THESIS MANUAL

INTRODUCTION
The following instructions and guidelines are offered to help graduate students meet the requirements for a thesis, dissertation or project. This Manual will assist graduate students in presenting a thesis with standardized features and of archival retention quality for permanent preservation and consultation. Students cannot graduate before depositing copies of their thesis in the Library.

PRESENTATION
Theses should be presented in the bound form. Be sure that all materials are properly collated.

GENERAL APPEARANCE
All theses must be produced clear enough, dark enough to be easily readable. Only one side of the page must be used and all pages must face front. All lines, equations and formulae must be typed. Hand insertions are acceptable only where a computer or word processor cannot reproduce adequately that which is presented and the hand insertions are superior.

REPRODUCTION METHODS
Theses are formatted electronically on personal computers, but regardless of the process used, the thesis must have a book like appearance. Any method of reproduction used must produce letterquality print and the image must be sharp and clear. Theses must be laser printed. Dot matrix and ink jet printing are not acceptable, except with very high resolution: 600 dots per inch (dpi) or more. It should produce the same effect as the laser printing.

NUMBER OF COPIES REQUIRED

The Library requires one copy of the thesis and project. However, check with your Department or Advisor if additional copies are also required. Students are also required to provide a CD-ROM (preferably) or floppy disk copy.

SIZE
The size of theses should be 21 x 29.7 cms. (size A4). Pages should not vary from this standard size. Most illustrative materials can be reduced to meet this specification. Undersized materials should be attached to a standard size paper. Oversized materials such as charts, graphs, maps and tables that are larger than the standard page size should be carefully folded to the size of the thesis. However, such oversize pages complicate binding, and it is recommended that they be avoided unless absolutely necessary. Try a different layout for the chart or table to see if it can be placed on a standard page, or use a photographic reduction of the graphic 1

material when appropriate. In any event, make as few folds as possible. Fold outs are acceptable only in the appendix, and only when no other method of reduction or preparation is possible.

INK
Ink must be black, of permanent quality and consistent color (not a mixture of light and dark). Use black ink only, blue ink does not reproduce well. In general, clear reproduction of your thesis must be ensured.

TYPEFACE
The Times New Roman (when unavailable use CG Times) typeface for English, and the Simplified Arabic typefaces for Arabic should be used. These clear and aesthetic typefaces ensure good legibility. The typeface must be uniform throughout the text, although a different one may be employed on charts, graphs, tables, etc. when necessary. The type size should be 12 for English and 15 for Arabic. The capital 16 for English, and 22 for Arabic, must be used for capitalization in the preliminary and end pages, as well as major headings such as chapter titles and headings in end pages. Smaller or larger typefaces are not acceptable. Do not underline capital letters. Do not use bold face in preliminary pages and major headings such as chapters, appendices, and bibliography. Bold face can be used at discretion inside the text only.

STYLE AND FORM

For all matters not discussed in the present Thesis Manual, theses must follow the form and style specified by your Department or Program such as APA, MLA; provided it conforms to this Thesis Manual, especially in the order of preliminary pages, paper, ink, typefaces, margins and size of page numbers. The regulations governing the form and style of theses are necessarily uniform to ensure the accessibility of the work to other scholars and library users. The sources of information on which any thesis is based must be universally available to all. Particular attention therefore will be paid to the bibliography and footnotes to avoid any inaccuracy or inconsistency.

ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

Theses include three parts: the front matter or preliminary pages, the body of the thesis or text, and the end pages which include the appendices, the endnotes and references if any, and the bibliography, in this order. Each of these parts may be subdivided into sections and subsections. These should appear clearly in the table of contents which must show the various divisions and their titles. PRELIMINARY PAGES Not all theses contain all preliminary pages. Optional pages may or may not be included according to student. Also, some sections may take more than one page. However, the numbering of preliminary pages, in lower case Roman numerals, must remain consecutive and continuous. In the preliminary pages, all major title headings must be in size 16 (capital letters) and the text in size 12 (lower case letters). Do NOT use boldface anywhere in the preliminary pages. 2

