UNIT 8 IMPULSE, MOMENTUM, WORK AND ENERGY

Structure
8.1 8.2 Introduction
Objectives

Momentum and Impulse

8.2.1 8.2.2 Impulse-Momentum Equation Principle of Conservation of Momentum
Computation of Work Done on a Body Work Done on a Spring Potentiat Energy and Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy of Translation/Rotation Principle of Conservation of Energy

8.3

Work, Power and Energy

8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 8.3.7 8.3.8

Conservative Forces Non Conservative Forces Motion of Rotation Impact of Two Bodies Solution to Problems of Direct Central Impact Elastic Impact Plastic Impact Oblique Central Impact

8.4

Impact
8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.4.5

8.5 8.6 8.7

Summary Key Words Answers to SAQs

8.1 INTRODUCTION
Dl

This unit will help you to understand the concepts of Impulse, Momentum, Work-done on a body, Mechanical energy available for bodies in motion. The two important principles of Conservation of Momentum and Conservation of Energy are highlightedwith large number of examples. The study of impact of two bodies under elastic or plastic condition helps to understand the motion of the bodies after impact.
The above referred equations related with impulse, momentum and energy give solutions to problems in a much easier and simple way than the solution obtained by using principles of dynamic equilibrium as given by D'Alembert.

Objectives
Problems in Engineering Machanics can be solved independently using different principles. By knowing various such principles, it is left to the analyser to adopt that powerful tool which provides quickest solution. After studying this unit, you should be able to * calculate the motion under impulsive-forces,

* *

state the range of applications of principle of conservation of momentum and conservation of energy, and estimate the motion of bodies after their impact.

8.2 MOMENTUM AND 1-MPULSE

Momentum of a mass having velocity V is defined as (m x V ). Impulse of a force F applied . over a short duration of time (dt) is defined as (F x dt). Both momentum and Impulse are vectors.
--,

8.2.1 Impulse-Momentum Equation

If Fx is-an applied force along x direction on a body of mass ( m ) subjected to acceleration x d or - (x),T.hen you will recall that the Newton's Law of motion state that dt

where

x = distance traversed at any time t,

= velocity along x direction at time t , and

x = acceleration along x direction at time t. Since mass ( m ) remains constant

during its motion,

d Fx = - ( m i ) dt
The product ( m x time ( t ) .

i )is called as momentum of mass ( m ) by virtue of its velocity (x) at

If the applied force Fx varies with respect to time (1) as shown in Figure 8.1, the impulse of the force F, during a short interval (dl) is a product (Fxx d l ) given by the area of shaded portion LM M'L' shown in the Figure 8.1.

Integrating the effect of impulses during a period from (t,)to (1,)

= m V2 (x) - m V1 (x)

where,

V , (,, is velocity along x direction at time t , , and V, (,, is velocity along x direction at time 1,.

Figure 8.1

Thus the integrated effect of impulse during time interval from t, to t2 is the change of momentum of mass nl along x direction. This is called as Impulse-Momentum Equation. Similar equation can be written down in other two directions y and z. If Fy is the component of force along y direction and V , (,, V2(,, are the velocities of the mass along v direction and at time t , and f2 respectively. Then,

I
Example 8.1

t1

" F,dt

mV

2 - ~In V 10

A mass of weight 29.4 Newton is subjected to a time varying force F(,, = ( 3? + 5 ) along x direction. Determine the velocity of the mass after 3 seconds, if initial velocity = 4 metres per second. Solution Considering the impulse momentum equation during a period from 0 to 3 seconds
? '

where mass nz = and

29.4 = - = 3kg.

9.8

Impulse, Momentum, Work and Energy

V(,= 0) = 4 m 1 set

or, V , after 3 seconds = 18 metreslsec along x direction.

8.2.2 Principle of Conservation of Momentum

The equation of impulse-momentum is particularly useful when you are dealing with two or more number of masses in a system. A case of two masses, gun and a shell is a popular example as a study case. During an extremely small interval of explosion the forces F,+, and Fg(,) acting on shell and the gun respectively are equal at every given instant of time and opposite in direction. The sum-total of the impulse (F.T(,) + Fg,,) dt) is therefore, always dt zero. The sum-total of the change in momentum of shell and gun is also zero by virtue of the above referred equation. If m , and vrLg are masses of shell and gun respectively,

where V,, and V , are the velocities of shell at time t, and t2 and V , , and V2,are the velocities of gun at time t, and t2respectively. Equation (8.1)is then referred to as principle of conservation of momentum. This principle, in general, states that the total momentum of a system of bodies remains unaltered by a mutual action between them.
Example 8.2 A shell of mass 200 gm is fired at a velocity of 50 metreslsecond by a gun of mass 20 kg. Determine the recoil-velocity of the gun. Solution Since initially both shell and gun are at rest

