ADJECTIVUL POSESIV TREBUIE UTILIZAT OBLIGATORIU CU: 1Partile corpului 2Obiecte de imbracaminte si incaltaminte 3Alte obiecte din care

are toata lumea Exemple: 1.Ai ceva pe palarie. There is something on your hat 2.Da-mi haina si te rog sa-mi dai inapoi umbrella. Give me your coat and please give me back your umbrella. 3.M-ai calcat pe picior. You stepped on my foot. 4.Ma doare capul. My head aches. a durea = to hurt ( in urma unei rani, dureri provocate din exterior) to ache ( a simti o durere )

I have a head-ache. I have an aching head. I have a sore ( care doare) throat.= Ma doare gatul.

Gradele de comparatie 1)pozitiv = adjectivul nu se schimba 2)comparativ - de inferioritate (2.1.) - de egalitate (2.2.) - de superioritate (2.3.) - relativ (3.1.) - absolut (3.2.)

3) superlativ

2.1. Comparativ de inferioritate pt adj scurte (mono si bisilabice) se formeaza din: not so/not as + adj + as Ex: This room is not so big as the bedroom. sau This room is not as big as the bedroom. pt adj lungi se formeaza: less + adj + than Ex: The chair is less comfortable than the bed. 2.2. Comparativ de egalitate Atat pt adj scurte cat si pt lungi: as + adj + as Ex: The bed is as good as the chair. Ideea de egalitate mai poate fi sugerata si prin constructia: the same + subst + as ! as si nu like !!!

Ex: This room is the same size as the other one. Schimbare de valoare gramaticala Adjectiv big, small long, short broad, narrow wide, narrow high, low deep, shallow heavy, light strong, weak Constructii cu comparativul de egalitate: as brave as a lion as blind as a bat as black as coal as busy as a bee as cool as a cucumber as clear as daylight as dry as a bone as easy as ABC as fresh as a daisy as hairy as a gorilla as mad as a hatter (palarier) as poor as a church-mouse as silent as a grave as wise as Solomon as soft as silk as smooth as grass as gentle as a lamb.etc. 2.3. Comparativul de superioritate - pt adj scurte adj + er + than Modificari ortografice: 1)daca adj se termina in e, se adauga doar r Ex: nice nicer 2)daca adj se termina in y precedat de consoana, se transforma y in ier Ex: pretty prettier Exceptii: shy shyer sly slyer wry wryer (stramb) 3) daca adj se termina in consoana precedata de vocala, dublez consoana finala Ex: big bigger - pt adj lungi more + adj + than Ex: The book is more interesting than the movie. Adj provenite din latina sunt urmate de to si nu de than Ex: He is superior to me. 3.1. Superlativul relativ the + adj +est Ex: large the largest silly the silliest Modificarile ortografice sunt la fel. Pentru adj lungi: the most+ adj Ex: This is the most expensive thing. Substantiv size (masura) length (lungime) breadth (largime pt ceva concret) width (largime pt ceva abstract) height (inaltime) depth (adancime) weight (greutate) strength (putere)..etc.

! dupa superlativ urmeaza prepozitiile of sau in Ex: He is the best of all/the best in my group. ! daca se face comparatie intre 2 elemente, comparativul implica superlativul: the + comparativ Ex: Between you and me, I am the older. 3.2. Superlativul absolut very + adj very poate fi inlocuit cu:

extremely exceptionally tremendously awfully

! nu toate adj au grad de comparatie, unele definesc ideea de unitate (own, complete, proper, perfect, marvelous, maximum, minimum). Altele au sufixe si prefixe: extra large over crowded super fine ultra short priceless Comparatia neregulata good better the best bad worse the worst ill worse the worst many more the most much more the most little less the least near nearer the nearest (cel mai apropiat); next (urmatorul) far farther the farthest (in spatiu) far further the furthest (in timp) late later the latest; the last (ultimul); the latter (ult din 2) Dintre 2, primul este the former, nu the first. up upper the upmost in inner the inmost out outer the outmost fore former the foremost old older the oldest old elder the eldest (doar atributiv, pt membrii aceleiasi familii) Ex: My elder brother is older than me. (fratele meu mai mare) Constructii adjectivale 1)cu mult mai = much/ a lot + comparativ Ex: It is much warmer today / a lot warmer today 2)de departe cel mai = by far + superlativ Ex: This is by far the hottest day of the year. 3)din ce in ce mai = comp + and + comp Ex: It is warmer and warmer ! pt adj lungi se repeta doar more Ex: It is more and more interesting. 4)cu cat mai, cu atat mai (the + comparativ the + comparativ) ! Expresia e obligatoriu sa se repete identic si verbul to be lipseste: Ex: The more, the better (cu cat mai mare, cu atat mai bine) ! Mai multe adjective care determina acelasi substantiv se despart prin virgula. Daca nu apare virgula intre ele atunci cel care nu este urmat de virgula este adverb. ! Ordinea adjectivelor care determina un substantiv va tine cont de cele subiective (primele expuse) si de cele obiective (imediat langa substantiv).

! Un adjectiv poate sa determine si un verb. Verbul va fi obligatoriu to be sau orice alt verb de perceptie care poate fi inlocuit cu to be. Ex: I am intelligent He looks happy sau He is happy.

Adjectivul demonstrativ anuleza articolul substantivului invariabil ca forma (M/F) se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care il determina daca nu determina un substantiv devine pronume demonstrativ this aceasta, acesta (singular apropiere) these acestea, acestia (plural apropiere) ambele merg cu here. that acela, aceea (singular departare) those acelea, aceia (plural departare) ambele merg cu there. ! Indepartarea in spatiu presupune si indepartarea in timp. Deci that si those se vor cupla cu trecutul. Ex: This book is good. (this = adjectiv, book = substantiv) This is a good book. (this = pronume)

Adjectivul posesiv invariabil ca forma si numar anuleaza articolul substantivului se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care-l determina forme: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their Ex: My book. Adjectivul interogativ pozitie initiala in propozitie invariabil ca forma anuleaza articolul determina un substantiv forme: what, which, whose, how much, how many. Diferenta: what./which Which presupune selectie dintr-un numar limitat. Ex: Which boy is your best friend? What nu presupune selectie. Ex: What days of the week do you know? Diferenta how much / how many How much presupune cantitatea si se foloseste pentru substantive nenumarabile. Ex: How much money do you want? How many inseamna numar si se foloseste la substantive numarabile. Ex: How many books do you want? Adjectivul relativ pozitie mediana introduce o propozitie secundara invariabil determina un substantiv anulandu-i articolul

forme:

whatever (fara selectie), whichever (selectie din numar limitat), whose (a, al, ai, ale cui).

Ex: You may take 1/ whatever books you want 2/. Adjectivul nehotarat SOME = unii, niste, vreo, cativa Utilizare: 1.In propozitia enuntiativa urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural. Ex: I have some money / friends. 2.In propozitia interogativa in care se face o afirmatie sau o invitatie. Ex: Would you like some coffee? 3.In propozitia in care stiu sigur ca primesc raspuns pozitiv. Ex: Mother, can you give me some money? Aici some pp o certitudine comparativ cu any. 4.In propozitia interogativa in care intrebarea nu se refera la some. Ex: Why are there so many people in some restaurants? Aici, cu sau fara some propozitia are aceeasi logica, ea nu se refera la some, important este so many 5.In propozitia negativa al carui sens este afirmativ. Ex: I never go home without buying some chocolate. Sensul real este: I always buy chocolate when I go home. 6.Cand poate fi inlocuitorul lui certain. Ex: Certain people/some people believe they are the best. ANY Este inlocuitorul lui some in: 1.Propozitia interogativa la care nu stiu ce raspuns voi primi. Ex: Is there any milk left? 2.In propozitia enuntiativa dar cu sensul de oricine, oricare, orice. Ex: Any book is good for you. 3.In propozitia care contine un adverb negativ de genul: hardly, barely, scarcely (de abia, cu greu, deloc). Ex: I hardly eat any bread (nu mananc paine aproape deloc) 4.In propozitia care contine if. (if = incertitudine) Ex: If you find any books, buy them. 5.In propozitia care contine o expresie de indoiala: maybe, perhaps. Ex: I doubt there are any good films in town. 6.In propozitia negativa in care verbul este negat. Ex: I havent any friends here. NO Se foloseste numai in propozitia negativa in care verbul este la afirmativ. Ex: I have no friends here. EVERY (fara particularizare) Ex: Every day I go to my office. (nu ma duc chiar in fiecare zi) EACH (cu particularizare) Ex: Each person has a name. (fiecare, particularizare)

EITHER (fiecare din doi) NEITHER (nici unul din doi) ! Dupa each, every, either sau neither rmeaza substantiv numarabil la singular iar acordul cu verbul se face la singular. Expresii cu every si each Each other = unul pe altul (pp reciprocitate) Every bit/inch = fiecare bucatica Every right = tot dreptul Every now and than = din cand in cand Every other day = alternativ Every so often = la interval regulat de timp fara a sti exact cand. SUCH (astfel) Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil. Ex: I have such friends/information. SUCH A Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular. Ex: This is such a man of honor. ALL Urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural. Ex: All books/information must be used. WHOLE Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular. Ex: I like the whole book. ! Pt perioade de timp se poate folosi si whole si all Ex: Im home all the morning/ the whole morning. (whole este cotat ca fiind mai puternic) THE OTHER Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular sau plural. Ex: The other child/children can swim. Expresia The other day = some days ago, cere obligatoriu trecutul. Ex: I was there the other day. (Am fost acolo acum cateva zile) OTHER Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural. Ex: Give me other examples. Daca e precedat de no poate fi urmat si de numarabil la singular. Ex: No other man is as good as you are. ANOTHER + substantiv la singular (different, in addition) Ex: Would you like another drink? = vrei inca unul (suplimentar) sau un altul (diferit)? BOTH + substantiv numarabil la plural (pt. doi) Ex: I like both kids -> acordul in plural Both are intelligent. SEVERAL Mai multi intr-un numar nedefinit. + substantiv numarabil la plural. Ex: We spent several days there.

MOST = majoritatea + substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil. Ex: Most books/information can be read easily. ENOUGH ! Daca e urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural are pozitie mobila. Ex: I have enough money/money enough to be happy. ! Daca e urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular se aseaza dupa el. Ex: He is man enough to understand me.

3.1. Forma adjectivului Adjectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu si schimba forma n functie de gen sau numar. Ex.: A hot potato, some hot potatoes. Pentru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui adjectiv se pot folosi very, really: Ex.: A very hot potato, some really hot potatoes. 3.2. Pozitia adjectivului De obicei adjectivul se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat: Ex.: A good movie. Dupa verbe auxiliare ca to be, to become, to seem, to look, to taste, to appear, to feel, to keep, to make, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc: Ex.: The movie is good. You seem upset. This cheese tastes different. Dupa substantiv n expresii fixe: Ex.: the Princess Royal, the President elect, the court martial Cteva adjective, ca de exemplu chief, main, poor (=unfortunate) stau numai n fata substantivului determinat: Ex.: This is the main purpose of the meeting. That poor woman was living in a garage. Altele pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake, afraid, alike, alive, alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorry Ex.: He's asleep. I'm alone. Unele adjective si schimba sensul n functie de pozitia pe care o ocupa. Adjectivele involved, present, concerned au sens diferit daca sunt plasate n fata substantivului sau dupa acesta. Ex.: These are the people involved / concerned. (the people who have something to do with the matter) They had an involved discussion on the matter. (detailed, complex) I am a concerned mother. (worried, anxious) The list of the students present is outside, on the door. (students who were there) The present status of the matter requires urgent attention. (current) 3.3. Functiile adjectivului Adjectivul ne spune mai multe despre calitatile substantivul determinat. Adjectivele pot exprima: Sentimente sau calitati: Ex.: They make an original couple. She is a single mother. Nationalitatea sau originea: Ex.: Ricardo is Spanish. His mother is Argentinean and his father is Canadian. I bought him a Swiss watch for Christmas. Diferite caracteristici ale unui obiect: Ex.: The table is long. The steel tray was a gift. Vrsta: Ex.: My hat is too old. I will buy another one. He is still very young, almost a boy. Dimensiuni, marime si masuri: Ex.: "Gone with the Wind" is a very long film. That boy is too tall. Culoarea: Ex.: I have a red jacket to go with my new white skirt. Materie / material: Ex.: He wore a cotton shirt. It was a silver tray, not a steel tray. Forma: Ex.: A rectangular envelope. A round table.

Judecati, pareri sau opinii: Ex.: Grammar is fascinating. The show was entertaining. 3.4. Ordinea adjectivelor Atunci cnd se folosesc doua sau mai multe adjective pentru a descrie acelasi substantiv, ordinea lor depinde de functiile acestora. Exista mai multe variante, dar cea mai obisnuita ordine este: Value/opinion, Size, Age/Temperature, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material Value/opinion delicious, lovely, charming Size small, huge, tiny Age/Temperature old, hot, young, little Shape round, square, rectangular Colour red, blonde, black Origin Swedish, Victorian, Chinese Material plastic, wooden, silver Exemple: a green round plastic bucket an elegant little French clock a small round wooden table 3.5. Gradele de comparatie ale adjectivelor 3.5.1. Formarea comparativului si superlativului Exista trei grade de comparatie ale adjectivelor: pozitiv (nalt), comparativ (mai nalt), superlativ (cel mai nalt). n limba engleza, comparativul si superlativul se formeaza astfel: Numar de silabe (Pozitiv) Comparativ Superlativ o silaba + -er + -est tall taller tallest Adjectivele formate dintr-o silaba [consoana + o vocala + consoana] vor dubla consoana finala: fat fatter fattest big bigger biggest sad sadder saddest doua silabe + -er SAU more + adj + -est SAU most + adj + Adjectivele terminate n: -y, -ly, -ow + Adjectivele terminate n: -le, -er sau -ure + Urmatoarele adjective: handsome, polite, pleasant, common, quiet happy happier/ more happy happiest/ most happy yellow yellower/ more yellow yellowest/ most yellow simple simpler/ more simple simplest/ most simple tender tenderer/ more tender tenderest/ most tender Daca nu esti sigur, foloseste more + adj SAU most + adj. Nota: Adjectivele terminate n -y ca de exemplu happy, pretty, busy, sunny, lucky etc. vor nlocui -y cu -ier sau -iest la forma comparativa si superlativa: busy busier busiest trei sau mai multe silabe more + adj most + adj important more important most important expensive more expensive most expensive Exemple: a. A cat is fast, a tiger is faster but a cheetah is the fastest. b. A car is heavy, a truck is heavier, but a train is the heaviest. c. A park bench is comfortable, a restaurant chair is more comfortable, but a sofa is the most comfortable. 3.5.2. Forme neregulate Urmatoarele adjective au forme de comparativ si superlativ total neregulate: Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ good better best bad worse worst little less least old older / elder oldest / eldest much / many more most far further / farther furthest / farthest 3.5.3. Comparatia adjectivelor the + superlative Ex.: This is the oldest theater in London. comparative + than - pentru a compara diferentele dintre doua obiecte, evenimente sau fiinte: Ex.: He makes fewer mistakes than you do. Thailand is sunnier than Norway.

Albert is more intelligent than Arthur. as + adjective + as - constructie folosita pentru a compara oameni, locuri, fiinte, evenimete sau obiecte, ntre care nu exista diferente: Ex.: Peter is 24 years old. John is 24 years old. Peter is as old as John. Ramona is as happy as Raphael. A tiger is as dangerous as a lion. not as + adjective + as - putem arata diferentele dintre doua substantive folosind contructia not so/as ...as: Ex.: Mont Blanc is not as high as Mount Everest. Norway is not as sunny as Thailand

ARTICOLUL Tipuri: 1. Hotarat 2. Nehotarat 3. Zero 1. ARTICOLUL HOTARAT Are forma unica the Utilizare: 1.1. Cand substantivul a fost pomenit anterior Ex: I see a man. The man is tall. 1.2. Ex. 1.3. Ex. 1.4. Ex: 1.5. Ex. 1.6. Ex. 1.7. Ex: 1.8. Ex: 1.9. Ex: 1.10. Ex: 1.11. Ex. 1.12. Ex: 1.13. Ex: 1.14. Ex: 1.15. Ex: Pt. unicitati The Earth; the sky; the Moon; the Bible. In apozitie (apozitie = grup de cuvinte pt. a lamuri) The poet Eminescu Cand defineste o categorie The elephant is a big animal. Substantive provenite din adjective The reach; the poor; the blind. Substantiv urmat de pronume relativ This is the man that loves me. (man = substantiv; that = pronume relativ) Cu nationalitati privite ca o entitate The Romanians Documente si perioade istorice: The Middle Ages; The Declaration of Independence. Dinastiile The Tudors Adjectivul la superlativ The best Numerarul ordinal The first Puncte cardinale Turn to the East Numele de familie le plural The Browns Instrumente muzicale daca sunt precedate de playthe I play the piano Un singur continent The Arctic

1.16. Ex:

Tari formate din mai multe state The United States of America

Exceptii: The Argentina; the Congo; the Sudan; the Emen; the Netherlands. 1.17. Ex: 1.18. Ex: 1.19. Ex: 1.20. Ex: 1.21. Ex: 1.22. Ex: 1.23. Ex: 1.24. Ex: 1.25. Ex: 1.26. Ex: 1.27. Ex: 1.28. Ex: 1.29. Ex: 1.30. Ex: Arhipelaguri The Philippines Un singur oras The Hague O singura strada: The High Street Lanturile muntoase The Alps; the Carpathians Toate formele de relief The Sahara desert Toate apele cu exceptia lacurilor The Black Sea; The Danube Canalele The Panama Channel Numele de ziare (revistele nu: Cosmopolitan) The Times Numele de avioane The Titanic, the Flying Dutch Monumente si dotari celebre The Pyramids Orice substantiv care se doreste a fi subliniat The Mary I see is not the Mary I like. Toate institutiile de importante in oras (cinema, teatru, restaurant), Exceptie: gara si aeroportul The Sofitel Hotel (exceptie: Kennedy airport) Institutiile de invatamant daca sunt precedate de of The University of Cambridge/Cambridge University Toate substantivele proprii compuse alcatuite din adjectiv + substantiv The Central Park / Hyde Park The Royal Palace / Buckingham Palace ARTICOLUL NEHOTARAT

2.

Are forma unica a care devine an atunci cand cuvantul care urmeaza incepe cu o vocala (an egg) sau h aspirat (an hour ago). ! Cuvantul care incepe cu u va primi a si nu an daca u formeaza singur silaba. a u-ni-ver-si-ty a u-ni-form diferit de an um-bre-lla Aceeasi regula pentru cuvintele care incepe cu eu A European Country ! In fata lui one avem intotdeauna a si nu an A one hundred dollars bill. Utilizare 2.1. Cand substantivul a fost pomenit pentru prima oara.