1- Blank page [Not numbered. Considered i]. Mandatory. The first and the last page of the thesis are blank. They are inserted for protection. 2- Title page [Not numbered. Considered ii]. Mandatory. It includes the following items in the following order: a) Name of the University (in capital letters). Full title of the thesis (in capital letters) which should be concise and reflect accurately the contents of the thesis. It must be exactly the same everywhere it appears in the thesis. b) Full name of the student (capital letters) which must include the forename or first name, the middle or father's name (in the case of married female students, their maiden name instead of the father's name), and the surname or family name. It must be exactly the same everywhere it appears in the thesis, and as it will appear on the student's diploma. c) Statement: "A thesis (or project, or dissertation) / submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements / for the degree of ... / to the Department of .../ of the Faculty of .../ Branch / at the Lebanese University." The degree, Department and Faculty must appear as listed in the LU official documents published in the year of graduation of the student, or its latest available edition. d) Place: Beirut, Lebanon. e) Date: Month and year of the thesis defense date. Thesis approval page [Not numbered. Considered iii]. Mandatory. It contains the names, ranks and signatures of the Advisor and Members of the Committee for theses and dissertations, and of the First and Second Readers for projects; followed by the date of the thesis defense. The signatures should be original and in black on both copies. Acknowledgments [Numbered iv] If any. [Typing of the page numbers start with this page]. In this page, the student thanks individuals and institutions in recognition of their assistance through gift of equipment or materials, financial support or personal help and encouragement; and for permission received to reproduce works cited or included in text. It is neither customary nor recommended to acknowledge the thesis Advisor and Committee members whose help is secured in principle by their very function. Abstract. Mandatory. It should not exceed 350 words and briefly summarizes the thesis' contents. It contains a statement of the subject, the procedure or methods followed, the results obtained and a conclusion. Additional index keywords are given at the end of the abstract. The heading of this page is "An abstract of the thesis of" (in capital letters), followed by the name of the student, the degree and major and the title. Preface. If desirable. In it, the student explains his/her motivation to undertake this research, its background and purpose. Table of contents.Mandatory. 3

It is headed with the word "Contents" and lists all parts of the thesis with their headings and subheadings and the page number on which they appear; except the title and the thesis approval pages, the release form, and the dedication page. Page numbers in the Table of Contents and following lists are justified right. They are preceded by a line of periods (tab leaders) which start from the end of the title. Periods are of size12 and one space apart. Numbering of chapters and their subdivisions can follow two types, starting with either Roman numerals or Arabic numerals. List of illustrations.If any. It is headed with the word "Illustrations" and lists titles and page references. List of tables.If any. It is headed with the word "Tables" and lists titles and page references. List of abbreviations.If any. It is headed with the word "Abbreviations". Standard and recognized abbreviations must be used whenever available. However if nonesuch exist, abbreviations specially devised by the student can be listed. Glossary.If any. It is desirable in case the thesis contains many foreign, technical or special words and phrases which need some definition or explanation for better comprehension of text. Dedication[Not numbered and not counted in the pagination of the preliminary pages]. If desirable. It is usually brief and needs not include the word "dedicated". "To" is sufficient. Extravagant dedications and layouts are not recommended.

NUMBERING OF PAGES
Two types of pagination are used: the lowercase Roman numerals and Arabic numerals. The preliminary pages are numbered in lowercase Roman numerals centered at the bottom of pages; however numbers do not appear on the blank page, title page, approval page, and release form. The first numbered page therefore, will be the "Acknowledgments" which is numbered "v", or the first page which appears after the release form. Numbering by lowercase Roman numeral continues through all the preliminary paging, each numeral being placed at the center of the bottom of the page. Throughout the rest of the thesis, all pages must be numbered with Arabic numerals placed in the center, at the bottom of the page. This numbering should begin with 1(one) on the first page and run consecutively and continuously to the end of the thesis. All page numbers are placed 2 cms. from the bottom edges of the paper. When the text or illustrative matter is presented in landscape or horizontally (and not vertically as normally on the other pages of the thesis), the number of the page should remain at the center of the bottom of the page as on the other pages. Landscape pages must have their bottom outward (toward right edge of sheet) and not inward (toward spine). Make sure that the typeface of the numbers of pages is the same as the one used for the text and is of size 12. Figure and table numbering must be either continuous throughout the thesis or by chapter, that is 1.1, 1.2; 2.1, 2.2. There cannot be two "Figure 1" for e.g. in a thesis. 4