Negative sign indicates that the gun moves in direction opposite to that of shell since reaction on the gun is along opposite direction to the motion of shell. Example 8.3 A man weighing 500 N is in a boat weighing 1500 N which is free to move a) over a steady lake. If he starts running along the length of the boat at a speed of 4 metreslsecond with respect to the boat-floor, assuming that there is no resistance of water to the motion of the boat, determine the velocity of the boat. b) If he then jumps off the boat with and absolute velocity of 6 metreslseconds, what would be the motion of the boat then.

Dynamics

Solution

a)

Since both man and the boat are initially at rest, the initial total-momentum is zero. Hence by the principle of conservation of momentum, the total momentum for this system will be zero at any other time. If the velocity of , man is V with respect to the floor of the boat along x direction, let Vb be the absolute velocity of the boat developed because of the interaction developed.
, The absolute (or truelactual) velocity of the man V is therefore, equal to (V ,, + Vb ). The equation of conservation of momentum is connected with masses rn, and rn, of the boat and the man respectively.

: .

( vh) +

rn,

( V , j=

Thus, the boat moves with a velocity of 1 d s e c in negative x direction and true (absolute) velocity of man reduces. Actual (Absolute) velocity of Man = V,

Vb

b)

When the man jumps ont of boat with absolute velocity boat will attain a velocity vbwhereby,

= 6 d s e c , the

Negative sign again indicates that velocity (vb) the boat has direction of opposite to the direction of the man's jump.
Example 8.4

An aeroplane weighing 40 kN moves horizontally with a velocity of 20 mlsec (72 kmph or 72 km. per hour). A helicopter of weight 20 kN is proceeding at 30 d s e c (108 kmph) towards North in the same horizontal plane and collides with aeroplane. If the two masses get entangled after collision, determine their common velocity.
Solution

Since Momentumis a vector dong @e direction of the velocity of the mass, when the momenta M, and M, of the aeroplane and the helicopter are along two different directions for the two masses, vector rules have to be adopted to determine its resultant momentum. Referring to Figure 8.2,

104

M,= {Momentumof aeroplane before collision in units (kg d s e c )

along m}

Impulse, Momentum, Work and Energy

M2= {Momentumof helicopter before collision along

in (kgdsec)}
MZ -B o

20 x 30 g

1000

L d
M, A E

The combined mass = 60 x 1000 kg Hence, if on is the c ~ is the resultant mEentum along direction OR a t i a with OA then velocity along

Figure 8.2

This is a vector addition

. : ..

60

v, = d 8 0 2 + 6 0 2
V, =
6

= 1000

= 16.67 mlsec along OR where

AR - 600 t a n a = - - - - 0.75 OA 800

Example 8.5

A mass of 3 kg ball falls freely from a height of 2 metres on an anvil rises 0.5 metre

after the blow. If the duration of impact is

($1

of a second, determine the

impact-force (i.e. Force due to impact) on the mass. State the total reaction offered by the anvil on the mass.
Solution

Assume vertically upward direction as the direction for all the vectors such as momentum forces etc.

V, = Initial velocity of ball just before impact on the anvil. (Downward direction implies - ve)
== -2G d s e c

Hz= Rising of the ball after impact = 0.5 m V2= Upward velocity (i.e. + ve) after impact

: .

V, =

+ 6 dsec

Mass of the ball (m) = 3 kg.

F x dt = Change in momentum = m (V2 V, ) -

Dynamics

Impact force on the mass = m (V2 - V J

(4

= 3 ( 3 6 ) = 450

x 50

6N

Impact force on the anvil is downward where g = 9.8 d s e c2 Considering weight of mass W = 3 x 9.8 = (30) N or (3 g) N the total upward reaction at Anvil = ( 450 + 30 ) N
= - 450

6 Newtons ;

SAQ 1
In the Example 8.5, if the rise of the ball is also 2 metres, determine the interacting impulse force occurring over duration of (1150) second. Indicate the percentage variation of this force with respect to the previous case.

SAQ 2
A ball of mass 2 kg is moving with a velocity of 12 d s e c approaches another ball of mass 4 kg moving with a velocity of 4 d s e c in opposite direction. After collision both the balls move together with a common velocity. Determine the common velocity.