Ex: 2.2. Ex: 2.3. Ex: 2.4. Ex: 2.5. Ex: 2.6. Ex: 2.7. Ex. 2.8. Ex:

This is a house. Ca inlocuitor a lui one. A hundred dollars. Cand caracterizeaza o intreaga categorie A manager is a person who Cand e precedat de as I am dressed as a pirate. In propozitiile exclamative cand este precedat de what sau such What a lovely dress. Such a beautiful night. In apozitie John a friend of my mother. Cand e urmat de Mr., Mrs., sau Mss. + substantiv propriu si nu cunosc identitatea persoanei. A Mss Brown wants to see you. Cand e precedat de verbul to be; to become; to remain si urmeaza nationalitatea, sex, apartenenta politica, religie sau ocupatie. He is a doctor. You are an English.

Exceptie: titluri si functii dobandite temporar de anumite persoane. Ex: He is Vice president of a company. 2.9. Ex: Pentru unitatile de masura ca inlocuitor a lui per. One hundred kilometers per hour. One hundred kilometers an hour. In fata lui little si few pentru a le schimba sensul din negativ in pozitiv.

2.10.

Little = almost nothing (sens negativ folosit pentru substantive nenumarabile) Ex: I eat little bread (Nu mananc paine aproape deloc). A little = at least some (are sens pozitiv si se foloseste cu substantive nenumarabile) Ex: I have a little money on me (Am ceva bani la mine). Few = almost nothing (sens negativ pt. substantive numarabile) Ex: I have few friends here (n-am aproape deloc prieteni aici) A few = at least some (are sens pozitiv si se foloseste cu substantive numarabile) Ex: I have a few books to give you (am ceva carti sa-ti dau). 3. ARTICOULU ZERO

Lipsa articolului 3.1. Ex: 3.2. Ex: 3.3. Ex: 3.4. Ex: 3.5. Folosit in enumerare I like the books, flowers, chocolate, that you offered me. Substantive legate prin and sau or Give me the book and note book. Parti ale corpului Give me your hand (Da-mi mana). Imbracamintea in relatie cu corpul (se prefera adjectiv posesiv) Give me your coat (Da-mi haina). Momentele zilei: In the - morning - afternoon - evening At - dawn (zori)

articulate

- noon - midday - midnoonnearticulate - night - midnight dusk 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. 3.10. Adevaruri universal valabile, legi (Water boils at 100 degrees). Alimentele Materialele si substantele Zilele sapt., lunile anului, anotimpuri, sarbatori Denumirile geografice precedate de: Lake, Cape, Mount

The Alps / Mount Everest 3.11. Ex: 3.12. Ex: 3.13. Stiinte, ob. de studii, nationalitati si limbi We are Romanians. I speak English / The Romanian you speak is very good. Mesele zilei privite ca abstracte: Breakfast is at seven / the breakfast is on the table. Abstractiunile I go to school. (la scoala ca studiu) I go to bed. (ma duc sa ma culc). Mijloace de locomotie daca sunt precedate de prepozitia by: By car By train By sub On foot (pe jos) Structuri paralele: Hand in hand Face to face Step by step Arm in arm Day after day Structurile inchise (cap-coada): From.to From sunrise to sunset From right to left From beginning to end

3.14.

3.15.

3.16.

Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete nteles ntr-o propozitie oarecare, acesta trebuie sa fie nsotit de un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival este articolul. Articolele se pot clasifica dupa cum urmeaza: Articolul hotart - the Articolul nehotart - a / an Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata) Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba n functie de numarul sau genul substantivului si se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat. 2.1. Articolul hotart (the) Articolul hotart se foloseste: naintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat n contextul respectiv Ex.: An elephant and a mouse fell in love. The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk, and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose. Atunci cnd att vorbitorul ct si ascultatorul cunosc notiunea exprimata de substantiv, desi nu a mai fost mentionat n context. Ex.: - Where's the bathroom? - It's on the first floor. n propozitii sau fraze n care definim sau identificam anumite persoane sau obiecte: Ex.: The man we met yesterday at the bus station. The girl in red is her neighbor. Referitor la obiecte pe care le consideram unice: Ex.: the earth, the sun, the moon, the stars Ann is in the garden (the garden of this house).

naintea superlativului sau numeralelor ordinale first, second, thirds, etc si only: Ex.: the best day, the first week, the last chapter, the only way naintea unor adjective pentru a te referi n general la un grup de oameni care au n comun o anumita nsusire (sunt frumosi, tineri, batrni, japonezi, etc): Ex.: the young, the beautiful, the old, the best, the Japanese, the British Nume de locuri geografice, oceane, ruri, mari, deserturi, munti, regiuni: Ex.: the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Atlantic Se foloseste naintea unor nume proprii (muzee, institutii celebre, hoteluri, ziare, orchestre, grupuri muzicale, vapoare, nume de famili la plural,etc): Ex.: the National Gallery, the Royal Shakespeare, the Savoy, the Beatles, the Spice Girls, the Guardian, the Telegraph, the Daily, the Titanic, the Tower of London, the House of Parliament, the Smiths Decade, secole, grupe de ani: Ex.: My parents went to University in the seventies. 2.2. Articolul nehotart (a / an) Se foloseste a naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o consoana si an naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u) Ex.: a boy, an apple, a car, an orange, a house, an opera Exceptii: An nainte de un h mut - an hour, an honor. A nainte de u sau eu atunci cnd se pronunta ca you: a European, a university, a unit Articolul nehotart se foloseste: Pentru a te referi la ceva pentru prima data: Ex.: Would you like a drink? I've finally got a good job. Pentru a te referi la un anume membru al unui grup sau clase: Exemple: cu nume de profesii: John is an engineer. Mary is training to be a nurse. cu nationalitati si religii: John is an Englishman. Kate is a Catholic. cu instrumente muzicale: Sherlock Holmes was playing a violin when the visitor arrived. cu numele zilelor: I was born on a Thursday. pentru a desemna un fel de, sau un exemplu de: The mouse had a tiny nose. It was a very strange car cu substantice la singular, dupa cuvinte cum ar fi what si such: What a bluff! He is such a prodigious young man. atunci cnd te referi la un singur obiect sau persoana, echivaleaza cu one: I'd like an orange and two lemons please. The burglar took a diamond necklace and a valuable painting. Retineti ca se spune a hundred, a thousand, a million. 2.3. a / an si one Atunci cnd numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie a/an fie one pentru singular: Ex.: a / one pound, a / one million pounds You can take an/ one hour for lunch. Dar a/an si one nu nseamna ntotdeauna acelasi lucru: Ex.: A box is no good. (We need a crate not a box). One box is no good, we need two boxes. 2.4. Articolul zero Nu se foloseste articol n urmatoarele cazuri: Cu nume de tari (la singular) Ex.: Germany is an important economic power. He's just returned from Argentina. (nsa: I'm visiting the United States next week.) Cu numele limbilor: Ex.: French is spoken in Tahiti. English uses many words of Latin origin. Cu numele meselor: Ex.: Lunch is at midday. Dinner is in the evening. Breakfast is the first meal of the day. Cu numele persoanelor (la singular): Ex.: John's coming to the party. George King is my uncle. (nsa: We're having lunch with the Morgans tomorrow.) Cu titluri si nume: Ex.: Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son. President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. Dr. Watson was Sherlock Holmes' friend. (nsa: the Queen of England, the Pope.) Dupa cazul posesiv format cu 's: Ex.: His sister's car. Laura's basket. Cu numele profesiilor:

Ex.: Engineering is a useful career. He'll probably go into medicine. Cu nume de magazine: Ex.: I'll get the card at Smith's. Can you go to Boots for me? Cu ani: Ex.: 1948 was a wonderful year. Do you remember 1995? Cu substantive unice (uncountable nouns): Ex.: Milk is often added to tea in England. War is destructive. Cu numele unor munti, lacuri si insule: Ex.: Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska. She lives near Lake Windermere. Have you visited Long Island? Cu majoritatea numelor de strazi , orase, statii pentru mijloacele de transport si aeroporturi: Ex.: Victoria Station is in the centre of London. Can you direct me to Bond Street? She lives in Florence. They're flying from Heathrow. n unele expresii invariabile: Ex.: by car, at school, at work, at University, in church, in prison, in bed, by train, by air, on foot, on holiday, on air (in broadcasting) CONJUNCTIA A. Dupa aspect 1. Simple: but, if, and. 2. Compuse: however, unless, otherwise. 3. De legatura: asas, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, whetheror . 4. Locutiuni: as well as, as if (de parca), as though (de parca), for instance, thats why, so long as (atata timp cat). B. Dupa functie 1. De coordonare a) and - care leaga - propozitii intre ele - parti de vorbire de acelasi fel Ex: I go and stay there for a week b) as well as Ex: I work in a school as well as at home. c) neithernor Ex: I am neither in the kitchen nor in the bathroom. d) not onlybut also Ex: I am not only intelligent but also pretty. e) as well Ex: He is calm and good as well. f) eitheror Ex: They are either brother and sister or husband and wife. g) furthermore (cu atat mai mult) Ex: I speak English, furthermore I wood like to visit England. h) conjunctii adversative: but, while, whereas (pe cata vreme, tinand seama de) contrasteaza cu propozitia principala. Ex: I am tall but fat. I am talking while you are righting. k) conjunctii disjunctive: or, else, or else (ori, cu alte cuvinte), otherwise (altfel). Ex: Would you prefer coffee or tea? Please put your coat else you get whet. Learn your lesson otherwise you fail.

i) conjunctiile concluzive: consequently, on that account, so, then, that is why (iata de ce), therefore (de aceea). Ex: I havent slept therefore/that is why I am tired. j) conjunctii explicative: for example, for instance, namely, that is to say. Ex: Only one friend of mine left Romania, namely Ela. I like do a lot of thinks for instance/example reading, dancing, 2. De subordonare acelea care introduc o propozitie secundara. Unele dintre ele sunt specializate pe anumite tipuri de propozitii. Ex: pt. concesive: through, although (desi) pt. conditionale: if pt. comparative: as if (de parca), as though pt. predicative sau pt. subiective, completive directe, atributive 1)Subordonate predicative introduse prin: a)what Ex: The question is what I must read. b) who Ex: The question is who is he. c) where Ex: The question is were I go. d) when Ex: The question is when I can come. e) whatever, whoever, that, why (2) Subordonate subiective introduse prin: a) that Ex: It is necessary that you should understand this rule. b) what Ex: It doesnt matter what you believe. c) who Ex: It hasnt be decided who is the leader of the team. d) which, whoever, whatever, whichever, when, how, why, where, if, whether. (3) Subordonate completive directe (cele cu forma de complement): if, that, whether, whatever, whoever, wherever, why, whichever. Ex: She sad that she was tired. I dont know if you leave Romania. I dont know whoever wants my dog. I do whatever you want me to do. I may take whatever book you want. (4) Subordonate indirecte introduse prin: to whom, to what, to anyone, whoever. Ex: I may give the flowers to whom you want. You interpret whatever she says. (5) Subordonate prepozitionale introduse prin: who, whom, whoever, whichever, how daca sunt precedate de o prepoziitie. Ex: You depend on what I say. You must approved of whatever she says. (6) Subordonate atributive introduse prin: whose, which, whom, were, why, when, that. Ex: This is the woman who loves me. This is the man whose wife is pretty. This is the boy whom I greeted. (7) Subordonate adverbiale introduse prin: as, like, much as, how, in the manner, as if, as though, just. Ex: No one speaks like you do. They acted much as I told them. (= respectand majoritatea celor spuse de mine) (8) Subordonate conditionale introduse prin: if, on condition that, only if. Ex: I shall come soon if/on condition that I find my passport.

Defini[ie. Conjuncia este partea de vorbire care exprim: a)Raporturi de coordonare sau subordonare =ntre dou] propozi[ii, raporturi de coordonare =ntre dou] p]r[i de propozi[ie sau =ntre o parte de propozi[ie \i o propozi[ie. b)Este neflexibil] din punct de vedere morfologic; c) Nu ndeplinete nici o funcie sintactic n propoziie, dar marcheaz raporturile de coordonare i subordonare n cadrul propoziiei i al frazei. Not] Pronumele relative who, which, that \i what, precum \i adverbele where, when, how \i why, leag] propozi[iile =ntre ele, dar, spre deosebire de conjunc[ii, intr] =n =ns]\i structura propozi[iei (ca parte a propozi[iei). Ex: I know the man that helped them. +l cunosc pe b]rbatul care i-a ajutat. Clasificare. Dup] form] conjunc[iile pot fi: a) Simple (Simple), formate dintr-un singur cuvqnt: and (\i); or (sau); if (dac]); for (pentru); that (c]), sice (deoarece) etc. Ex: A man came in and I had to open the door. A venit un b]rbat \i a trebuit s] deschid u\a. b) Compuse (Compound), formate din dou] sau mai multe p]r[i de vorbire scrise =ntr-un singur cuvqnt: although (all + though) - de\i, otherwise (other + wise) - altfel; however (how + ever) - totu\i etc. Ex: He was a very bad man, nevertheless the Lord changed him into an honest man. Era un om foarte r]u, totu\i Domnul l-a schimbat =ntr-un om cinstit. c) Complexe (Complex) formate din dou] conjunc[ii sau conjunc[ii asociate cu adverbe sau prepozi[ii: as if/ as though (ca \i cqnd/ ca \i cum), as soon as (=ndat] ce, imediat ce), as long as (atqt timp cqt), so that (astfel =ncqt). Ex: He was calm as long as David sang a psalm. El se calma atqta timp cqt David cqnta un psalm. d) Corelative (Correlative): either ...or (sau...sau); neither ... nor (nici...nici); both ...and (atqt... cqt \i); no sooner....than (deabia...cqnd). Ex: No sooner has Mary started to pray than he began to sing. Deabia s-a apucat Mary s] se roage, cqnd el a =nceput s] cqnte. e) Locu[iuni conjunc[ionale (Conjunctional Phrases), construc[ii alc]tuite din p]r[i de vorbire combinate cu conjunc[ii sau cu alte p]r[i de vorbire cu sens unitar \i valoare de conjunc[ie: on condition that/ provided that (cu condi[ia ca); in order that (ca s]); no matter how (indiferent). Ex: He started studying the Word in order that he would become a preacher. El a =nceput s] studieze Cuvqntul, pentru a deveni predicator. Dup] func[ie \i con[inut, conjunc[iile se =mpart =n: 1) Conjunc[ii coordonatoare (Coordinating Conjunctions) 2) Conjunc[ii subordontoare (Subordinating Conjunctions) 1) Conjunc[iile coordonatoare leag] dou] p]r[i de propozi[ie care au aceea\i func[ie sintactic] sau dou] propozi[ii de acela\i fel. Acestea se sub=mpart =n: a) conjunc[ii copulative (Copulative Conjunctions) indic] o no[iune care se adaug] alteia: and (\i), besides (pe lqng], afar] de); nor (nici); as well as (precum \i); both ...and (atqt... cqt \i); not only...but also (nu numai ...ci \i). Ex: Besides the old desk he also ordered a new lamp. +n afar] de biroul cel vechi el a mai comandat \i o lustr] nou]. b) conjunc[ii adversative (Adversative Conjunctions) exprim] un contrast: but (dar, =ns]), whereas (=n timp ce), while (=n timp ce); however (totu\i); yet, still (totu\i); only (numai c]). Ex: Luke likes playing the violin while his brother likes to swim. Lui Luca =i place s] cqnte la vioar] =n timp ce fratelui s]u =i place s] =noate. c) conjunc[ii disjunctive (Disjunctive Conjunctions), care exprim] alternativa: either ...or (sau...sau), or (sau), otherwise (altfel); else (altfel); or else (sau dac] nu); neither ...nor (nici... nici). Ex: I was waiting at the entrance but neither Sam nor his brother waited for me. Am a\teptat la intrare, dar nici Sam, nici fratele lui nu m-au a\teptat. d) conjunc[ii conclusive (Illative Conjunctions), exprim] o concluzie: hence (deci, prin urmare); so (a\adar); accordingly, conse`uently (=n consecin[]); therefore (de aceea); that is why (de aceea). Ex: It was a warm day therefore we decided to go to do some park evangelism. Era o zi cald], de aceea ne-am hot]rqt s] mergem s] evangheliz]m prin parc. 2) Conjunc[iile subordonatoare (Subordinating Conjunctions) leag] propozi[iile subordonate de propozi[ia regent] de care depind. +n func[ie de raporturile pe care le stabilesc, conjunc[iile subordonatoare apar[in urm]toarelor categorii: a) conjunc[ii de loc (Conjunctions of Place), care introduc subordonate circumstan[iale de loc: where (unde); wherever