MARGINS
For clarity in presentation, binding purposes and ease in copying, the following margins should be observed throughout the entire thesis: To the left side of the page : 3.5 cms. To the right side of the page : 2.5 cms. At the top of the page : 3 cms. At the bottom of the page : 3 cms. The text of the thesis should be aligned left only, and not justified. Illustrative materials, tables, charts, graphs, etc., should not come closer than 2 cms. from the top, right and bottom edges of the paper, and 2.5 cms. from the left, as part of these edges will be removed in the binding process.

SPACING
The thesis must be standard double-space throughout, except in those places where conventional usage calls for single spacing; e.g., footnotes, block quotations, tables, etc. They are single-spaced within each entry but double-spaced between entries. Text in title page, release form, acknowledgments and abstract is single spaced. Only one double-space is left between paragraphs. Subheadings are preceded by two double-spaces (i.e. four spaces). They are double spaced (i.e. two spaces) only in case there is no text between them. Tables and illustrations should be preceded and followed by two double-spaces (i.e. four spaces) in order to appear clearly within the text.

INDENTION
All indentions should be 1.5cms. from the end of the left margin. They should be consistent throughout the text, and especially in paragraph openings.

MAJOR HEADINGS and SUBHEADINGS

A major heading is the heading used for any of the titles in the preliminary pages, for a "Part" or a "Chapter" title, "Appendix" title, "Notes", "References" or "Bibliography". They should be typed in capital letters, size 16, NOT bold and at the center of the page. The word "Part" or "Chapter" should be followed by its number as it appears in the Table of Contents of the thesis. If a chapter's title runs on more than one line it should be single spaced. The heading "Chapter" and its title should be double-spaced. Chapters are usually divided into sections and subsections, each carrying a subheading. They are sideheads and start at the end of the left margin, without indention. They are of size 12. Each subheading is preceded by its number as it appears in the Table of Contents of the thesis.

Each subheading has a higher attention value than the one which follows it. They are designated as first-, second-, third- and fourth-level subheadings, and are differentiated as follows: First-level subheadings are in bold, regular typefaces: eg. A. First-Level Subheading Second-level subheadings are in bold, italics typefaces: eg. 1. Second-Level Subheading Third-level subheadings are in regular typefaces, underlined: eg. a. Third-Level Subheading Fourth-level subheadings are in regular typefaces, underlined with dashes: eg.

For listing of items, points or ideas, use bullets at beginning of line, after an indention of 1.5 cms. as for paragraphs. You can further subdivide them with dashes. Do NOT use the same number for subheadings which have a different attention value. Eg. Do not use "1." for a fourth-level subheading since it is specifically used in second-level subheadings.

FOOTNOTES
Footnotes are typed at the bottom of the page, separated from the text by a short rule or separator. They are single-spaced if they run on more than one line and double-spaced between two notes. They are indented (1.5 cms.) and are preceded by the number (size 12) or (size 10 superscript) assigned to each in the text above.

CORRECTIONS
No corrections, strike-overs, insertions between lines, addition or deletion of words or phrases are permitted. The use of any kind of material to cover up or tape on corrections is not allowed as there is evidence that fluid and tape will cause paper deterioration. Pages with illegible or unsightly corrections, or with changes likely to be unclear in photographic reproduction must be replaced.

