the experiment so that you have a total of two trials. To fill in the last line in the data table (heat of fusion), algebraically solve equation (1) for L and insert the measured quantities

in the resulting expression. Finally, assume that the thermometer has a water equivalent mass in grams equal to 0.46 times its immersed volume in mL. Masses Cup + stirrer mC Cup + stirrer + H2O (mC+W) = mC + mW Cup + stirrer + H2O + Ice (mC+W+I) = mC + mW + mI Specific heat of Cup + stirrer Initial mass of H2O Mass of ice added Volume of thermometer Water equivalent of therm.
s mW = (mC+W) mC mI = (mC+W+I) (mC+W) V (mL) 0.46xV (g)

Trial 1

Trial 2

Temperatures Initial temperature Ti Final temperature Tf Temperature difference Ti Tf Latent heat of fusion L

Trial 1

Trial 2

Final calculations: Plot the temperature data as a function of time (You may use Excel.). Draw apparatus in your lab report. Determine the percent error:
%-error = Lmeasured Lnominal 100% Lnominal

Use the average of the two trial L values as measured the value Lmeasured . Look up the heat of fusion of ice and use it as Lnominal .

Questions:
1. The specific heat of ice does not enter in these results. Therefore, what assumption are we making? 2. How would you correct for that assumption? 3. Note that we kept stirring the water. What was the purpose of this? 4. For each trial, what was the change in entropy of the ice in melting? Assume that the melting process is approximately reversible.