(oriunde); whence (de unde); whither (=ncotro). Ex: I will go wherever the Lord sends me. Voi merge oriunde m] va trimite Domnul. b) conjunc[ii de timp (Conjunctions of Time), care introduc subordonate temporale: when (cqnd), after (dup] ce); till/ until (pqn] cqnd); as soon as (=ndat] ce); as long as (atqt timp cqt); before (=nainte); while (=n timp ce); whenever (ori de cqte ori); ever since (=ncq de cqnd); since (de (cqnd)). Ex: I will be protected as long as I follow the Lord. Voi fi protejat atqta timp cqt +l urmez pe Domnul. c) conjunc[ii de mod (Conjunctions of Manner), care introduc subordonate modale: as (a\a cum); just as (=ntocmai cum); exactly as (exact cum); so far as (=n m]sura =n care). Ex: Men will reap as they sow. Cum =[i a\terni a\a dormi. d) conjunc[ii de cauz] (Conjunctions of Cause), care introduc subordonate cauzale; as, since, because, for (fiindc], deoarece, pentru c], =ntrucqt); seeing that (dat fiind c]); now that (acum c]); considering that (avqnd =n vedere c]). Ex: He did that for he knew his cause was right. El a f]cut asta pentru c] a \tiut c] are o cauz] dreapt]. e) conjunc[ii de scop (Conjunctions of Purpose), care introduc subordonatele finale: so that (ca s]); in order that (ca s], cu scopul de a); for fear that (de team] s] nu); in case, lest (ca s] nu, ca nu cumva s]). Ex: We left earlier for fear that we could lose the plane. Am plecat mai devreme de team] s] nu pierdem avionul. f) conjunc[ii condi[ionale (Conditional Conjunctions), care introduc subordonate condi[ionale: if (dac]), on condition that, as long as/ so long as (cu condi[ia s]); unless (dac] nu). Ex: I will not go unless all the others agree to join us. Nu voi pleca dac] nu consimt \i to[i ceilal[i s] ni se al]ture. g) conjunc[ii concesive (Conjunctions of Concession), care introduc subordonate concesive: though, although (cu toate c], de\i); however (oricqt de); in spite of (=n ciuda faptului c]); even if/ even though (chiar dac]); no matter (indiferent). Ex: In spite of being tired, I went to the library. +n ciuda faptului c] eram obosit, m-am dus la bibliotec]. h) conjunc[ii consecutive (Conjunctions of Result), care introduc subordonate consecutive: (so)... that (astfel =ncqt); such.... that (a\a =ncqt). Ex: It was such a sunny day that I had to turn on the air conditioning. Era a\a de cald c] a trebuit s] dau drumul aerului condi[ionat. i) conjunc[ii comparative (Conjunctions of Comparison), care introduc subordonate comparative: than (decqt); as if, as though (de parc], ca \i cum): as... as (tot atqt... cqt); not so... as (nu atqt...cqt). Ex: My task is not so easy as it seemed in the beginning. Sarcina mea nu este atqt de u\oar] pe cqt p]rea la =nceput. Utilizarea conjunc[iilor 1) Conjunc[iile coordonatoare sunt folosite pentru a lega dou] sau mai multe unit][i sintactice de acela\i nivel (p]r[i de propozi[ie sau propozi[ii =ntr-o fraz]). Ex: John and his brother James followed the Lord Jesus. Ioan \i fratele lui Iacov L-au urmat pe Domnul Isus. Not]. Conjunc[ia and, de\i tipic copulativ], poate exprima \i alte raporturi, atqt de coordonare, cqt \i de subordonare. Iat] cqteva din acestea: - Cu valoare adversativ]; Ex: He said he would follow Him and finally he didnt. El a spus c]-L va urma pe El \i pqn] la urm] nu L-a urmat. - Cu valoare final]. Ex: Come to me all you who are weary and burdened and I will give you rest. Veni[i la mine, voi care sunte[i osteni[i \i =mpov]ra[i \i v] voi da odihn]. Conjunc[iile eitheror (sausau) =n propozi[ii afirmative \i interogative implic] alternativa. Ex: Either myself or my wife will be at home at that time. Fie eu, fie so[ia va fi acas] la acea or]. +ntr-o fraz] alc]tuit] din dou] propozi[ii negative coordonate, conjunc[iile neither sau nor sunt utilizate =n cea de-a doua propozi[ie cu schimbarea ordinii cuvintelor. Ex: She couldnt use her voice in the worship service, nor/ neither did she play the guitar. Ea nu \i-a putut folosi vocea =n serviciul de =nchinare, nici nu a cqntat la chitar]. 2) Conjunc[iile subordonatoare sunt folosite pentru a stabili raporturi =ntre propozi[iile subordonate \i propozi[iile regente dintr-o fraz]. Unele conjunc[ii subordonatoare sunt universale, putqnd introduce mai multe tipuri de subordonate. a) Conjunc[iile that \i whether pot introduce: - subordonate completive directe Ex: He told me that John was coming. Mi-a spus c] John urma s] vin]. - subordonate subiective

Ex: It is essential that he comes with me to the church. Este esen[ial ca el s] vin] cu mine la biseric]. - subordonate predicative Ex: The problem is whether he would mind this change of schedule. Problema e dac] el va avea ceva =mpotriva acestui program. b) Conjunc[ia if poate introduce: - subordonate condi[ionale Ex: If I were you, I should go straight there now. Dac] a\ fi =n locul t]u, m-a\ duce direct acolo acum. - subordonate completive directe Ex: We wondered if he was a Christian. Ne =ntrebam dac] el este cre\tin. - subordonate subiective Ex: It is not known if she came here last night. Nu se \tie dac] ea a venit aici asear]. - subordonate predicative Ex: The problem was if we could get the van we needed. Problema era dac] puteam face rost de microbuzul de care aveam nevoie. c) Conjunc[ia as poate introduce: - subordonate circumstan[iale de mod Ex: Judge as you think fit. Judec] cum crezi c] e mai bine. - subordonate circumstan[iale de cauz] Ex: He decided to go to pay them a visit, as he missed them very much. S-a hot]rqt s] mearg] s] le fac] o vizit], fiindc] =i era foarte dor de ei. -subordonate circumstan[iale de timp Ex: He thought itis best to solve it as he returned home. S-a gqndit c] e cel mai bine s-o rezolve cqnd s-a =ntors acas]. Poziia conjunciilor 1) Conjunc[iile coordonatoare sunt a\ezate =ntre unit][ile sintactice pe care le leag]. Ex: I saw Paul and June coming together at the office yesterday. I-am v]zut pe Paul \i June venind =mpreun] la birou ieri. 2) Conjunc[iile corelative sunt alc]tuite din doi termeni a\eza[i =naintea p]r[ilor de vorbire cu aceea\i func[ie sintactic]. Ex: Either I or my wife will meet you at the airport. Fie te voi primi eu la aeroport, fie so[ia mea. 3) Conjunc[iile subordonatoare sunt a\ezate la =nceputul subordonatei care: a) precede sau b) urmeaz] propozi[ia regent]. a) MAIN CLAUSE + CONJUNCTION + SECONDARY CLAUSE Ex: We are happy because the Lord granted us salvation. Suntem ferici[i pentru c] Domnul ne-a promis mqntuirea. b) CONJUNCTION + SECONDARY CLAUSE + MAIN CLAUSE Ex: As he was on the wrong way, a Christian shared with him about Jesus. Deoarece era pe drumul gre\it, un cre\ PREPOZITIA

Este de trei feluri:

- de loc - de miscare - de timp

1. Prepozitia de loc Se foloseste cu verbe statice: to be/to stay/to exist/to stand, etc. in in, la, pentru spatii mari Ex: I live in Bucharest.

at in, la, pentru spatii reduse Ex: I live at Sinaia. within in cadrul, pentru suprafete restranse Ex: A lot of words have been said within these walls. against rezemat impotriva Ex: The man is against the wall. Ex: We are against them.

on pe (pozitia pe o suprafata) Ex: The book is on the table. Pentru apropiere: imediata: next to, close to, beside apropiere: near, near by, by Pozitia pe verticala: over deasupra under dedesubt (fara raportare la un punct fix) above deasupra below dedesubt (cu raportare la un punct fix) Ex: above zero, below the water level underneath punctul cel mai de jos on top of punctul cel mai de sus (prin atingere) Ex: The green book is underneath. (este cea mai de jos carte) Pozitia pe orizontala: in front of in fata behind in spate (pentru lucruri pentru a indica pozitia) Ex: The tree is in front of the house. after dupa before inainte (pentru oameni, pentru a indica ordinea) Ex: Im before you at the queue. (to queue = a se aseza la coada) between intre 2 among printre (mai mult de 2)

2. Prepozitia de miscare se foloseste numai cu verbe de miscare to la, catre (pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go to school.

towards la, catre (nu pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go towards office. Into in (pp patrunderea intr-un spatiu) Ex: Put the bag into the house.

Onto pe (pp miscarea pe o suprafata orizontala;se pune ondaca sta)The cat is running onto the floor. along de-a lungul (pp miscarea pe o suprafata plana si lunga) Ex: Im walking along the beech. through prin (pp traversare si patrundere) Ex: I walk through the park. across traversare (nu si patrundere) about prin (arata o miscare nedefinita) around in jurul (pp o miscare circulara) out of pp iesirea dintr-un volum off pp desprinderea de o suprafata Ex: I run across the street. Ex: I walk about town (prin oras, fara un tel precis) Ex: I dance around the fire. Ex: Get out of my house. Ex: The plane takes off.

up-and-down in sus si in jos pe un plan vertical Ex: The children run up-and-down the stairs. from de la, de pe, din Ex: Take it from my bag.

past langa (pp apropierea imediata prin miscare) Ex: I drive past the university (si nu near the university!, pt ca sunt in miscare)

3. Prepozitia de timp in pentru ani, lunile anului, anotimpuri, perioade ale vietii (in my childhood), in anumite momente ale zilei (in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening) at pentru ora (at 10 oclock), in anumite momente ale zilei (at noon, at midday, at midnight, at dusk), pentru varsta (at the age of 15), mesele zilei (at lunch time), cu week-end (at the week-end) si in sarbatori (at Christmas) on cu zilele saptamanii (on Sunday), data (on the 15th of June) si day cand este vorba de ziua de Craciun, nu de toata perioada) before si after inainte si dupa, cu raportare la un punct fix by nu mai tarziu de Ex: Try to arrive by ten. during in timpul over in timpul, dar pe perioade scurte Ex: Read it over the week-end. sarbatorile (on Christmas

throughout / althrough de-a lungul, dar pe o prioada lunga de timp Ex: Althrough the years. Diferentiere intre prepozitii in time cu ceva timp inainte in the end finally, in cele din urma in pentru ceva cu care esti imbracat Ex: A woman in trousers. as pentru rol, functie, pozitie Ex: I work as a teacher. (I am a teacher) on in legatura cu, folosit academic Ex: Give me a book on Economics. due to datorita (doar dupa to be) Ex: My success is due to her. over pp traversarea peste un obstacol Ex: Im over the ocean. (cu avionul) despite dupa urmeaza CD (niciodata sub.) Ex: Despite the bad weather I left. on time la fix at the end la capatul (urmeaza un substantiv) with pentru o trasatura fizica A woman with long hair. like pentru comparatie Ex: I talk like a teacher. (I am an engineer) about despre Ex: Lets talk about sex. owing to datorita (restul inafara de to be) Ex: Owing to my work I succeeded. across traversare pe jos Ex: Im across the ocean. (cu barca) in spite of dupa urmeaza genitiv Ex: In spite of the bad weather I left.

made of recunosc materialul Ex: made of gold made from deduc ceva elemente Ex: the cake is made from cocoa made with recunosc 1 element Ex: a chocolate made with milk (dar laptele nu este elementul de baza) in in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening at at dawn, at midnight on pentru orice moment al zilei atunci cand exista un atribut Ex: In the morning dar On a fine day At night dar On a starry night

Pentru mijloace de locomotie by cu orice mijloc de transport, daca nu este determinat Ex: by car, by bus, by plane (dar on foot!) in pentru autovehicule, daca sunt determinate Ex: in my fathers car, in the car that you bought me on pentru toate celelalte in afara de autovehicule daca sunt determinate Ex: on my fathers plane, on the tube/subway/underground

1.1 Felul substantivelor Substantivele n limba engleza se pot mparti n patru categorii: substantive comune: cat, girl, lamp substantive proprii: England, London, Mr Smith, Mary substantive abstracte: beauty, love, courage, fear, joy substantive colective: crowd, group, team 1.2. Genul Substantive de genul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin: Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog Substantivele de genul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin: Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffe Substantive de genul neutru sunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte al caror sex nu este cunoscut (pronume: it/they): Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, baby Exceptii: tarile, navele, n majoritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau alte vehicule sunt de genul feminin. Substantivele de genul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii engleze. Substantivele care intra n aceasta categorie au aceeasi forma pentru ambele sexe: Ex.: child (copil, copila), cook (bucatar, bucatareasa), teacher (profesor, profesoara). Unele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin: Ex.: boy - girl, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother, son - daughter, uncle - aunt, dog - bitch, bull - cow, king queen 1.3. Numarul Numarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne referim la unul sau mai multe obiecte sau fiinte. Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv: dog, girl, wife, world, storm Pluralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui s la forma de singular: Ex.: cat+s=cats, day+s=days, world+s=worlds Pluralul substantivelor teminate n ch, o, sh, s, x se formeaza adaugnd es la singular. Ex.: church+es=churches, bush+es=bushes, class+es=classes, potato+es=potatoes, bush+es=bushes, box+es=boxes 1.3.1. Pluralul neregulat Substantive terminate n consoana+y fac pluralul n ies: Ex.: company - companies, factory - factories, baby - babies Unele substantive terminate n o fac plural prin adaugarea unui s. Ex.: soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos Unele substantive terminate n f sau fe vor suferi la plural schimbarea n ves. Ex.: leaf - leaves, half - halves, wife - wives, life - lives, self - selves, wolf - wolves Exceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, wharf - wharfs/ wharves Cteva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocale interne Ex.: foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teeth Pluralul substantivului child este children. Unele substantive ramn identice la plural Ex.: aircraft, deer, series, sheep, species, fish 1.3.2 Pluralul substantivelor compuse n cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuvnt va trece la plural. Ex.: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents Exceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element este man sau woman vor primi semnul pluralului pentru ambele substantive componente. Ex.: men drivers, women teachers, men servants n cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genul substantiv + prepozitie / adverb + substantiv, substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului. Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui s Ex.: MPs (Members of Parliament), VIPs (very important persons)

1.4. Substantivele unice (uncountable nouns) Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara (uncountable) deoarece reprezinta fie unicate, obiecte puternic individualizate, notiuni abstracte. Nume de substante: bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil, stone, wood Abstractiuni: earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death, help, information, news, beauty, experience, horror, knowledge, friendship, theory, literature Alte substantive: baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage, parking, weather Substantivele unice sunt ntotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb la singular: Ex.: This coffee is cold. The weather was dreadful. Nu sunt precedate de a/an; pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste substantive se foloseste: some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of, etc. Ex.: I do not want any help. I need some information. This slice of bread is hard. The piece of advice you gave me helped. Nota: Multe dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot numara, astfel devenind substantive comune si comportndu-se ca atare (primes a/an la singular, pot avea plural). Sens Unic / Sens Comun Her hair is black. (Parul ei este negru.) She found a hair in the milk. (A gasit un fir de par n lapte.) Their house was made of wood. (Casa lor este din lemn.) We picnicked in the woods. (Am mers la picnic n padure.) 1.5. Forma posesiva Se adauga 's la forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina n s: Ex.: a child's voice, the people's choice, a horse's mouth, women's clothes Vom folosi doar apostroful (') cu formele de plural ale substantivelor care se termina n s. Ex.: a boys' school, the Johnsons' residence Numele proprii terminate n s vor primi fie doar apostrof ('), fie 's Ex.: Mr Jones's / Mr Jones' car, Yeats's / Yeats' poems n cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuvnt va primi 's Ex.: My father-in-law's guitar, Henry the Eighth's wives 's se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri. Ex.: The CEO's assistant, the PM's speech Forma posesiva se foloseste n general cnd vorbim de oameni, animale, tari. Se foloseste de asemenea n urmatoarele cazuri: n expresii temporale Ex.: yesterday's newspaper, in five years' time, ten minutes' break n expresii construite dupa modelul bani + worth Ex.: ten dollars' worth of bananas, a shilling's worth of stamps n alte expresii uzuale: Ex.: for heaven's sake, a winter's day, the water's edge, the plane's wings, the train's departure n cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala omisiunea substantivului urmator atunci cnd sensul comunicarii este clar (magazine, birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta). Ex.: You can buy this at the baker's (shop). Mary bought her tickets at the travel agent's (office). The kids went to Bobby's (house). Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul constructiei of+substantiv. Aceasta constructie se foloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci cand acestea sunt urmate de o propozitie subordonata. Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of the house I took the advice of the girl I met on the bus and went to buy the book. NUMERALUL Este de doua feluri: cardinal (1) ordinal (2) 1. Numeralul cardinal Arata numarul, cantitatea Numeralul zero 1)zero = pentru calcul matematic si pentru exprimarea temperaturii Ex: Its ten degrees above zero. 2)love = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la tenis (15-0 = fifteen-love) 3)nil = (nothing) = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la fotbal 4)naught = zero cand face parte din partea zecimala a unui numar 5)oh = zero pentru numere de telefon

De la 1 la 12 avem forme distincte De la 13 la 19 avem (numeral simplu + teen), la care accentul cade pe sufix si i-ul este lung. De la 20 la 90 avem (numeral cardinal + ty), care este scurt si cu accentul pe prima silaba. Ex: 40 = forty (nu mai are u!) Numeralele compuse se scriu cu cratima Ex: 42 = forty-two One hundred = 100 Ca numeral nu poate avea plural, dar are ca substantiv. Este substantiv cand: a)este urmat de of: Ex: hundreds of pages b)nu determina alt substantiv: Ex: hundreds are here Numeralul compus peste suta se scrie cu prepozitia and la englezi si fara la americani. Ex: 210 = two hundred and ten One thousand = 1,000 Aceleasi reguli ca la suta. One million = 1,000,000 Fara s la TOEFL, dar este corect si cu s (2 millions) in engleza. One billion = 1,000,000,000 Americanii zic milliard. Utilizarea numeralului cardinal: 1)pentru exprimarea temperaturii (cu verbul to be) 2)pentru calcule matematice: Addition (to add = a aduna) 2 + 3 = 5 two plus/and three is/are/equals five (acordul se face in sg si in pl) Subtraction (to subtract = a scadea) 5 3 = 2 five minus/take away is two (acordul se face doar in sg) Multiplication (to multiply = a inmulti) 2 x 3 = 6 two multiplied by three/twice three/3 times 2 is/are/equals six (acordul se face in sg si in pl) Division (to divide = a imparti) 6 : 3 = 2 six divided by three is two (acordul se face doar in sg) reminder = rest Root = radical - cube root = radical de ordinul 3 - square root = radical de ordinul 2

Power = putere More than = > Less than = < Equal to = egal Unequal to = diferit de Parallel to = paralel Perpendicular to = perpendicular Angle = unghi Right angle = unghi drept Straight angle = unghi de 180 grade Circle angle = unghi de 360 grade Even = par Odd = impar