IILLUSTRATIVE MATTER
Formatting of tables: Bold and centered above the table. (see example below) TABLE 1 List of corresponding former designations of S235JR steel (BS EN 10025, 1993)

Formatting of figures: Bold and centered below the figure. (see example below) Figure 1. Yield Strength Re [MPa] of S235JR steel specimens All illustrative and supplementary materials (graphs, diagrams, charts, etc.) included in the body of the thesis must be on paper which meets the specifications already described in the "Paper" section. As stated in the "Size" section, most illustrative materials can be reduced to meet the size specification of 21 x 29.7 cms. (A4) and the margins. Be careful that the margins are respected especially for binding. Fold-outs are acceptable only when no other method of reduction or preparation is possible, and preferably put in the appendix. Photographs and photographic plates must be the original positive print, well processed in order to ensure permanence and prevent fading. Xerographic copies of photographs are not accepted in either of the two copies submitted. Photographs must be mounted on the standard paper or a heavier one (if necessary) which will help them maintain their shape. A non-disintegrating adhesive should be used, not rubber cement, glue, paste or tape. Separate maps, if necessary, should be numbered and folded neatly in smaller size to fit in an attached pocket to the thesis.

CITATION STYLES
ALL sample citations below are APA (References), MLA (Citations) styles respectively. Magazine/Journal Article APA: Lacayo, R. (1991, April 22). Global warming: A new warning. Time, 137(16), 32. MLA: Lacayo, R. "Global Warming: A New Warning." Time, 137.17 (1991): 32-33. Encyclopedia Article APA: Bergman, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. . MLA: Mohanty, Jitendra M. "Indian Philosophy." The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987 . Newspaper Article APA: Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. If an article has no author, begin the reference with the article title and publication date. MLA: Schmidt, W. "Charles and Diana are Separating 'Amicably'." . New York Times, 10 Dec. 1993, late ed.: A1+. . Book APA: Buss, A. H. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. MLA: Buss, A. H. Self-consciousness and Social Anxiety. . San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1991. . Edited Book APA: Chickering, A. W., & Smith, L. E. (Eds.). (1981). The modern American college: Responding to the new realities of diverse students and a changing society. San Francisco: Jossey7

Bass. MLA: Chickering, A. W., ed. The Modern American College: Responding to the New Realities of Diverse Students and a Changing Society. . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981. . Article in an Edited Book APA: Good, T. L., & Brophy, J. E. (1986) ). School effects. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 570-602). New York: Macmillan. MLA: Good, T. L., and J. E. Brophy. "School effects." Handbook of Research on Teaching. . Ed. M. C. Wittrock. New York: Macmillan, 1986. 570-602. Doctoral Dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International APA: Byerly, J. (1982). ). An investigation of factors that condition student enrollment in broadcast courses at Coastline Community College (Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International, 43, 58A. MLA: Byerly, J. "Investigation of Factors that Condition Student Enrollment in Broadcast Courses at Coastline Community College." . Diss. Pepperdine University, 1981. DAI 43 (1982):125A. Article in Proceedings of Meetings or Symposia APA: Brock, D. (1981)New public broadcasting programs and services. In J. Brown (Ed.), Technology and education: Policy, implementation, evaluation. Proceedings of the National Conference on Technology and Education, January 26-28, (pp. 30-59). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. MLA: Brock, D. "New Public Broadcasting Programs and Services." Technology and Education: Policy, Implementation, Evaluation: Proceedings of the National Conference on Technology and Education, January 26-28. . Ed. J. Brown. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981. 30-59. Television Broadcast APA: Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service. MLA: "Yes ... but Is It Art?" Narr. Morley Safer. Sixty Minutes. . CBS. WCBS, New York. 19 Sept. 1993. Internet Citation APA: Biodiversity and conservation.Bryant, P. (1999). Retrieved October 4, 1999, http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/Titlpage.htm Portuguese Language Page. U of Chicago. . 1 May 1999 . Electronic Resource Citation (Full text article) APA: Kramer, J. F. (December 1999/January 2000). Valuing accounting practices. The National Public Accountant, 44(10), 32. Retrieved April 4, 2000, from ABI/Inform Global via Proquest Direct. MLA: Fox, Justin. "What in the World Happened to Economics?" Fortune 15 Mar. 1999: 90-102 . ABI/INFORM Global. Proquest Direct. Rochester Institute of Technology. 19 April 2000 . Example of citation in the text Steels with quite different chemical composition can have almost identical mechanical property ratios when heat-treated properly (De Garmo, Black, Kohser, 1990).