Controlling MAP

Why do we need to control it?

Short term

Long term

Brain Centers for Short Term MAP Control

Vasomotor

Cardioinhibitory

Cardioacceleratory

Increased vasomotor center activity

__creased sympathetic output to arterioles Vaso__________ __creased peripheral resistance __creased blood pressure
What about a decrease in vasomotor activity?

Increased cardioacceleratory center activity

__creased sympathetic output to heart __creased heart rate and stroke volume __creased cardiac output __creased blood pressure
What about a decrease in cardioacceleratory activity?

Increased cardioinhibitory center activity

__creased parasympathetic output to heart __creased heart rate __creased cardiac output __creased blood pressure
What about a decrease in cardioacceleratory activity?

Baroreceptor Reflex

Baroreceptor Reflex
Baroreceptors signals the cardiac and vasomotor centers via CN IX and X.

Frequency of these impulses is proportional to MAP.

Cardiac and vasomotor centers adjust their output accordingly.

MAP rises

MAP falls

Demonstrating the Baroreceptor Reflex

Take the subjects radial pulse. Find the carotid pulse point and GENTLY press on it. What will happen to the radial pulse? Why?

Adrenal Medullary Mechanism

Release epinephrine (and a small amt of NE) in response to:
Large drops in MAP. Increases in physical activity. Stressful situations.

Adrenal Medullary Mechanism

How would activation of the adrenal medulla affect:
HR SV CO PR BP

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Renin

Angiotensin II

Indirect Mechanism Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Angiotensin II

Vasoconstriction

Aldosterone & Antidiuretic hormone

Thirst

Increased TPR

Increased BV

Increased BP

Indirect Mechanism Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

In response to a fall in MAP, renin release by the kidney would:

In response to a rise in MAP, renin release by the kidney would:

A 25yo woman complains to her doctor of headaches and blurred vision. Her blood pressure is 200/130 mmHg. After the BP has been reduced, investigations are made to find the cause of the problem. Its discovered that her left renal artery is narrowed.

Why would this cause the rise in BP?

Long Term BP Control

Achieved by the...

Primarily done by altering...

Long Term BP Control

Large increase in BP

____________ urine formation

____________ urine output

____________ blood volume

_________BP

 As we go from the aorta to the billions of capillaries, what happens to the total crosssectional area?

What happens to the velocity of blood flow?

 As we go from the billions of capillaries to the venae cavae, what happens to the total crosssectional area?

What happens to the velocity of blood flow?

The Paradoxical Problem of the Vasomotor Center

Local Regulation of Blood Flow

Autoregulation - adjustment of blood flow to each tissue according to its immediate needs.

Surplus or deficiency of local chemicals influences local vessel diameter and blood flow.

Local Regulation of Blood Flow

Tissue temp. ____

Working Muscle Tissue

Tissue CO2 levels ___ Tissue O2 levels ___ Lactic acid levels ___

Arterioles serving tissue vaso________

______blood flow to tissue

CO2 _______ Lactic acid _______

Heat _______

O2 ________

Capillary Exchange
Btwn blood plasma and tissue fluid.

Nutrients, wastes, signaling molecules

FLUID

Capillary Fluid Exchange

4 forces
Capillary osmotic pressure.

Capillary hydrostatic pressure.

Interstitial osmotic pressure. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

A.k.a What does it do?

ISF
CAPILLARY HP

Capillary Osmotic Pressure

Mostly due to What does it do?

ISF
CAPILLARY OP

Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

Usually inconsequential b/c What would it do?

ISF HP
CAPILLARY

Interstitial Osmotic Pressure

Usually inconsequential b/c What would it do?

ISF OP
CAPILLARY

Capillary Fluid Exchange

Thebalance of what 2 forces typically determines if fluid enters or exits the capillary?

Net filtration pressure

Capillary Filtration
If capillary HP >> capillary OP,
What kind of fluid movement will occur?

ISF
CAPILLARY

Capillary Reabsorption
If capillary HP << capillary OP,
What kind of fluid movement will occur?

ISF
CAPILLARY

Capillary Fluid Exchange

Is capillary HP constant?? Is capillary OP constant??

Pressure
Arterial end

Venous end

Distance along the capillary

Capillary Fluid Exchange

At which end of the capillary is filtration likely to occur? At which end is reabsorption likely to occur?

Pressure
Arterial end

Venous end

Distance along the capillary

Capillary Fluid Exchange

Capillary HP usually slightly exceeds capillary OP.
Why does this matter?