3)pentru exprimarea unitatii monetare: coin = moneda bill/note = bancnota nickel = 5 centi dime = 10 centi quarter of a dollar = 25 centi half of a dollar = 50 centi 4)pentru unitati de masura la timpul potrivit (cand primim I20) !!! 5)pentru exprimarea anilor: se citesc cifrele 2 cate 2, iar anii formati din mai putin de 4 cifre se citesc ca un numeral. ! zero nu se citeste in cadrul acestor 4 cifre ale anilor Ex: 1907 = nineteen seven era noastra (e.n.) = a.d. (ante domini) sau in the year of Lord inaintea erei noastre = b.c. (before Christ) 6)pentru exprimarea numerelor zecimale (decimal fractions), intregul se citeste ca atare, punct in loc de virgula, iar partea zecimala cifra cu cifra Ex: 20.03 = twenty point naught three ! daca intregul este <1, nu se citeste Ex: 0.1 = point one 7)pentru exprimarea varstei (cu verbul to be) Ex: Im twenty (years old) / Im twenty years of age. sau Im aged twenty. Aproximarea varstei se face cu: almost, about (around), over, under Ex: Im in my twenties (am douazeci si) Im mid-twenty (25 ani) 8)pentru exprimarea numerelor de telefon to dial = a forma un numar figure = cifra slot = orificiu pentru ban booth = cabina telefonica receiver = receptor long-distance call = convorbire la distanta call collector = convorbire cu taxa inversa operator = centralista extension = interior to be through = a avea legatura to hang on = a ramane pe fir to hang up = a inchide Numerele de telefon se citesc cifra cu cifra cu exceptia cifrei repetate daca este la inceputul sau la sfarsitul numarului. Regula nu se aplica pentru zero. Ex: 223700 double two, 3, 7, oh, oh 9)pentru exprimarea orei: formal informal Ex: Whats the time? What time is it? Whats the time by your watch? My watch is fast = ceasul meu e inainte My watch is slow = ceasul meu e in urma My watch is wrong = ceasul meu nu merge bine My watch is broken = ceasul meu e stricat face = cadran belt = curelusa hand = limba de ceas (minutes hand, seconds hand) Pentru ora exacta: a)Its seven oclock sharp PM/AM b)00.00 = midnight

12.00 = midday c)Its half past (e si jumate) d)Its a quarter past/to (e si un sfert/ fara un sfert) e)Its ten minutes past/to (e si/fara zece) Ora oficiala: 08:00 = oh eight hundred hours 23:24 = twenty three twenty four

Numerale speciale: couple = 2 (pt oameni si pt timp); couple of minutes = 2 minute pair = 2 pereche (pt imbracaminte, incaltaminte, unelte cu structuri paralele) Ex: a pair of shoes yoke = team = 2 pentru animale Ex: a yoke of cattle = 2 vite a team of oxen = 2 boi brace = 2 pentru vanat Ex: I have brace duck (am 2 rate salbatice) score = 20 half a score = 10 dozen = 12 gross = 144 (12 duzini) 2. Numeralul ordinal Se formeaza din: the + numeral cardinal + th Exceptii: the first (primul) the second (al doilea) the third (al treilea) + toate celelalte numerale compuse care contin una din aceste exceptii (21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, 101, 102, 1001, 1002, etc) Prescurtari: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 21st, 22nd, etc. ! th se aplica doar ultimei cifre ! Modificari ortografice: five the fifth eight the eighth nine the ninth twelve the twelfth twenty the twentieth (+ toate cele terminate in ty) Utilizarea numeralului ordinal: 1)exprimarea datei (in 2 forme) a)luna/zi/an b)zi/luna/an 2)exprimarea ordinii intr-o insiruire Ex: Henry the eighth the first floor the second World War 3)pentru numeralul fractionar (common fraction/vulgar fraction) numerator = numaratorul (cardinal) denominator = numitorul (ordinal) Ex: 1/3 = one third ! daca numaratorul > 1, numitorul va fi in plural Ex: 2/3 = two thirds Intregul = the whole Fractia pe 100 = per cent Procentaj = percentage Numeralul distributiv Arata distributia lucrurilor: One by one = unul cate unul

Two at a time = 2 odata By twos / in twos = cate 2 Numeralul adverbial Arata de cate ori se repeta o actiune: once = o data twice = de 2 ori 3 times 4 times, etc. ! nu exista twice more, ci twice as much as = de 2 ori mai mult Numeralul multiplicativ Arata de cate ori creste o cantitate: double = twofold = indoit (de 2 ori) tenfold = inzecit ADVERBUL Determina un verb in sensul lui concret, de baza Determina un adjectiv Ex: He runs quickly because he is extremely quick. In general adverbul este terminat in ly, dar nu tot ce are ly este adverb. De regula se formeaza din adjectiv + ly. Modificari ortografice: 1)daca adjectivul se termina in e, acesta se pastreaza ely Ex: nice nicely Exceptii: due duly (datorat) true truly whole wholly 2)daca adjectivul se termina in le, se transforma e in y/ ly Ex: capable capably 3)daca adjectivul se termina in ll, se adauga doar lly Ex: full fully 4)daca adjectivul se termina in ic, se adauga ally Ex: automatic automatically 5)daca adjectivul se termina in y, indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de consoana, se transforma in i si se adauga ily Ex: pretty prettily gay gaily Exceptii: shy shyly wry wryly coy coyly (sfios) 6)adjectivul good face adverbul well ! ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly Ex: usually = usual + ly bitterly = bitter + ly awfully = awful + ly Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect) 1.bright = brightly 2.sound = soundly 3.fair = fairly 4.tight = tightly (sunt echivalente) 5.dear = dearly 6.dead = deadly 7.cheap = cheaply Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.

! forma in ly se va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nu he is dead tired). Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati comerciale (to buy, to sell, to get) Ex: She bought it cheap. dar We traveled cheaply. Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite clean = complet cleanly = intr-o maniera curata clear = exact clearly = intr-o maniera clara close = apropiat closely = indeaproape deep = adanc deeply = profund direct = direct directly = imediat due = spre (la busola) duly = punctual easy = usor easily = intr-o maniera lejera free = gratis freely = pe sleau, deschis full = complet fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa hard = greu hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc high = sus highly = foarte just = tocmai justly = asa cum se cuvine late = tarziu lately = in ultima vreme large = extins largely = pe scara larga most = majoritatea mostly = cu precadere near = langa nearly = aproape ca pretty = foarte prettily = intr-o maniera draguta right = exact rightly = cu precizie, clar sharp = fix sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa short = brusc shortly = imediat Ex: They went due South. Ex: Take it easy!

Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles fast far early alike alone past solo straight next little outside ! daca adjectivul se termina in ly, el devine adverb prin contructia in a + adj + manner Ex: He is a friendly person. adj He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner. adv

coward = las (substantiv) cowardly = las (adjectiv) in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb) Gradele de comparatie Se construiesc astfel: 1)daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se fac cu er si est) Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast 2)daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung (cu more si the most) Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most quickly of all / very quickly Comparatia regulata well better the best badly worse the worst much more the most far farther the farthest further the furthest near nearer the next little less the least late later the last Adverbe de timp ago se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent Ex: I saw her one hour ago. ! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before. for arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al actiunii. prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu. Ex: I havent met her for two years. ! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut Ex: I was a student for two years (Im no longer a student). ! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries) ! nu se pune for dupa verbele: Este specific

to last to take to wait to spend to stay Ex: Ive been waiting ten minutes, (si nu Ive been waiting for ten minutes). It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds). since arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu. Ex: I havent met her since Monday. Locutiuni adverbiale subst + after + subst day after day year after year month after month during urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care presupune actiuni paralele. During poate fi inlocuit cu in daca se refera la perioade de timp Ex: during my life = in my life from to poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupune cunoasterea momentului de sfarsit al actiunii Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand) I get up at 8 oclock and work till 10 oclock. ! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from to in loc de to

Adverbul de mod fairly foarte, dar nu extraordinar Ex: Your story is fairly interesting. Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul la gradul pozitiv. quite este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere favorabila. Ex: This car is quite cheap. ! cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie, quite capata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul. Ex: Your dress is quite unique. rather se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este = foarte, neasteptat de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative. Ex: This car is rather expensive. Poate fi precedat si urmat de articolul a Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise. This is rather a difficult exercise. pretty foarte (familiar, intre prieteni) Ex: Im pretty tired. very Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau superlativ) Ex: I do my very best. He is very much faster than I am. much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativul Ex: He is much faster than I am.

by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul Ex: He is by far the fastest of all. too se cupleaza cu pozitivul Ex: He is too fast. enough se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa el Ex: He is fast enough for a champion. so se cupleaza - cu much, many, little, few + substantiv - cu adjectiv / adverb la pozitiv Ex: It is so difficult. I have so many friends / so much money. There is so little time left. such urmat de Ex: - substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de a - de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la pl He is such a man. They are such interesting persons.

Adverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe despre cum , unde, cnd, ct de frecvent sau n ce msura are loc o actiune. 4.1. Functia adverbelor Astfel, adverbele determina n general verbe: Ex.: The bus moved slowly. (cum?) I am going home tomorrow. (cnd?) Adverbele pot determina si adjective: You look absolutely fabulous! Sau alte adverbe: She played the violin extremely well. You're speaking too quietly. Sau chiar propozitii intregi: Perhaps we'll see you again next year. 4.2. Forma adverbelor 4.2.1. Adverbele se formeaza de cele mai multe ori prin adaugarea unui -ly la forma de singular a adjectivului: Adjectiv Adverb (Adjectiv + ly) Exemple careful carefully He carefully picked up a tie. quick quickly Time goes quickly. slow slowly He walked slowly to the door. Modificari ortografice: Daca adjectivul se termina in -y, acesta se va inlocui cu -i + -ly. Ex.: easy - easily, angry - angrily, lucky - luckily Cnd avem un -le terminal (-able, -ible, -le), dispare -e si este inlocuit cu -y. Ex.: probable - probably, terrible - terribly, gentle - gently Adjectivele terminate in -ic adauga -ally. Ex.: basic - basically, economic - economically, tragic - tragically Exceptie: public - publicly Forme neregulate Ex.: true - truly, due - duly, whole - wholly 4.2.2. Unele adverbe au aceeasi forma ca si adjectivele: Ex.: early, fast, hard, high, late, near, straight, wrong Compara: This is a hard exercise. (adjectiv) He works hard. (adverb) We saw many high buildings. (adjectiv) The bird flew high in the sky. (adverb) 4.2.3. Unor adjective le corespund doua forme adverbiale, care au sensuri diferite: Adjectiv Forme adverbiale Exemple deep 1. deep 2. deeply He looked deep into her eyes. (adanc)

She is deeply in love. (profund, pna peste cap) direct 1. direct 2. directly You can dial New York direct. (n mod direct) He went there directly. (direct, fara ntrziere) first 1. first 2. firstly My mother came in first, then my brothers and sisters. (nti) Firstly, I would like to welcome you here. (n primul rnd) Alte exemple: hard, light, just, last, late, most, near, prett, right, round, short, wrong.

Well / Good Well este adverbul care corespunde formei adjectivale good. They are good swimmers. They swim well. She is a good pianist. She plays the piano well. 4.3. Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor Adverbele formeaza comparativul si superlativul la fel ca si adjectivele (vezi: 3.5. Gradele de comparatie ale adjectivelor): Adauga -er pentru comparativ si -est pentru superlativ la adverbele dintr-o singura silaba: hard - harder - hardest Adauga more pentru comparativ si most pentru superlativ la adverbele formate din doua sau mai multe silabe si la cele terminate in -ly: seriously - more seriously - most seriously Unele adverbe au forme neregulate la comparativ si superlativ: badly - worse - worst, little - less - least, well - better best, much - more - most De retinut! Uneori most poate avea sensul de very: We were most grateful for your help. I am most impressed by this application. 4.4. Clasificarea adverbelor Adverbe de mod Adverbe de loc si directie Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa Adverbe de probabilitate Adverbe de grad 4.4.1. Adverbe de mod Adverbele de mod ne arata cum, in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseaza in propozitie dupa verb sau dupa complementul acestuia. Exemple: He swims well. (dupa verb) He ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly. She spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively. James coughed loudly to attract her attention. He plays the flute beautifully. (dupa complement) He ate the chocolate cake greedily.

1. Adverbul de mod nu se aseaza ntre verb si complement: Incorect: He ate greedily the chocolate cake. Corect: He ate the chocolate cake greedily. 2. Pozitia adverbului n propozitie este foarte importanta mai ales atunci cnd exista mai multe verbe n propozitie. Daca adverbul este asezat dupa o propozitie, atunci acesta modifica ntregul sens exprimat n propozitie. Observa diferentele de sens n functie de locul adverbului n propozitie: He quietly asked me to leave the house. (= cererea lui a fost facuta n liniste) He asked me to leave the house quietly. (= plecarea a fost facuta n liniste) 4.4.2. Adverbe de loc si directie Ne arata unde are loc actiunea verbului. Se aseaza in general dupa verbul principal sau complementul sau. Exemple: Dupa verb: I looked everywhere. John looked ...away, up, down, around... I'm going ...home, out, back... Dupa complement:

They built a house nearby. She took the child outside. A. Here / there. Cu verbe de miscare, here exprima ideea de nspre/ cu / mpreuna cu vorbitorul, iar there contrariul, departe, fara participarea vorbitorului: Ex.: Come here (= spre mine) It's in here (= vino impreuna cu mine sa vezi) Put it there (= departe de mine) It's in there (= du-te singur sa vezi) Expresii cu here/ there: down here, down there, over here, over there, under here, under there, up here, up there. B. Adverbele de loc terminate n -wards - exprima ideea de miscare ntr-o anumita directie: Ex.: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards, northwards, southwards, eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards. Cats don't usually walk backwards. The ship sailed westwards. De retinut! Towards este prepozitie, nu adverb, astfel nct va fi ntotdeauna urmat de un substantiv sau pronume: Ex.: He walked towards the car. She ran towards me. C. Adverbe care exprima att locul ct si directia: ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill, downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors. 4.4.3. Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa Arata cand a avut loc o actiune dar si durata sau frecventa actiunii. Ex.: Cnd: today, yesterday, later, now, last year Durata, pentru ct timp: all day, not long, for a while, since last year Ct de frecvent: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly De obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sfrsitul propozitiei sau emfatic, la nceputul ei: Ex.: One of my children wrote to me yesterday. Later the boy understood the story. Adverbele care indica durata se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei: Ex.: She stayed in the house all day. My mother lived in France for a year. De retinut! For este intotdeauna urmat de o expresie de durata: for three days, for a week, for several years, for two centuries. Since este intotdeauna urmat expresia unui moment punctual n timp: since Monday, since 1997, since the last war. Adverbele de frecventa exprima frecventa unei actiuni si se aseaza de obicei in fata verbului principal, dar dupa verbele auxiliare (cum ar fi be, have, may, must): I often eat vegetarian food. (in fata verbului principal) You must always fasten your seat belt. (dupa verbul auxiliar must) I have never forgotten my first kiss. (dupa verbul auxiliar have si in fata verbului principal forgotten) Unele adverbe de frecventa exprima regularitatea incidentei unei actiuni si se plaseaza la sfarsitul prepozitiei: This magazine is published monthly. He visits his mother once a week. Adverbe de fecventa: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly, sometimes, usually. De retinut! Yet se foloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative: Have you finished your work yet? No, not yet. They haven't met him yet. Still exprima ideea de continuitate. Se foloseste in propozitii pozitive sau interogative. I am still hungry. Do you still work for the BBC? Ordinea adverbelor de timp Daca este nevoie de mai multe adverbe de timp in aceeasi propozitie ordinea lor va fi: Ordinea Exemple 1: adverbe de durata 2: adverbe de frecventa 3: adverbe de timp 1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day. 2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year. 1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year. 1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1) for two days (2) every week (3) last year.

4.4.4. Adverbe de siguranta si probabilitate Acestea exprima cat de sigur este vorbitorul de actiunea sau evenimentul pe care il relateaza: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely, maybe, obviously, perhaps, possibly, really. Se aseaza in propozitie intre verbul auxiliar si verbul principal. Ex.: He has certainly forgotten the meeting. Pentru o formulare emfatica sau o reliefare a afirmatiilor, se aseaza n debutul frazei: Ex.: Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician. De retinut! Surely asezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul este convins de adevarul unei afirmatii, dar incearca sa obtina o confirmare: Surely you've got a bicycle? 4.4.5. Adverbe de grad Aceastea exprima intensitatea sau gradul de indeplinire a actiunii unui verb, adjectiv sau adverb: almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely. Locul lor in propozitie este fie in fata adjectivului sau adverbului pe care il determina, fie in fata verbului principal: Ex.: The water was extremely cold. He was just leaving. She has almost finished. Enough, very, too Enough inseamna "pana la punctul necesar pentru a..." si se plaseaza dupa adjectiv sau adverb: Is your coffee hot enough? (adjectiv) He didn't work hard enough. (adverb) Too = "mai mult decat este necesar pentru..." si se aseaza in fata adjectivului sau adverbului: This coffee is too hot. (adjective) He works too hard. (adverb) Very intareste sensul unui adjectiv sau adverb si se aseaza in fata acestora: The girl was very beautiful. (adjectiv) He worked very quickly. (adverb) De retinut! Exista o diferenta importanta intre too si very: Very exprima un fapt: He speaks very quickly. Too sugereaza existenta unei probleme: He speaks too quickly (for me to understand). Alte adverbe asemanatoare lui very: extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, quite, fairly, rather, not especially, not particularly.

IMPERATIVUL - nu se poate forma decat pentru persoana a II-a sg si pl din infinitivul scurt al verbului - nu are nevoie de subiect - pentru celelalte persoane se formeaza din let + pronume personal in AC + V infinitiv scurt - imperativul negativ are in fata negatia dont - pentru subliniere se poate pune do si la persoana a II-a Ex: Do sit down! (stai dracului jos!) ! propozitiile impersonale care contin un pronume nehotarat (somebody, someone, etc.) ca subiect, vor putea pune subiectul si in fata si dupa verb Ex: Someone give us a helpful hand! Answer the phone, someone! ! orice propozitie imperativa are tag question in viitor Ex: Listen carefully, wont you? Tag-ul se poate folosi si in afirmativ Ex: Just write your exercise, will you? ! orice propozitie imperativa devine in vorbirea indirecta infinitiv lung Ex: Come here! => He told me to come. PASSIVE VOICE (DIATEZA PASIVA)

- in diateza activa, subiectul face actiunea - in diateza pasiva, actiunea facuta de subiect se repercuteaza asupra acestuia Subiectul din diateza activa devine complement de agent, iar CD din diateza activa devine subiect in pasiva. Ex: 1) I write the letter. S CD 2) The letter is written by me. S C agent Diateza pasiva presupune un verb to be, iar verbul de baza va fi la forma: V III + by + C agent ! o propozitie care are atat CD cat si CI are 2 forme de pasiv, fiecare complement devenind pe rand subiect Ex: I give him my book. CI CD devine The book is given to him by me. S He is given the book by me. S Aspectul si timpul predicatului din activa se mentin in pasiva. ! complementul de agent poate sa lipseasca daca este un pronume Ex: I read the book. The book is read (by me). poate sa lipseasca ! daca subiectul este impersonal (somebody / someone), el poate de asemenea sa lipseasca DIATEZA ACTIVA DIATEZA PASIVA

1) I eat an egg. An egg is eaten. 2) I am eating an egg. An egg is being eaten. 3) I have eaten an egg. An egg has been eaten. 4) I have been eating an egg. 5) I ate an egg. An egg was eaten. 6) I was eating an egg. An egg was being eaten. 7) I had eaten an egg. An egg had been eaten. 8) I had been eating an egg. 9) I shall eat an egg. An egg will be eaten. 10) Im going to eat an egg. An egg is going to be eaten. 11) I am to eat an egg. An egg is to be eaten. 12) Im about to eat an egg. An egg is about to be eaten. 13) I should eat an egg. an egg would be eaten. 14) I shall have eaten an egg. An egg will have been eaten. ! atentie la prepozitiile care se aseaza la final (vor rezulta 2 prepozitii una dupa alta) Ex: They sent for the doctor. The doctor was sent for by them. Everybody laughed at him. He was laughed at by everybody. ! anumite verbe (to eat, to feel, to wear, to wash, to sell, to read, to perform) nu pot avea forma pasiva cand vrei sa spui ca sunt de foarte buna calitate / se vand singure / se poarta singure, etc. Ex: These books sold quickly. (si nu have been sold) The shoes wore comfortably. (si nu have been worn) ! verbul to grow nu poate avea sens de diateza pasiva pentru ca este de la sine INFINITIVUL Este de 2 feluri: a) scurt (fara to in fata) care este prezent (to come) si perfect (to have come) b) lung (cu to in fata) Utilizare: 1) dupa verbele modale Ex: I can do it.