8.3 WORK, POWER AND ENERGY

Definitions Work : Work is said to be done by a force if, as a result of the application of the force,
its poinl of application is displaced along some direction. It is measured by the product of the force and the dislance moved in the direction of the force, i.e., W = F.s. In general, the force F and the displacement s of its point of application may not be in the same direction. Then,
W = F . s = Fscos8
'

where, 8 is the angle between vectors, F and s . The SI unit of work is called the Joule (J). 1Joule = 1 newton x 1 metre
= 1 newton - metre = 1 N-m

Power :

Power is the rate of doing the work. In System International Units (S.I.), the 'unit is Watt. Watt = Joule per second
W = J s-'

In metric system of unit, Horse-~ower 75 k g d s e c = 4500 kgdmin. =

Energy : Energy of body is its capacity to do work. Thus the units of energy are the
same as that of work (i.e. Joule). Energy possessed by a body may have different forms. It may be the energy in the form of Heat Energy. Electrical Energy or some other form.

h p u l s e , Momentum, Work and Energy

8.3.1 Computation of Work Done on a Body

Consider a body of weight Wmoving on a horizontal plane through a distance AA' = d under the action of a force F applied along a direction at an angle 6 with the horizontal as shown in Figure 8.3.

Figure 8 3

'y.

Even though p e distance travelled by body along the horizontal plane of movement is d = AA = BB, work done by force F is given by (Fx s) where s is the component of the displacement d along direction of F. s = dcos6 Work done = F x d cos 6 = A function of L O .. if L + 90, W.D. +O. O From the above referred discussion, you will realize that gravitational force on a body will not do any work, if the body moves in a horizontal plane. Consider another example of a body moving down an inclined plane of distance (d) where inclination of plane with the horizontal is La, work done by the weight Wof the body is givin by W.D. = W d s i n a Vertical component of distance travelled = d sin a
F

8.3.2 Work Done on a Spring

If a tensile force (F)is applied on a spring, it elongates through a distance (s ) and the relation of (F)against (s) gives a straight line graph as shown in Figure 8.4. This is called as linear characteristic of the spring. Let F, be the force required to cause displacement (5,) of the spring. Let F2be the force required to cause displacement (5,) of the spring. Area under the curve gives work done by the force.
I)

Figure 8.4

W.D. on the spring to elongate it through a distance (s,) = A O s , F, Fl - - $1 2 W.D. on spring to elongate it a distance (5,) =
F $1 l -

11) 111)

W.D. on spring through distance from s, to s2is given by

+

(Fl

F2) (s2- s,) the area of trapezium (F, F~s, s2).

8.3.3 Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy (P.E.)
It is the capacity of a body to do work by virtue of the position of the body, with Z above the respect to given datum level. A body of weight W newton and at height ( ) datum level has potential energy ( W x Z while the body of weight W, and placed at ) level - H, below the datum level has potential energy (- W, H, ) Kinetic Energy (K.E.) It is the capacity of doing work by virtue of the motion possessed by the body. The motion of a body can be a motion of pure translation or pure rotation or a combination of both translation and rotation. Accordingly, the body will possess Kinetic-Energy of translation, rotation or both together.

8.3.4 Kinetic Energy of TranslationIRotation

(m),Kinetic-Energy of translation is the If (V)is the linear velocity of a body of amount of work it has to give up before it is brought to rest. Kinetic Energy of the body, at 1 rest, is obviously zero. Consider that a retarding force ( R )newton is applied to the body to bring its velocity from (V)m / sec to zero during which it travels a linear distance ( s )metres

: K.E. of the body = R x s N.m. .

Since the motion has uniform retardation say (- a ) , we have the equation of motion

where

final velocity V2 = 0 initial velocity V, = V

: .

v Retardation a = 2s

Hence the force of resistance (R) is given by

W.D. by R U~rough distance

m~ = R x s = V 2
2

Hence,

K.E. of translation

m =R x s = L

v2

or

- -c v - u

2~ where W is the weight of the body of mass (m).

In case of angular motion of the body of mass (m) about any given axis (KK), w is the if angular velocity of the body in radianstsec and r,(,,, is the radius o f gyration of body about its axis o f rotation (KK), then mass-moment of Inertia (I,,,) the body about axi of (KK) is given by

o2 Angular retardation a = - where 0 is the angular distance travelled before coming n , 20 rest under a couple of resistance (0= C = ( lmwA7 a ) X