2) dupa verbele de perceptie (to see, to hear, to feel) + (to make, to let, to help, to get) Ex: Let her go! 3) dupa expresiile had best had better would rather had rather would sooner had sooner need hardly ! conditia este sa fie acelasi subiect ca sa punem infinitivul scurt Ex: I would rather go there. He would rather go there. diferit de I would rather you didnt go there. 4) alte utilizari ale infinitivului a) pronume/subst in AC + infinitiv - se foloseste dupa 1)verbe de perceptie Ex: I saw her cross the street. 2)verbe de dorinta (to want, to desire, to intend, etc.) Ex: I want you to understand the lesson. 3)verbe care arata o activitate mentala (to believe, to consider, to expect) Ex: I imagine him to be right. I know her to live in this flat. 4)verbe care exprima permisiunea (to allow, to order, to warn, to oblige) Ex: My mother allowed us to leave. 5)in constructii impersonale (it is difficult, it is important, it is necessary) Ex: It is difficult to understand this problem. It is difficult for her to understand this problem. 6)dupa verbele (to advise, to convince, to choose, to enable, to challenge) Ex: She advised me not to leave. b) pronume/subst in N + infinitiv - se foloseste dupa 1)anumite verbe in diateza pasiva to believe to expect to hear to imagine to know to notice to say Ex: You are known to be a very good teacher. 2)anumite verbe in diateza activa to chance to appear to happen to prove to seem Ex: You happened to be there. You seem to know the answer. 3)in constructiile impersonale to be lucky to be unlucky to be fortunate to be unfortunate to be likely to be sure to be negative / positive Ex: Im lucky to be your friend.

Alte ulitizari ale infinitivului 1)in ordine / comenzi Ex: Go and close the window! 2)pentru a exprima un scop Ex: I went to the doctor to cure my desease. 3)dupa adjective (brave, curageous, foolish, generous, kind) Ex: Its kind of her to say this. 4)dupa numeralul ordinal Ex: He is the first to come. 5)dupa adjectiv la superlativ Ex: He is the best to do it. 6)dupa adjectivele de genul (dangerous. hard, difficult) Ex: It si difficult to get there. 7)dupa the only Ex: He is the only person to understand me. 8)dupa too Ex: Its too hot to breathe there. 9)dupa enough Ex: You are clever enough not to do it again. 10)in proverbe Ex: To forgive is to forget. 11)in vorbirea indirecta (dupa imperativ) GERUNZIUL Forma: V + ing Are mai multe valori: 1)substantiv Ex: Reading is important. 2)participiu prezent (in constructia timpurilor continue) Ex: Im doing my homework. 3)gerunziu Ex: Reading, I understood all my problems. Urmatoarele verbe cer gerunziu: admit advise anticipate avoid begin consider continue delay denny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse finish forgive forget hate imagine intend involve like love mind miss omit

postpone practise recollect remember regret resist risk save start stop suggest try understand Expresii cu verbe: accuse of aim at agree with approve of consist in count on excuse from insist on prevent from rely on result in succeed in think of be afraid of be agreeable of be annoyed at averse to be capable of be intent on be interested in be responsible for be suitable for be surprised at be tired of get used to / be used to get accustomed to / be accustomed to go on keep on give up put off cant help cant stand its no good / its no use be looking forward to be worth feel like Expresii cu substantive: appology for art of change of dissapointment at experience in habbit of necessity of objection to opportunity of pleasure of possibility of process of reason for right of skill in surprise at way of

Dupa prepozitiile: as than like as well as Ex: Living here is like dying little by little. Atentionari / indicatoare: no parking / no smoking CORESPONDENTA TIMPURILOR 1)daca in principala avem prezent, in secundara putem avea orice Ex: I know she is / will be / was here. 2)daca in principala avem viitor, in secundara avem prezent a)simplu daca depinde de un program b)continuu daca depinde de subiect c)perfect daca a inceput intr-un moment anterior 3)daca in principala avem trecut, in secundara avem 3 raporturi: a)simultaneitate (actiuni paralele) => in secundara avem trecut Ex: While I was dancing, he took my hand. b)anterioritate => in secundara avem past perfect Ex: I told him I had met her before. c)posterioritate => in secundara avem future in the past Ex: I told him I should go there. ! pt adevaruri universal valabile nu se respecta regula cu trecutul Ex: He told me that the sun rises from East. CONCORDANTA TIMPURILOR Concordanta timpurilor se aplica, desigur, nu in propozitii, ci in fraze. Ea consta in aceea ca folosirea unui anumit timp in propozitia principala obliga la folosirea unui timp adecvat in propozitia secundara. Ce inseamna un timp adecvat" se va vedea in continuare. Propozitia principala 1.un timp present" Present Tense Simple, Present Tense Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous Propozitia secundara Orice timp cerut de sens Propozitia principala 2. un timp past" Past Tense Simple, Past Tense Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous Propozitia secundara Orice alt timp past" Ex. a) Past Tense actiune simultana Past Tense He said he was ill. (El a spus ca este bolnav.) He said he was going to school. (El a spus ca merge la scola.) b) Past Tense actiune anterioara Past Perfect He said he had returned home a week before. (El a spus ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamna inainte.) I arrived home after it had stopped raining. (Am ajuns acasa dupa ce incetase ploaia.) Nota 1: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat. Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses. (Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.) c) Past Tense actiunea posterioara Future-in-the-Past He said he would leave the next day. (El a spus ca va pleca a doua zi.) She promised her mother she would help her. (Ea i-a promis mamei sale ca o va ajuta.) Nota 2: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care una este temporala sau conditionala. Future-in-the-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in temporala sau

conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect (pentru anterioritate). Ex. He said he would come to see me when he had time. (El a spus ca va veni sa ma vada cnd va avea timp.) He said he would come to see me after he had finished work. (El a spus ca va veni sa ma vada dupa ce va termina lucrul.) He said he would buy a car if he had money. (El a spus ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani.) 1.un timp future" Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu exceptia propozitii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include un verb la viitor. Situatiile cel mai des intlnite sunt urmatoarele: a.Future actiune simultana Present I will read this book when I have time. (Voi citi aceasta carte cnd voi avea timp.) I will have finished studying when you come home. (Voi fi terminat de studiat cnd vei veni tu acasa.) b.Future actiune anterioara Present Perfect I will go to England after I have received a visa. (Voi merge in Anglia dupa ce voi obtine viza.) Exceptii de la concordanta timpurilor 1.cnd propozitia secundara exprima un adevar general valabil. Ex. The teacher told the pupils water boils at 100 oC. Profesorul le-a spus elevilor ca apa fierbe la 100 oC. 2.cnd propozitia secundara este atributiva. Ex. The book I am reading now was given to me by my brother. Cartea pe care o citesc acum mi-a fost data de fratele meu. 3.Cnd propozitia secundara este comparativa. Ex. Last year I worked more than I have done this year. Anul trecut am muncit mai mult dect anul acesta. Nota: In limba engleza contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta timpurilor atunci cnd verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut. Se poate intlni, de exemplu, o formulare de tipul: He said he loves me". Este posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa ajunga regula. Pentru moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii romni de limba engleza sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum sunt prezentate mai sus. SUBORDONATA CONDIIONAL

- este introdus prin if sau unless; - ATENIE ! unless nu se f olosete dect cu verbul la afirmativ; - exist 3 tipuri principale de astfel de subordonate: Tipul subordonatei Principal Viitor Prezent Imperativ Secundar Prezent

I. Condiie posibil si realizabil

If you know, you will tell me. = Dac vei ti, mi vei spune. If you know, you tell me. = Dac tii, mi spui. If you know, tell me. = Spune-mi, dac tii ! Obs. n mod inedit poate aprea should cu sau far inversiune (dac cumva sau dac din ntmplare): Should I meet him, I will tell You. = Dac cumva o s-l vad, o s-i spun. If I should meet him, I tell you. II. Condiie ipotetic, realizare ipotetic Condiional prezent Past Tense

If I knew, I would tell you. = Dac a ti i-a spune. - se poate face inversiunea, dispare if: Did I know I would tell you. Where I you I would stay home. = Dac a fi in locul tu, a sta acas.

III. Condiia nu s-a realizat If I had been there, I would have told you. = Dac a fi fost acolo i-a fi spus. Had I bought the house, I would have been disappointed. = Dac a fi cumprat casa a fi fost dezamgit. Observaii: 1) tipurile II si III la negativ pot lua i forma but for + subst, pronume, vb+ing But for Mary, I would have joined you. = Dac n-ar fi fost Mary, te-a fi insotit. If it hadnt been for Mary But for their coming, I would help you. = Dac n-ar veni te-a ajuta. 2) alte subordonate condiionale mascate ar fi: a) Weather permiting we will swim. = Dac vremea va fi bun vom nota. b) The wind blowing I wouldnt be able to fly the kite. = Dac va sufla vntul nu voi putea s nal zmeul.

Condiional trecut

Past Perfect

Propoziia Tipul 1 :

condiional .

n propoziia principal avem future tense , iar n propoziia condiional avem simple . ( exprim situaii reale ) Exemple : If you keep driving like that you will have an accident . If Mary goes home now she will have enought time to get dresses . Observaie : n locul lui if poate s apar should . Should it rains I will take my umbrela . If it rains I will take my umbrela . Tipul 2 :

present

n propoziia principal avem would ( la persoana 1 poate aprea i should ) , n propoziia condiional avem past simple . ( exprim situaii imaginare ) Exemple : If I knew the answer I would tell you . If he were here he would solve your problem . Dac ar fi aici i-ar rezolva problema ( dar nu este ) . I wouldnt call you unless I needed you . Nu te-a chema dac n-a avea nevoie de tine . If I were you I wouldnt eat that food . Dac a fi n locul tu n-a mnca mncarea asta . Tipul 3 : n propoziia principal avem would have + V 3 , iar n propoziia condiional avem past perfect . ( exprim situaii ipotetice ) Exemple : If I had known you were caming I would have met you at the station . Everybody could have understood the lesson if you had explained it more clearly . / Toat lumea ar fi putut nva lecia dac ai fi explicat-o mai clar . Observaie : But for poate nlocui construcia if not . But for your help we would have been in trouble .

If poate fi omis i se poate face inversiunea subiect verb auxiliar . Had I known you were coming Cazuri speciale : Condiionalul present n principal poate fi folosit alturi de subjonctivul subordonat , atunci cnd este nsoit de still , now , at present If he had been here you should find a note . Dac ar fi fost aici ar gseti un bileel . probabil perfect trebui n s

Should folosit n propoziia subordonat sugereaz c aciunea este foarte puin s se ntmple n viitor . If mother should come tell her that I will be back soon . Dac s-ar ntmpla cumva s vin mama spune-I c m ntorc curnd .

Would folosit n propoziia subordonat poate avea fie sens de verb modal ( a voi ) , fie de construcie politicoas . If he would come now I could give him the money . Dac ar vrea s vin acum i-a da banii . If you would sit down we could talk for a while . Dac ai vrea s luai loc am putea sta un pic de vorb . Conjunciile care introduce propoziia condiional :

IF dac ; poate avea i nuana ori de cte ori , ntruct , deoarece , n caz c . If I have money I like to buy a good book . When I have If you havent written your homework I cant correct it . Since you havent UNLESS dac nu ( ifnot ) ; introduce n special propoziii n care exist i alte elemente negative ( decvi ifnot nu poate fi folosit ) They wouldnt have come unless you had invited them . if you hadnt invited them IN CASE dac ; introduce o propoziie care exprim o putea ntmpla n viitor . ( este urmat ntotdeauna de un He is taking a coat in case it is cold later on . He will take a coat if it is later on . ON CONDITION PROVIDED ( that ) / cu condiia ca . Tom can lend me his bicycle on condition/ provided precauie fa verb afirmativ ) . de ceea ce s-ar

that I bring it back today .

Iregular Adjectives Pozitiv good bad many (pt subst care se numr) much (invers) little far Comparativ as good as not so good as better than as bad as not so bad as worse than as many/ much as not so many/ much as more than as little as not so little as less than as far as not so far as farther than (mai departe dect) / further than (n plus/ suplimentar fa de) as near as not so near as nearer than as old as not so old as Superlativ the best very good the worst very bad the most very many/ much the least very little the farthest/ the furthest very far

near old

the nearest/ the next very near the oldest/ the eldest very old

late

older than/ elder than as late as not so late as later than (mai trziu)/ latter than (ultimul dintre 2)

the latest (cel mai recent) / the last (ultimul i nu mai urmeaz nimic!) very late

Ex:

This is a house and this is a cottage The latter was repaired last year His latest book was a success (recent) His last book was a success (a murit i nu mai public

MODUL CONDITIONAL SI FRAZELE CONDITIONALE Present Conditional (conditional prezent) Se formeaza cu should si would la persoana I si would la persoanele II si III, la care se adauga infinitivul prezent al verbului de conjugat. Afirmativ I should/would go We should/would go You would go You would go He/she/it would go They would not go Negativ I should/would not go We should/would not go You would not go You would not go He/she/it would not go They would not go Forme prescurtate: shouldnt, wouldnt. Interogativ Should I go? Should we go? Would you go? Would you go? Would he/she/it go? Would they go? Se traduce cu conditionalul prezent din limba romna (as merge, ai merge, ar merge etc.). Past Conditional (conditional trecut) Se traduce cu should/would la care se adauga infinitivul trecut (have + forma III a verbului de conjugat). Afirmativ I should/would have gone You would have gone He/she/it would have gone We should/would have gone You would have gone They would have gone

Negativ I should/would not have gone You would not have gone He/she/it would not have gone We should/would not have gone You would not have gone They would not have gone Interogativ

Should I have gone? Should we have gone? Would you have gone? Would you have gone? Would he/she/it have gone? Would they have gone? Se traduce cu conditionalul trecut din limba romna (as fi mers, ai fi mers, ar fi mers etc.). Frazele conditionale (If-Clauses) Exista trei tipuri de fraze conditionale: Tipul 1 Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara Future Present I will go to the seaside if the weather is fine. (Voi merge la mare daca vremea va fi buna.) I will stay at home if it rains. (Voi sta acasa daca va ploua.) Tipul 2 Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara Present Conditional Subjonctiv cu forma de Past Tense I would go to the seaside if the weather were fine. (As merge la mare daca vremea ar fi buna.) I would stay at home if it rained. (As sta acasa daca ar ploua.) Nota 1: Trebuie sa se tina seama ca subjonctivul folosit in propozitia secundara are forma lui Past Tense Simple la toate verbele, cu exceptia verbului to be", unde se intlneste forma were" la toate persoanele.

Tipul 3 Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara Past Conditional Subjonctiv cu forma de Past Perfect I would have gone to the seaside if the weather had been fine. (As fi mers la mare daca vremea ar fi fost buna.) I would have stayed at home if it had rained. (As fi stat acasa daca ar fi plouat.) Nota 2: if poate fi inlocuit de provided (that), providing, supposing, suppose, in case. What shall we do, supposing he is late? (Ce vom face presupunnd ca el intrzie?) o if not poate fi inlocuit cu unless

I wont go shopping unless you come with me. I wont go shopping if you dont come with me. Nota 3: should + infinitiv poate fi folosit la tipul 1, in loc de Present Simple, atunci cnd actiunea din secundara este posibila, dar improbabila. Acest tip de secundara este adesea combinat cu imperativul. In acest caz, should se traduce cu: in caz ca, daca s-ar intmpla ca. Ex. If she should ring up, tell her I am out. In caz ca telefoneaza, spune-I ca nu sunt acasa. De asemenea, should poate fi folosit in secundara la tipul 2 de fraza conditionala. Ex. If the police should find out the truth, we would be fined. (In caz ca politia ar afla adevarul/ Daca s-ar intmpla ca politia sa afle adevarul, noi am fi amendati.) Nota 4: Atunci cnd if este urmat de un verb auxiliar (ex. were, had, should), este posibila omiterea lui if, si in acest caz se inverseaza ordinea subiect auxiliar. Ex. if he were here were he here if it had rained had it rained if he should come should he come

VORBIREA DIRECTA SI INDIRECTA Vorbirea directa: John said: She is not at home" Vorbirea indirecta: John said she was not at home. Pentru a trece o propozitie de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea indirecta, trebuie respectate o serie de reguli. 1.Atunci cnd verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut, ceea ce se intmpla in majoritatea cazurilor, in propozitia secundara se schimba timpurile dupa cum urmeaza: Present past Present perfect past perfect Past past perfect Future future-in-the-past Ex. He said I am ill". He said he was ill. o o o He said I have been working hard. He said he had been working hard. He said I was ill". He said he had been ill. He said I will do the exercise". He said he would do the exercise.

1.Se schimba pronumele, in functie de sens.

Ex. He said: She gave me a book". He said she had given him a book. 2.Se schimba o serie de cuvinte in functie de sens.

Ex. today that day

yesterday the day before/the previous day

the day before yesterday two days before

tomorrow the next day/the following day

the day after tomorrow in two days time

next week the next/the following week

two years ago two years before

now then

this that

these those

here there Ex. He said: Ill be at home today". He said he would be at home on that day. He said: I am going to do this traslation tomorrow". He said he was going to do that translation the next day. 3.Frazele conditionale sunt trecute la vorbirea indirecta in modul urmator: o tipul 1 devine tipul 2: "If it rains, I will stay at home." He said if it rained he would stay at home. o tipurile 2 si 3 nu se schimba: "If it rained, I would stay at home." He said if itrained he would stay at home. "If it had rained, I would have stayed at home." He said if it had rained he would have stayed at home. 1.Verbele modale would, should, ought to, could, might ramn neschimbate la vorbirea indirecta. Ex. He said: I might be late" He said he might be late. Modalitati de introducere a propozitiilor secundare in vorbirea indirecta 1.Afirmatii: cu that (care se poate omite) Ex. He said: I am ill". He said (that) he was ill. 2.Comenzi: cu infinitivul (afirmativ sau negativ) Ex. He said Go out". He told me to go out. He said Dont go out" He told me not to go out. 3. Intrebari Exista doua tipuri de intrebari: generale si speciale. Intrebarile generale sunt cele care incep cu un verb, iar raspunsul poate fi da sau nu. Ex. Where have you been? Ive been away, on holiday. Intrebarile generale se introduc cu if sau whether (daca). Ex. He asked me if I liked music. Intrebarile speciale se introduc cu cuvntul interogativ respectiv. Ex. He asked me where I had been. In cazul intrebarilor speciale trecute la vorbirea indirecta, trebuie acordata atentie ordinei cuvintelor din propozitia secundara. Intruct aceasta propozitie incepe cu un cuvnt interogativ, exista tentatia de a folosi ordinea cuvintelor din propozitiile interogative, ceea ce este o greseala. Ex. He asked me: What is the time?" Corect: He asked me what the time was. Incorect: He asked me what was the time.

Pasivul se formeaza conjugnd verbul to be la timpul cerut de sens, la care se adauga forma III

(participiul trecut) a verbului de conjugat. Ex. I am asked. I have been asked. I was asked. I had been asked. I will be asked. In limba romna, trecerea de la diateza activa la diateza pasiva se face prin transformarea complementului direct in subiect. Ex. Activ: Directorul m-a chemat pe mine. Pasiv: Eu am fost chemat de director. In limba engleza, exista trei tipuri de complemente care pot deveni subiect in transformarea de la activ la pasiv: complementul direct, complementul indirect si, in unele cazuri, complementul prepozitional. Ex. Activ: I gave him a book. Unde complementul direct este a book, iar complementul indirect este him. Ambele complemente pot deveni subiecte in cazul trecerii la pasiv. Desigur, subiectul va fi trecut la cazul nominativ. Complement direct Subiect A book was given to him. (by me) Complement indirect Subiect He was given a book. (by me) In propozitia: In this office they insist on punctuality, punctuality este un complement prepozitional, care, de asemenea, poate deveni subiect in cazul folosirii diatezei pasive: In this office punctuality is insisted on (by them). Un alt exemplu de complement prepozitional care poate deveni subiect. Activ: She looked after the child. Pasiv: The child was looked after (by her). In multe cazuri, pasivul se foloseste atunci cnd nu este important cine face actiunea. In aceste situatii, se omite formularea by, de la sfrsitul propozitiei. Ex. In this office punctuality is insisted on. Nota: Se poate folosit aspectul continuu al diatezei pasive numai la Present Tense si Past Tense. Ex. While I am in hospital, my flat is being painted. While I was in hospital, my flat was being painted.

MODURILE NEPERSONALE SI CONSTRUCTIILE VERBALE In limba engleza, modurile nepersonale sunt urmatoarele: infinitivul, forma -ing (gerunziul si participiul prezent) si participiul trecut. Infinitivul poate avea aspect, diateza si timpuri. Diateza activa o o o o Diateza pasiva o o infinitiv prezent simplu: to be called infinitiv perfect: to have been called infinitiv prezent simplu: to call infinitiv prezent continuu: to be calling infinitiv perfect simplu: to have called infinitiv perfect continuu: to have been calling

Forma -ing. Att participiul prezent ct si gerunziul se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ing la infinitivul verbelor (to call calling). Participiul prezent si gerunziul pot avea timpuri si diateza. Diateza activa o o Diateza pasiva o nedefinit: being called nedefinit: calling perfect: having called

perfect: having been called

Participiul trecut se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ed la verbele regulate; in cazul verbelor neregulate, el reprezinta forma a III-a: o o to call called called to go went gone Constructii cu infinitivul 1.Acuzativ cu infinitiv Consta dintr-un verb urmat de un pronume sau substantiv in acuzativ + un verb la infinitiv. Ex. I want you to go now. (Vreau ca tu sa pleci acum.) Exista cteva tipuri de verbe care accepta acest tip de constructii: a.Adverbe exprimnd dorinta sau vointa: to want, to wish, to like, to dislike, to hate. Ex. Id like him to come with me. (As vrea ca el sa vina cu mine.) I want John to do this. (Vreau ca John sa faca aceasta.) b.verbe exprimnd perceptia senzoriala: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch. Aceste verbe sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt (fara to). Ex. I saw him leave the room. (L-am vazut ca paraseste camera/parasind camera.) c.verbe exprimnd un ordin, o permisiune sau o cauzalitate: to make, to cause, to allow, to order. Verbele to make si to let sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt (fara to). Ex. I made him study English. (L-am facut sa invete engleza.) I let him go out and play. (L-am lasat sa iasa afara sa joace fotbal.) He ordered the door to be locked. (El a ordonat sa se incuie usa.) d.verbe exprimnd perceptia mentala: to think, to suppose, to expect, to consider, to understand, to know, to believe. Ex. I consider him to be a good student. (Consider ca el este un bun student.) I expected him to come in time. (M-am asteptat ca el sa vina la timp.) e.verbe declarative: to state, to declare, to admit. Ex. He admitted the news to be false. (El a recunoscut ca stirile erau false.) They declared him to be the man of the year. (Ei l-au declarat a fi omul anului.) f.cu anumite verbe urmate de prepozitii obligatorii: to rely upon/on, to count upon/on . Ex. I rely on you to do this. (Ma bazez pe tine sa faci aceasta.) 1.Nominativ cu infinitiv Consta dintr-un subiect in nominativ + un verb la diateza pasiva sau activa + un verb la infinitiv. a.folosit cu verbe la diateza pasiva: to see, to hear, to know, to say, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to make, to consider. Ex. He is said to be a good writer. (Se spune ca el este un bun scriitor.) Sunt situatii in care Nominativul cu Infinitivut exprima o formulare pasiva a Acuzativului cu Infinitiv: Ex. I made him study English. He was made to study English. I consider him to be a good student. He is considered to be a good student. He considered the news to be false. The news was considered to be false.

They declared him to be the man of the year. He was declared to be the man of the year. b.cu verbele: to happen, to prove, to turn out, to seem, to appear o la diateza activa:

Ex. He proved to be a good journalist. (El s-a dovedit a fi un bun jurnalist.) I happened to meet him in the street. (S-a intmplat sa-l intlnesc pe strada.) If I happen to meet him, I will tell him where you are. (Daca se va intmpla sa-l intlnesc, ii voi spune unde esti.) Nota: Trebuie remarcat faptul ca expresia impersonala din limba romna se intmpla sa este, de obicei, tradusa cu o expresie personala in limba engleza. a.cu expresiile: to be sure / likely / unlikely / certain Ex. She is sure to come in time. (E sigur ca ea va veni la timp.) Nota: Din nou avem in limba engleza o expresie personala care se traduce in romneste cu o expresie impersonala. Daca vrem sa traducem expresia personala: Ea e sigura ca va veni la timp" o redam in modul urmator: She is sure the she will come in time". 1.For phrase Consta din propozitia for + un substantiv sau pronume in acuzativ + un verb la infinitiv. Ex. It is easy for me to do this. (E usor sa fac asta.) This remains for him to decide. (Aceasta ramne sa o decida el.) It is impossible for him to come. (Este imposibil ca el sa vina.) It is necessary for me to go there. (Este necesar ca eu sa merg acolo.) Nota: Ultimele doua propozitii se se pot reda in limba engleza si cu ajutorul subjonctivului. Ex. It is impossible that I (should) come. It is necessary that I (should) go there. Constructii cu participiul prezent 1.Acuzativ cu participiu Se foloseste cu verbe exprimnd perceptie senzorial: to see, to hear, to watch, to smell, precum si cu verbele to find, to leave. Ex. I saw him leaving (L-am vazut plecnd.) I heard her singing. (Am auzit-o cntnd.) I left / found her crying. (Am lasat-o / gasit-o plngnd.) In cazul verbelor de perceptie, aceasta constructie este asemanatoare cu Acuzativul cu Infinitiv. Diferenta de sens intre cele doua constructii este urmatoarea: folosirea acuzativului cu infinitiv pune accentul pe actiunea propriu-zisa, in timp ce acuzativul cu participiu arata actiunea in desfasurare. Astfel: I saw her leave s-ar putea traduce Am vazut-o ca pleaca sau Am vazut-o plecnd. In timp ce I saw her leaving se poate traduce numai Am vazut-o plecnd. 2.Nominativ cu Participiu Este pasivul constructiei Acuzativ cu Participiu: Ex: He was seen leaving. (El a fost vazut plecnd.) She was heard singing. (Ea a fost auzita cntnd.) 3.Nominativul absolut Este o constructie participiala care are un subiect al ei propriu. Ex: The classes being over, we went home. (Orele fiind terminate, am mers acasa.) Weather permitting, we shall go to the beach.

(Daca vremea va permite, vom merge la plaja.) Constructie cu participiul trecut Este formata din verbul to have sau to get + un complement + participiul trecut. Ex: I must have/get mz shoes repaired. (Trebuie sa-mi dau pantofii la reparat.) I will have my hair done. (Voi merge sa ma coafez.) Aceasta constructie arata ca actiunea este facuta de catre altcineva spre avantajul sau la ordinul persoanei reprezentate de subiect. Este de asemenea sa apara situatii in care actiunea exprimata de participiul trecut este facuta de altcineva in detrimentul persoanei exprimate de subiect. Ex. She had two sons killed in the war. I-au fost ucisi doi fii in razboi. I had my bedroom window broken. Cineva mi-a spart geamul din dormitor.

CONCORDANTA TIMPURILOR Concordanta timpurilor se aplica, desigur, nu in propozitii, ci in fraze. Ea consta in aceea ca folosirea unui anumit timp in propozitia principala obliga la folosirea unui timp adecvat in propozitia secundara. Ce inseamna un timp adecvat" se va vedea in continuare. Propozitia principala 1. un timp present" Propozitia secundara Orice timp cerut de sens Propozitia principala 2. un timp past" Past Tense Simple, Past Tense Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous Propozitia secundara Orice alt timp past" Ex. a) Past Tense actiune simultana Past Tense He said he was ill. (El a spus ca este bolnav.) He said he was going to school. (El a spus ca merge la scola.) b) Past Tense actiune anterioara Past Perfect He said he had returned home a week before. (El a spus ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamna inainte.) I arrived home after it had stopped raining. (Am ajuns acasa dupa ce incetase ploaia.) Nota 1: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat. Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses. (Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.) c) Past Tense actiunea posterioara Future-in-the-Past He said he would leave the next day. (El a spus ca va pleca a doua zi.) She promised her mother she would help her. (Ea i-a promis mamei sale ca o va ajuta.) Nota 2: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care una este temporala sau conditionala. Future-inthe-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in temporala sau conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect (pentru anterioritate). Ex. He said he would come to see me when he had time. (El a spus ca va veni sa ma vada cnd va avea timp.) He said he would come to see me after he had finished work. (El a spus ca va veni sa ma vada dupa ce va termina lucrul.) He said he would buy a car if he had money. (El a spus ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani.)

Present Tense Simple, Present Tense Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous

1.

un timp future" Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu exceptia propozitii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include un verb la viitor. Situatiile cel mai des intlnite sunt urmatoarele:

a.

Future actiune simultana Present

I will read this book when I have time. (Voi citi aceasta carte cnd voi avea timp.) I will have finished studying when you come home. (Voi fi terminat de studiat cnd vei veni tu acasa.) b. Future actiune anterioara Present Perfect I will go to England after I have received a visa. (Voi merge in Anglia dupa ce voi obtine viza.) Exceptii de la concordanta timpurilor 1. cnd propozitia secundara exprima un adevar general valabil. Ex. The teacher told the pupils water boils at 100 oC. Profesorul le-a spus elevilor ca apa fierbe la 100 oC. cnd propozitia secundara este atributiva. Ex. The book I am reading now was given to me by my brother. Cartea pe care o citesc acum mi-a fost data de fratele meu. Cnd propozitia secundara este comparativa.

2.

3.

Ex. Last year I worked more than I have done this year. Anul trecut am muncit mai mult dect anul acesta. LECTIA III MODUL CONDITIONAL SI FRAZELE CONDITIONALE Present Conditional (conditional prezent) Se formeaza cu should si would la persoana I si would la persoanele II si III, la care se adauga infinitivul prezent al verbului de conjugat. Afirmativ I should/would go We should/would go You would go You would go He/she/it would go They would not go Negativ I should/would not go We should/would not go You would not go You would not go He/she/it would not go They would not go Forme prescurtate: shouldnt, wouldnt. Interogativ Should I go? Should we go? Would you go? Would you go? Would he/she/it go? Would they go? Se traduce cu conditionalul prezent din limba romna (as merge, ai merge, ar merge etc.). Past Conditional (conditional trecut) Se traduce cu should/would la care se adauga infinitivul trecut (have + forma III a verbului de conjugat). Afirmativ

I should/would have gone You would have gone He/she/it would have gone We should/would have gone You would have gone They would have gone Negativ I should/would not have gone You would not have gone He/she/it would not have gone We should/would not have gone You would not have gone They would not have gone Interogativ Should I have gone? Should we have gone? Would you have gone? Would you have gone? Would he/she/it have gone? Would they have gone? Se traduce cu conditionalul trecut din limba romna (as fi mers, ai fi mers, ar fi mers etc.). Frazele conditionale (If-Clauses) Exista trei tipuri de fraze conditionale: Tipul 1 Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara Future Present I will go to the seaside if the weather is fine. (Voi merge la mare daca vremea va fi buna.) I will stay at home if it rains. (Voi sta acasa daca va ploua.) Tipul 2 Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara Present Conditional Subjonctiv cu forma de Past Tense I would go to the seaside if the weather were fine. (As merge la mare daca vremea ar fi buna.) I would stay at home if it rained. (As sta acasa daca ar ploua.) Nota 1: Trebuie sa se tina seama ca subjonctivul folosit in propozitia secundara are forma lui Past Tense Simple la toate verbele, cu exceptia verbului to be", unde se intlneste forma were" la toate persoanele. Tipul 3 Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara Past Conditional Subjonctiv cu forma de Past Perfect I would have gone to the seaside if the weather had been fine. (As fi mers la mare daca vremea ar fi fost buna.) I would have stayed at home if it had rained. (As fi stat acasa daca ar fi plouat.) Nota 2: if poate fi inlocuit de provided (that), providing, supposing, suppose, in case. What shall we do, supposing he is late? (Ce vom face presupunnd ca el intrzie?) o if not poate fi inlocuit cu unless I wont go shopping unless you come with me. I wont go shopping if you dont come with me. Nota 3: should + infinitiv poate fi folosit la tipul 1, in loc de Present Simple, atunci cnd actiunea din secundara este posibila, dar improbabila. Acest tip de secundara este adesea combinat cu imperativul. In acest caz, should se traduce cu: in caz ca, daca s-ar intmpla ca. Ex. If she should ring up, tell her I am out. In caz ca telefoneaza, spune-I ca nu sunt acasa. De asemenea, should poate fi folosit in secundara la tipul 2 de fraza conditionala. Ex. If the police should find out the truth, we would be fined.

(In caz ca politia ar afla adevarul/ Daca s-ar intmpla ca politia sa afle adevarul, noi am fi amendati.) Nota 4: Atunci cnd if este urmat de un verb auxiliar (ex. were, had, should), este posibila omiterea lui if, si in acest caz se inverseaza ordinea subiect auxiliar. Ex. if he were here were he here if it had rained had it rained if he should come should he come

VORBIREA DIRECTA SI INDIRECTA Vorbirea directa: John said: She is not at home" Vorbirea indirecta: John said she was not at home. Pentru a trece o propozitie de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea indirecta, trebuie respectate o serie de reguli. 1. Atunci cnd verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut, ceea ce se intmpla in majoritatea cazurilor, in propozitia secundara se schimba timpurile dupa cum urmeaza:

Present past Present perfect past perfect Past past perfect Future future-in-the-past Ex. He said I am ill". He said he was ill. o o o 1. He said I have been working hard. He said he had been working hard. He said I was ill". He said he had been ill. He said I will do the exercise". He said he would do the exercise.

Se schimba pronumele, in functie de sens.

Ex. He said: She gave me a book". He said she had given him a book. 2. Se schimba o serie de cuvinte in functie de sens.

Ex. today that day yesterday the day before/the previous day the day before yesterday two days before tomorrow the next day/the following day the day after tomorrow in two days time next week the next/the following week two years ago two years before now then this that

these those here there Ex. He said: Ill be at home today". He said he would be at home on that day. He said: I am going to do this traslation tomorrow". He said he was going to do that translation the next day. 3. Frazele conditionale sunt trecute la vorbirea indirecta in modul urmator: o tipul 1 devine tipul 2: "If it rains, I will stay at home." He said if it rained he would stay at home. o tipurile 2 si 3 nu se schimba: "If it rained, I would stay at home." He said if itrained he would stay at home. "If it had rained, I would have stayed at home." He said if it had rained he would have stayed at home. 1. Verbele modale would, should, ought to, could, might ramn neschimbate la vorbirea indirecta.

Ex. He said: I might be late" He said he might be late. Modalitati de introducere a propozitiilor secundare in vorbirea indirecta 1. Afirmatii: cu that (care se poate omite) Ex. He said: I am ill". He said (that) he was ill. 2. Comenzi: cu infinitivul (afirmativ sau negativ)

Ex. He said Go out". He told me to go out. He said Dont go out" He told me not to go out. 3. Intrebari Exista doua tipuri de intrebari: generale si speciale. Intrebarile generale sunt cele care incep cu un verb, iar raspunsul poate fi da sau nu. Ex. Where have you been? Ive been away, on holiday. Intrebarile generale se introduc cu if sau whether (daca). Ex. He asked me if I liked music. Intrebarile speciale se introduc cu cuvntul interogativ respectiv. Ex. He asked me where I had been. In cazul intrebarilor speciale trecute la vorbirea indirecta, trebuie acordata atentie ordinei cuvintelor din propozitia secundara. Intruct aceasta propozitie incepe cu un cuvnt interogativ, exista tentatia de a folosi ordinea cuvintelor din propozitiile interogative, ceea ce este o greseala. Ex. He asked me: What is the time?" Corect: He asked me what the time was. Incorect: He asked me what was the time.

MODURILE NEPERSONALE SI CONSTRUCTIILE VERBALE In limba engleza, modurile nepersonale sunt urmatoarele: infinitivul, forma -ing (gerunziul si participiul prezent) si participiul trecut. Infinitivul poate avea aspect, diateza si timpuri. Diateza activa o o infinitiv prezent simplu: to call infinitiv prezent continuu: to be calling

o o Diateza pasiva o o

infinitiv perfect simplu: to have called infinitiv perfect continuu: to have been calling infinitiv prezent simplu: to be called infinitiv perfect: to have been called

Forma -ing. Att participiul prezent ct si gerunziul se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ing la infinitivul verbelor (to call calling). Participiul prezent si gerunziul pot avea timpuri si diateza. Diateza activa o o Diateza pasiva o o nedefinit: being called perfect: having been called nedefinit: calling perfect: having called

Participiul trecut se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ed la verbele regulate; in cazul verbelor neregulate, el reprezinta forma a III-a: o o 1. to call called called to go went gone Constructii cu infinitivul Acuzativ cu infinitiv Consta dintr-un verb urmat de un pronume sau substantiv in acuzativ + un verb la infinitiv. Ex. I want you to go now. (Vreau ca tu sa pleci acum.) Exista cteva tipuri de verbe care accepta acest tip de constructii: a. Adverbe exprimnd dorinta sau vointa: to want, to wish, to like, to dislike, to hate. Ex. Id like him to come with me. (As vrea ca el sa vina cu mine.) I want John to do this. (Vreau ca John sa faca aceasta.) verbe exprimnd perceptia senzoriala: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch. Aceste verbe sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt (fara to). Ex. I saw him leave the room. (L-am vazut ca paraseste camera/parasind camera.) verbe exprimnd un ordin, o permisiune sau o cauzalitate: to make, to cause, to allow, to order. Verbele to make si to let sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt (fara to). Ex. I made him study English. (L-am facut sa invete engleza.) I let him go out and play. (L-am lasat sa iasa afara sa joace fotbal.) He ordered the door to be locked. (El a ordonat sa se incuie usa.) verbe exprimnd perceptia mentala: to think, to suppose, to expect, to consider, to understand, to know, to believe. Ex. I consider him to be a good student. (Consider ca el este un bun student.) I expected him to come in time. (M-am asteptat ca el sa vina la timp.) verbe declarative: to state, to declare, to admit. Ex. He admitted the news to be false. (El a recunoscut ca stirile erau false.) They declared him to be the man of the year. (Ei l-au declarat a fi omul anului.) cu anumite verbe urmate de prepozitii obligatorii: to rely upon/on, to count upon/on .

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

Ex. I rely on you to do this. (Ma bazez pe tine sa faci aceasta.) 1. a. Nominativ cu infinitiv folosit cu verbe la diateza pasiva: to see, to hear, to know, to say, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to make, to consider. Ex. He is said to be a good writer. (Se spune ca el este un bun scriitor.) Sunt situatii in care Nominativul cu Infinitivut exprima o formulare pasiva a Acuzativului cu Infinitiv: Ex. I made him study English. He was made to study English. I consider him to be a good student. He is considered to be a good student. He considered the news to be false. The news was considered to be false. They declared him to be the man of the year. He was declared to be the man of the year. b. cu verbele: to happen, to prove, to turn out, to seem, to appear o la diateza activa: Consta dintr-un subiect in nominativ + un verb la diateza pasiva sau activa + un verb la infinitiv.

Ex. He proved to be a good journalist. (El s-a dovedit a fi un bun jurnalist.) I happened to meet him in the street. (S-a intmplat sa-l intlnesc pe strada.) If I happen to meet him, I will tell him where you are. (Daca se va intmpla sa-l intlnesc, ii voi spune unde esti.) Nota: Trebuie remarcat faptul ca expresia impersonala din limba romna se intmpla sa este, de obicei, tradusa cu o expresie personala in limba engleza. a. cu expresiile: to be sure / likely / unlikely / certain Ex. She is sure to come in time. (E sigur ca ea va veni la timp.) Nota: Din nou avem in limba engleza o expresie personala care se traduce in romneste cu o expresie impersonala. Daca vrem sa traducem expresia personala: Ea e sigura ca va veni la timp" o redam in modul urmator: She is sure the she will come in time". 1. For phrase Consta din propozitia for + un substantiv sau pronume in acuzativ + un verb la infinitiv. Ex. It is easy for me to do this. (E usor sa fac asta.) This remains for him to decide. (Aceasta ramne sa o decida el.) It is impossible for him to come. (Este imposibil ca el sa vina.) It is necessary for me to go there. (Este necesar ca eu sa merg acolo.) Nota: Ultimele doua propozitii se se pot reda in limba engleza si cu ajutorul subjonctivului. Ex. It is impossible that I (should) come. It is necessary that I (should) go there. Constructii cu participiul prezent 1. Acuzativ cu participiu Se foloseste cu verbe exprimnd perceptie senzorial: to see, to hear, to watch, to smell, precum si cu verbele to find, to leave. Ex. I saw him leaving (L-am vazut plecnd.) I heard her singing. (Am auzit-o cntnd.) I left / found her crying. (Am lasat-o / gasit-o plngnd.) In cazul verbelor de perceptie, aceasta constructie este asemanatoare cu Acuzativul cu Infinitiv. Diferenta de sens intre cele doua constructii este urmatoarea: folosirea acuzativului cu infinitiv pune accentul pe actiunea propriu-zisa, in timp ce acuzativul cu participiu arata actiunea in desfasurare. Astfel: I saw her leave s-ar putea traduce Am vazut-o ca pleaca sau Am vazut-o plecnd. In timp ce I saw her

leaving se poate traduce numai Am vazut-o plecnd. 2. Nominativ cu Participiu Este pasivul constructiei Acuzativ cu Participiu: Ex: He was seen leaving. (El a fost vazut plecnd.) She was heard singing. (Ea a fost auzita cntnd.) Nominativul absolut

3.

Este o constructie participiala care are un subiect al ei propriu. Ex: The classes being over, we went home. (Orele fiind terminate, am mers acasa.) Weather permitting, we shall go to the beach. (Daca vremea va permite, vom merge la plaja.) Constructie cu participiul trecut Este formata din verbul to have sau to get + un complement + participiul trecut. Ex: I must have/get mz shoes repaired. (Trebuie sa-mi dau pantofii la reparat.) I will have my hair done. (Voi merge sa ma coafez.) Aceasta constructie arata ca actiunea este facuta de catre altcineva spre avantajul sau la ordinul persoanei reprezentate de subiect. Este de asemenea sa apara situatii in care actiunea exprimata de participiul trecut este facuta de altcineva in detrimentul persoanei exprimate de subiect. Ex. She had two sons killed in the war. I-au fost ucisi doi fii in razboi. I had my bedroom window broken. Cineva mi-a spart geamul din dormitor.

NUMERALUL Este de doua feluri: cardinal (1) ordinal (2) 1. Numeralul cardinal Arata numarul, cantitatea Numeralul zero 1)zero = pentru calcul matematic si pentru exprimarea temperaturii Ex: Its ten degrees above zero. 2)love = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la tenis (15-0 = fifteen-love) 3)nil = (nothing) = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la fotbal 4)naught = zero cand face parte din partea zecimala a unui numar 5)oh = zero pentru numere de telefon De la 1 la 12 avem forme distincte De la 13 la 19 avem (numeral simplu + teen), la care accentul cade pe sufix si i-ul este lung. De la 20 la 90 avem (numeral cardinal + ty), care este scurt si cu accentul pe prima silaba. Ex: 40 = forty (nu mai are u!) Numeralele compuse se scriu cu cratima Ex: 42 = forty-two One hundred = 100 Ca numeral nu poate avea plural, dar are ca substantiv. Este substantiv cand: a)este urmat de of: Ex: hundreds of pages b)nu determina alt substantiv: Ex: hundreds are here

Numeralul compus peste suta se scrie cu prepozitia and la englezi si fara la americani. Ex: 210 = two hundred and ten One thousand = 1,000 Aceleasi reguli ca la suta. One million = 1,000,000 Fara s la TOEFL, dar este corect si cu s (2 millions) in engleza. One billion = 1,000,000,000 Americanii zic milliard. Utilizarea numeralului cardinal: 1)pentru exprimarea temperaturii (cu verbul to be) 2)pentru calcule matematice: Addition (to add = a aduna) 2 + 3 = 5 two plus/and three is/are/equals five (acordul se face in sg si in pl) Subtraction (to subtract = a scadea) 5 3 = 2 five minus/take away is two (acordul se face doar in sg) Multiplication (to multiply = a inmulti) 2 x 3 = 6 two multiplied by three/twice three/3 times 2 is/are/equals six (acordul se face in sg si in pl) Division (to divide = a imparti) 6 : 3 = 2 six divided by three is two (acordul se face doar in sg) reminder = rest Root = radical - cube root = radical de ordinul 3 - square root = radical de ordinul 2

Power = putere More than = > Less than = < Equal to = egal Unequal to = diferit de Parallel to = paralel Perpendicular to = perpendicular Angle = unghi Right angle = unghi drept Straight angle = unghi de 180 grade Circle angle = unghi de 360 grade Even = par Odd = impar 3)pentru exprimarea unitatii monetare: coin = moneda bill/note = bancnota nickel = 5 centi dime = 10 centi quarter of a dollar = 25 centi half of a dollar = 50 centi 4)pentru unitati de masura la timpul potrivit (cand primim I20) !!! 5)pentru exprimarea anilor: se citesc cifrele 2 cate 2, iar anii formati din mai putin de 4 cifre se citesc ca un numeral. ! zero nu se citeste in cadrul acestor 4 cifre ale anilor Ex: 1907 = nineteen seven era noastra (e.n.) = a.d. (ante domini) sau in the year of Lord inaintea erei noastre = b.c. (before Christ) 6)pentru exprimarea numerelor zecimale (decimal fractions), intregul se citeste ca atare, punct in loc de virgula, iar partea zecimala cifra cu cifra Ex: 20.03 = twenty point naught three ! daca intregul este <1, nu se citeste Ex: 0.1 = point one

7)pentru exprimarea varstei (cu verbul to be) Ex: Im twenty (years old) / Im twenty years of age. sau Im aged twenty. Aproximarea varstei se face cu: almost, about (around), over, under Ex: Im in my twenties (am douazeci si) Im mid-twenty (25 ani) 8)pentru exprimarea numerelor de telefon to dial = a forma un numar figure = cifra slot = orificiu pentru ban booth = cabina telefonica receiver = receptor long-distance call = convorbire la distanta call collector = convorbire cu taxa inversa operator = centralista extension = interior to be through = a avea legatura to hang on = a ramane pe fir to hang up = a inchide Numerele de telefon se citesc cifra cu cifra cu exceptia cifrei repetate daca este la inceputul sau la sfarsitul numarului. Regula nu se aplica pentru zero. Ex: 223700 double two, 3, 7, oh, oh 9)pentru exprimarea orei: formal informal Ex: Whats the time? What time is it? Whats the time by your watch? My watch is fast = ceasul meu e inainte My watch is slow = ceasul meu e in urma My watch is wrong = ceasul meu nu merge bine My watch is broken = ceasul meu e stricat face = cadran belt = curelusa hand = limba de ceas (minutes hand, seconds hand) Pentru ora exacta: a)Its seven oclock sharp PM/AM b)00.00 = midnight 12.00 = midday c)Its half past (e si jumate) d)Its a quarter past/to (e si un sfert/ fara un sfert) e)Its ten minutes past/to (e si/fara zece) Ora oficiala: 08:00 = oh eight hundred hours 23:24 = twenty three twenty four

Numerale speciale: couple = 2 (pt oameni si pt timp); couple of minutes = 2 minute pair = 2 pereche (pt imbracaminte, incaltaminte, unelte cu structuri paralele) Ex: a pair of shoes yoke = team = 2 pentru animale Ex: a yoke of cattle = 2 vite a team of oxen = 2 boi brace = 2 pentru vanat Ex: I have brace duck (am 2 rate salbatice) score = 20 half a score = 10 dozen = 12 gross = 144 (12 duzini) 2. Numeralul ordinal Se formeaza din: the + numeral cardinal + th Exceptii: the first (primul) the second (al doilea) the third (al treilea) +

toate celelalte numerale compuse care contin una din aceste exceptii (21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, 101, 102, 1001, 1002, etc) Prescurtari: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 21st, 22nd, etc. ! th se aplica doar ultimei cifre ! Modificari ortografice: five the fifth eight the eighth nine the ninth twelve the twelfth twenty the twentieth (+ toate cele terminate in ty) Utilizarea numeralului ordinal: 1)exprimarea datei (in 2 forme) a)luna/zi/an b)zi/luna/an 2)exprimarea ordinii intr-o insiruire Ex: Henry the eighth the first floor the second World War 3)pentru numeralul fractionar (common fraction/vulgar fraction) numerator = numaratorul (cardinal) denominator = numitorul (ordinal) Ex: 1/3 = one third ! daca numaratorul > 1, numitorul va fi in plural Ex: 2/3 = two thirds Intregul = the whole Fractia pe 100 = per cent Procentaj = percentage Numeralul distributiv Arata distributia lucrurilor: One by one = unul cate unul Two at a time = 2 odata By twos / in twos = cate 2 Numeralul adverbial Arata de cate ori se repeta o actiune: once = o data twice = de 2 ori 3 times 4 times, etc. ! nu exista twice more, ci twice as much as = de 2 ori mai mult Numeralul multiplicativ Arata de cate ori creste o cantitate: double = twofold = indoit (de 2 ori) tenfold = inzecit

Numeralul Ordinal the 1st / first = primul the 2nd / second = al doilea the 3rd / third = al treilea the 4th / fourth = al patrulea the 5th / fifth = al cincilea the 6th sixth = al saselea the 7th / seventh = al saptelea the 8th / eighth = al optulea the 9th / nineth = al noualea the 10th / tenth = al zecelea the 11th / eleventh = al unsprezecelea the 12th / twelfth = al doisprezecelea the 13th / thirteenth = al treisprezecelea the 14th / fourteenth = al patrusprezecelea the 15th / fifteenth = al cincisprezecelea

the 16th / sixteenth = al saisprezecelea the 17th / seventeenth = al saptesprezecelea the 18th / eighteenth = al optusprezecelea the 19th / nineteenth = al nouasprezecelea the 20th / twentieth = al douazecilea the 21st / twenty-first = al douazecilea the 22nd / twenty-second = al douazecisiunulea the 23rd / twenty-third = al douazecisidoilea the 24th / twenty-fourth = al douazecisipatrulea the 30th / thirtieth = al treizecilea the 50th / fiftieth = al cincizecilea the 100th / hundredth = al o sutalea

Past Tense Continuous Exprima o actiune in desfasurare , incheiata care a avut loc intr-un moment trecut. Se foloseste cu: * at this time ** at X oclock Este echivalent cu imperfectul din romana. Past Simple am dormit am invatat Affirmative: Past Continuous dormeam invatam S + was/were + Vb-ing

Eu dormeam cand tu ai sunat. I was sleeping when you phoned. Interrogative: Was/Were + S + Vb-ing

Conduceai tu cand ai vazut acel accident? Were you driving when you saw that accident? Negative: S+Wasnt/Warent + Vb-ing

Ei nu studiau cand tu ai batut la usa. They warent studying when you knoked at the dor.

THE PREPOSITION Definiie. Prepoziia este partea de vorbire neflexibil care: a) exprim raporturi sintactice de dependen ntre prile unei propoziii. Ea leag pri de vorbire diferite: substantive, adjective, verbe sau adverbe de substantive sau substitute ale acestora. Ex: I was pleased at the thought of going to the theatre. Am fost ncntat la gndul c voi merge la teatru. b) este neflexibil, din punct de vedere morfologic; c) prepoziia nu ndeplinete o funcie sintactic n propoziie, ci marcheaz funcii sintactice. Ex: I gave the book to Mary (complement indirect). I-am dat cartea Mariei. The roof of the house (atribut) is red. Acoperiul casei este rou. Caracteristicile prepoziiilor Prepoziiile englezeti cer cazul acuzativ: Ex: Look at him. I am before her. Uit-te la el. Eu stau naintea ei. Prepoziiile of, to i for prezint o situaie special. Construcia cu prepoziia of este folosit ca echivalent al

unei construcii genitivale. Ex.: The boy's coat The coat of the boy is new. Haina biatului este nou. Prepoziiile to i for marcheaz cazul dativ : Ex: I gave it to him. I bought it for her. I-am dat-o lui. Am cumprat-o pentru ea. Verbele precedate de prepoziii iau forma n -ing (Gerund). Ex: I am good at remembering people's names. Sunt bun n ce privete memorarea numelor oamenilor. Excepii. But i except sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt. Ex: They did nothing but laugh. N-au fcut nimic altceva dect s rd. Utilizarea prepoziiilor Unele cuvinte sunt urmate n mod obligatoriu de anumite prepoziii: a) Substantive: interest, progress, satisfaction + in; -cause, chance, opportunity + of; -exception, invitation, kindness + to; b) Adjective : - anxious, enthusiastic +about; - alarmed, amazed, clever, good + at; - bound, eager, fit, sorry + for; - rich , successful + in; - afraid, ashamed, aware, fond, full, sure + of; c) Verbe : - aim, arrive +at; - account, ask, care, leave + for; - conceal, die, differ, free + from; - believe, end, fail + in; - complete, shake, shiver, threaten, tremble + with. Poziia Prepoziia apare n general naintea cuvntului la care se refer; Ex: The pupils are in the classroom. Copiii sunt n clas. Ea este folosit dup acesta : a) n ntrebri speciale (wh- questions); Ex: What is he writing about? Despre ce scrie el? b) n propoziii relative; Ex: The flat I live in is on the 10-th floor. Apartamentul meu este la etajul 10. c) n exclamaii; Ex: What photos they are looking at! Ce poze vd! d) n construcii pasive; Ex: The children were looked after by their grandmother. Copiii au fost ngrijii de bunica lor. e) n construcii infinitivale; Ex: This is a good firm to work with. Aceasta este o firm bun (cu care se poate lucra bine). Clasificarea prepoziiilor n limba englez prepoziiile se clasific astfel: Dup form; Dup raporturile pe care le stabilesc ntre diferitele pri de vorbire. Dup form, prepoziiile pot fi: simple: at, in, on, for, to, with. - derivate cu prefixe: along, before, beside. - compuse: into, within, without, underneath, upon, throughout. - complexe, formate dintr-un adverb + prepoziie sau conjuncie: along with, out of, because of, instead of, up to. - locuiuni prepoziionale: in front of, in the middle of, in spite of, at the back of, with the help of, thanks to. Dup raporturile pe care le stabilesc, prepoziiile pot fi: Spaiale, artnd fie starea pe loc, fie micarea (direcia): at, on, among, between, round, above, behind, under, by/

near, in front of, to, into, towards, over, past, by. Temporale: till/ until, about, during, throughout, since, before, by, for. Cauzale: because of, on account of, owing to, thanks to, from, out of, for, through. Finale: for Ale referinei: about, of, on, as to, as for, regarding, concerning. Raporturile stabilite de prepoziii n combinaie cu alte pri de vorbire, prepoziia exprim raporturi variate. a) Ele pot indica locul: at - un punct n spaiu; (la) within - poziia ntr-un spaiu limitat; (n interiorul) in - spaiul n general sau locul n interiorul cruia are loc aciunea; mai poate nlocui pe at atunci cnd este vorba de verbe care exprim activitatea, ocupaia. (n) Ex: He worked at school all night for the exam. El a lucrat la coal toat noaptea pentru examen. by - vecinatatea imediat (lng, de [ctre], cu un mijloc de transport) to, into, onto, towards - direcia; On se asociaz cu substantive pentru a indica locul strii sau aciunii. Ex: He has stayed for three years on a deserted island. El a stat trei ani pe o insul pustie. b) Urmtoarele prepoziii sunt folosite cu verbe de micare pentru a indica direcia: - to = micarea pn la un punct; (la, spre) - into = ptrunderea; (n[untru]) - onto = micarea pe o suprafa; (spre, ctre) - during, for, over - durata; (n timpul, pentru, peste) - with, without, like, in ...manner/ way - mod, instrument, cantitate; (cu, fr, ca, n felul/ modul) - as to, as far - referina; (ct despre) - because of - cauza; (datorit) - for - scop; (pentru) - in spite of, despite - concesie (n ciuda) c) Prepoziiile care urmeaz indic precedena n spaiu: before, in front of, ahead of (naintea, n faa) Ex: He came and stood before us for forty days. El a venit i a stat naintea noastr timp de patruzeci de zile. d) Prepoziiile care indic succesiunea (n spaiu i timp): after (dup, n urma cuiva/ a ceva), behind (n spatele), by/ past (pe lng). Ex: They were looking behind, but there was no ghost. Ei s-au uitat n spate, dar nu era nici o fantom. e) desprinderea, extracia: from (de la, din/ detaarea), off (de pe), out of (din, din interiorul). Ex: He took the book from the cupboard. El a luat cartea din dulap. The island is off the main land. Insula este departe de continent. f) apropierea: about (n jurul), around (idem), against (mpotriva), alongside (de-a lungul), beside/ by (lng, atturi), near, next to, close to (foarte aproape de). Ex: He was next to your door. El era lng ua ta. g) traversarea spaiului: across (peste, vis--vis), through/ by (prin), over (peste), along (de-a lungul). Ex: They brought the lame man over to Jesus, through the roof of the house. Ei l-au adus pe olog la Isus, prin acoperiul casei. h) situarea la mijloc: between (ntre), among (printre - se refer la mai mult de dou obiecte, presupunnd o omogenizare a lor), in the middle of (n mijlocul). Ex: He was standing between the Farisees and the people. El sttea ntre farisei i popor. i) suprapunerea: above (deasupra), over (peste), on/ upon (pe), on top of (pe), under (sub), below (dedesubt), beneath (pe sub), underneath (sub). Ex: The book is underneath the papers. Cartea este dedesubtul hrtiilor. Forma prepoziiilor n limba englez, un mare numr de prepoziii se aseamn cu particule adverbiale, adverbe sau conjuncii. Ele se deosebesc prin funcie. Particulele adverbiale modific sensul verbelor pe care le nsoesc, transformndu-le n verbe cu particule adverbiale. Ele nu trebuie confundate cu acestea. Ex: They have put off the meeting again. Ei au contramandat edina din nou. (particul) They tried until they were off the shore. Ei au ncercat pn cnd s-au ndeprtat de coast. (prep.)

Present Perfect Continuous

Exprima o actiune in desfasurare inceputa in trecut care se continua si in present. Se foloseste cu:- since(arata momentul cnd a inceput momentul sa se desfasoare actiunea) 1for(arata perioada de timp in care se desfasoara) Aff: S + have/has + been + Vb-ing. Eg: Eu citesc de 2 ore. I have been reading for 2 hours. Int: Have/has + S + been + Vb-ing? Eg: Citesti tu de 2 ore? Have you been reading for 2 hours? Neg: S + havent/hasnt + been + Vb-ing. Eg: Eu nu citesc de 2 ore. I havent been reading for 2 hours.

Present Simple Exprima: A)-o actiune simpla,repetata:usually,generally;often(des);seldom(rar);every. I sometimes miss the first class in the morning. B)-adevaruri general valabile. Water boils at 100^C. C)-se foloseste in comentarii sportive sau indicatii scenice: The football player passes the ball to Ronaldinho and this scores. The lady joins the group in the middle of the stage. Affirmative: S+Vb Pers a 3a singular + S/ES la Vb. Eg: I often spend my winter holiday in the mountains. He usually calls me when I sleep.

Interrogative: Do/Does + S +Vb Eg: Do you wake up early in the morning? Does he drives his car?

Negative: S + dont/doesnt + Vb Eg: I dont know the answer to this question . He doesnt belive she loves him.

To earn=a castiga As a rule=de regula To succeed=a reusii Kite= zmeu PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE Afirmativ: S + VB(short infinitive) Negativ : S + DO/DOES + NOT + VB(short infinitive)

Interog

: DO/DOES + S + VB(short infinitive)

* la persoana a-III-a singular se adauga s , -es. Se foloseste pentru a exprima: -actiuni care au character general , care se intampla spontan Ex: I walk every day. He reads after dinner. She watches TV every evening. PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS Afirmativ: S + TO BE +VB(-ing) Negativ Interog : S + TO BE + NOT + VB(-ing) : TO BE + S + VB(-ing)

Se foloseste pentru a exprima: -actiuni care se petrec in momentul vorbirii sau acum. Ex: I am listening to the news now. They are talking about the weather right now. My parents are coming in at this moment PRONUME I YOU HE/SHE WE YOU THEY ME YOU HIM/HER US YOU THEM ADJECTIVE POSESIVE MY MINE YOUR YOURS HIS/HER HIS/HERS OUR OURS YOUR YOURS THEIR THEIRS

5.1. Functia pronumelui Pronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumesc si nu caracterizeaza nimic, functia lor fiind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv, facand astfel referire la o idee, obiect sau actiune mentionate anterior sau cunoscuta de catre interlocutor. Ex.: John did all the work. He did all the work. Who did all the work? 5.2. Forma pronumelui Pronumele au forme specifice in functie de: Numar: singular - this; plural - these Caz: Nominativ - she; Genitiv - hers; Dativ - to her; Acuzativ - her Gen: masculin - he; Feminin - she; neutru - it Pronumele pot fi simple (you, which, many) sau compuse (everybody, whatever, no one). 5.3. Clasificarea pronumelor Dupa continut si functie pronumele pot fi: Personale Reflexive Nehotarate Demonstrative Relative De ntarire Interogative Reciproce 5.3.1. Pronumele personale NominativGenitiv Dativ Acuzativ Singular I mine (to) me me you yours (to) you you he his (to) him him she hers (to) her her

it Plural you they

its we yours theirs

(to) it ours (to) you (to) them

it (to) us you them

us

I se scrie intotdeauna cu majuscula. Its (pronume) nu are apostrof. It's vine de la it is sau it has! Forme arhaice si poetice: pers. II sg. - thou, thine, (to) thee

I gave him the book. He ran the London Marathon. It's a pleasure to him. I only played against her once. These books are ours. Is this pen yours or mine? You / They impersonal - putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru a vorbi despre oameni in general. Ex.: You have to drive on the other side of the road in Great Britain. They say she's very clever. It - poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta: It impersonal (in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand starea vremii, distante sau in contructii pasive) Ex.: It's 7 o'clock. It was spring. Is it Monday? How hot it is! How far is it to the station? It demostrativ Ex.: Who is it? It's the postman. It's the children. 5.3.2. Pronumele reflexive Acestea insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci cand subiectul si complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana. Forme: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves Ex.: I wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me. She fell off the ladder and injured herself. You can do these tasks by yourself or with a partner. After five minutes, it will automatically turn itself down. Let's buy ourselves a chair for the garden. They built the house themselves. 5.3.3. Pronumele nehotarate Some, any, every se pot combina cu -one, -body, -thing pentru a obtine pronumele nehotarate: anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything. No poate forma impreuna cu -body sau -one pronumele: nobody, no-one.

Atat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana, pronumele nehotarate anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no-one sunt din punct de vedere gramatical la singular si trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.

Alte pronume nehotarate: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some. De retinut! Daca acestea forme preceda un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume, ci determinanti substantivali. Ex.: Few will be chosen; fewer will finish. Little is expected. 5.3.4. Pronumele demonstrativ Pronumele demostrative: this, these, that, those, such pot functiona atat ca pronume, cat si ca determinanti substantivali. Ex.: That is incredible! (referring to something you just saw) I will never forget this. (referring to a recent experience) Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just made) This si these sugereaza ideea de apropiere temporala sau spatiala, pe cand that si those sugereaza ideea de departare. Ex.: These (pancakes sitting here now on my plate) are delicious. Those (pancakes that I had yesterday morning) were even better. This (book in my hand) is well written; that (book that I'm pointing to, over there, on the table) is trash. Aceasta idee de departare se poate transforma chiar in dispret sau instrainare afectiva: Ex.: Are you going to wear these? (They are awful. I do not like them at all.) Can you belive I would have bought that? 5.3.5. Pronumele relative Pronumele relativ face referire la un substantiv sau inlocuitor substantival mentionat in contextul aterior (antecedent) si leaga propozitia sau grupul de cuvinte care explica sau da mai multe detalii despre substantivul antecedent de propozitia continand substantivul determinat. Pronumele relative sunt : who, whoever, which, that. Ex.: The student who studies hardest usually does the best. Alegerea corecta dintre which si that se inscrie printre cele mai frecvente nelamuriri ale studentilor la limba engleza. In general, which se foloseste pentru a introduce propozitii care au natura de paranteze, explicatii suplimentare dar care pot fi inlaturate sau omise fara a schimba intelesul frazei. Din acest motiv propozitiile introduse prin which sunt in general intre virgule. Din contra propozitiile introduse de that sunt considerate indispensabile sensului frazei si nu se vor pune intre virgule. Who si formele sale se refera la persoane, which se refera la lucruri, iar that poate face referire la ambele. Ex.: The man who hijacked the plane wanted to get to Cuba. The couple who live next door have the radio on all night. The team that won the championship received a great reception. This is the program which won the prize. We'll plant new trees to replace those which fell. 5.3.6. Pronumele de intarire Insoteste substantive sau pronume personale pentru a le sublinia. Ca forma sunt identice cu pronumele reflexive: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves Ex.: I myself don't know the answer. Mary did all this herself. Mary herself did all this. Expresii: by myself = singur, de unul singur Ex.: I worked by myself. Little Jane read the story by herself. 5.3.7. Pronumele interogativ Pronumele interogative introduc intrebari, propozitii interogative directe sau indirecte. Forme: who? what? which? whose? (to) whom? Ex.: Who said that? Whose are those books? I do not remember to whom I gave my sweater. What happened? What's the weather like? 5.3.8. Pronumele reciproce Forme: each other si one another. Se folosesc pentru a exprima relatii de reciprocitate intre fiinte, idei, lucruri. Ex.: If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for Christmas, we can say that they gave each other books.

My mother and I give each other a hard time. They borrowed each other's ideas. De retinut! Each other se refera la doua obiecte, pe cand one another face referire la mai mult de doua obiecte sau fiinte. Ex.: The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment. Hockey players hit one another quite frequently.

7. Prezentul perfect 7.1. Forma Prezentul auxiliarului have (have/ has) + participiul trecut al verbului (regulat sau neregulat). Ex.: You have worked hard. She has taken her medicine. Negativul: Ex.: I haven't been to Spain. I've (have) not seen this movie. Interogativul: Ex.: Have I met you before? Have they built the house? 7.2. Functii Prezentul perfect este una dintre particularitatile limbii engleze, acest timp neavand corespondent in limba romana.

Prezentul perfect este un timp apartinand prezentului. A fost asemanat cu un pod care face legatura dintre trecut si prezent. Dar accentul se pune pe momentul vorbirii, pe acum. Prezentul perfect exprima o actiune incheiata sau "perfectata" in trecut si care se extinde pana in momentul prezent: Ex.: I have walked two miles already (dar continui sa merg). I have run the Boston Marathon (dar acest lucru s-a intamplat demult). The critics have praised the film Saving Private Ryan since it came out (si continua sa il laude). Actiuni sau evenimente din trecut care conduc pana in momentul prezent. In acest caz, folosirea timpului prezent perfect arata ca rezultatul evenimetului sau actiunii care apartine momentului prezent este cel care conteaza si nu momentul in care a avut loc actiunea. Ex.: He has bought a new car (si acum au o masina noua). They have been to Mexico but they have not been to South Africa (in consecinta, au cunostinte despre Mexic dar nu stiu prea multe despre Africa de Sud). Obiceiuri sau evenimente si actiuni frecvente in decursul unei perioade de timp care conduc la momentul prezentului. Ex.: She has studied English for four years (si inca mai studiaza engleza.) Brazil has won the World Cup four times. 7.3. Adverbe Alegerea intre prezentul perfect si trecutul simplu este de multe ori influentata si de adverbele care insotesc verbul. Daca adverbele respective se refera la o perioada trecuta, vom folosi trecutul simplu. Ex.: I studied all night/yesterday/on Wednesday. Cu adverbe care marcheaza un inceput in trecut si conduct pana la momentul prezentului, vom folosi prezentul perfect. Ex.: I have studied up to now/lately/already. Expresii adverbiale cum ar fi: today, this month, for an hour se pot folosi atat cu prezentul perfect cat si cu trecutul simplu. Ex.: I worked/have worked hard today. Exista tendinta de a folosi prezentul perfect pentru a anunta un eveniment din trecutul recent. Ex.: The company's current CEO has lied repeatedly to her employees. Dar vom folosi trecutul simplu pentru a relata sau anunta evenimente care au luat sfarsit si apartin trecutului indepartat. Ex.: Washington encouraged his troops. 7.4. Conjugare singular I have walked you have walked he/she/it has walked plural we have walked you have walked they have walked singular I have slept you have slept he/she/it have slept plural we have slept you have slept they have slept

singular plural

I have been we have been

you have been you have been

he/she/it has been they have been

Exemple: For five generations, members of my family have been doctors. Vaughan has batted clean-up since he came to the Redsox. She has swum the English Channel every summer. How long has it been since the last time we met? 8. Prezent perfect continuu 8.1. Forma Have/has + been + participiul prezent (-ing) Ex.: I have been waiting for an hour. Negativul: Ex.: You haven't been talking too much. Interogativul: Ex.: Have they been feeling unwell? 8.2. Functii Si aceasta forma verbala apartine timpului prezent si se raporteaza la momentul prezent. Se foloseste pentru a descrie stari sau sentimente care au debutat in trecut si au continuat de-a lungul unei perioade de timp si sunt inca prezente pana in momentul vorbirii. Ex.: It has been raining for two days (and it's still raining).

Diferenta dintre forma prezentului perfect si cea a prezentului perfect continuu este ca forma continua accentueaza durata actiunii sau a starii. 8.3. Conjugare singular I have been walking you have been walking he/she/it has been walking plural we have been walking you have been walking they have been walking singular I have been sleeping you have been sleeping he/she/it has been sleeping plural we have been sleeping you have been sleeping they have been sleeping singular There is no present perfect progressive for the "to be" verb. "Have been being" is expressed simply as "have been": "We have been being successful in the past." plural Exemple: Maria has been writing her dissertation for the last six years[, but she finished yesterday]. The Redsox have been losing games since the All-Star break [and they continue to do so]. Have we been telling the truth to consumers about tobacco? Haven't we been lying to teenagers about smoking? 8.4. Folosirea adverbelor cu prezentul perfect Exista cateva expresii adverbiale care se folosesc in mod frecvent cu formele prezentului perfect. Aceastea sunt: since, so far, ever, never, for, since, etc. Ex.: There have been 92 accidents since the beginning of the year. Have you ever been to Romania? I have never seen a purple cow. John has been working on his thesis for two years. They haven't seen him since 1989.

For - poate fi folosit atat cu trecutul simplu cat si cu formele perfecte (prezent, trecut, viitor perfect). - are sensul de: in timpul, pe durata, pentru o perioada de timp. Since - se foloseste doar cu formele perfecte. - are sensul de incepand de la un moment dat. 9. Trecutul perfect 9.1. Forma

Had + participiu trecut al verbului Trecutul perfect indica faptul ca o actiune s-a incheiat, "perfectat" la un moment din trecut inainte ca un alt eveniment sa se produca. Ex.: I had walked two miles by lunchtime. I had run three other marathons before entering the Boston Marathon. 9.2. Conjugare singular I had walked you had walked he/she/it had walked plural we had walked you had walked they had walked singular I had slept you had slept he/she/it had slept plural we had slept you had slept they had slept singular I had been you had been he/she/it had been plural we had been you had been they had been Exemple: Prior to the Revolutionary War, Washington had been a surveyor and land speculator. Aunt Glad had invested heavily in the air-conditioning industry before the Great Crash of 1988. She had swum the English Channel every summer until 1997. How long had it been since you saw each other? 10. Trecutul perfect continuu Forma: Had + been + participiu prezent (-ing) Acest timp indica o actiune continua care s-a incheiat la un moment dat din trecut. Exemple: Hemingway had been losing his self-confidence for years before the publication of Old Man and the Sea. Had they been cheating on the exams before the school put monitors in the classroom? 11. Viitorul perfect Forma: Will + have + participiul trecut al verbului Viitorul perfect indica o actiune care va fi fost incheiata la un moment dat din viitor. Ex.: I will have spent all my money by this time next year. I will have run successfully in three marathons if I can finish this one. By this time next week, I will have worked on this project for twenty days. Before he sees his publisher, Charles will have finished four chapters in his new novel. A Democratic president will have been in the White House for nearly half of the twentieth century. How long will it have been since we were together? 12. Viitorul perfect continuu Forma: Will + have + been + participiul prezent (-ing) al verbului Acest timp indica a actiune continua care va fi incheiata la un moment dat din viitor. Ex.: By the time he finishes this semester, Gesualdo will have been studying nothing but parasites for four years. Will they have been testing these materials in the lab before we even get there?