August 3, 2011 Tom Colvin, P.E., LEEDAP, DBIA Colvin Engineering Associates, Inc.
ECONOMIC COMPARISONS
PAYBACK PERIOD IN UTAH IS USUALLY 4 5 YEARS FOR BUILDINGS WITH TYPICAL OFFICE HOURS OPERATING SCHEDULE (55 hrs/wk) SAVES ABOUT 80% OF CHILLER TON-HOURS BASED ON $0.03/KWH + $12/KW DEMAND COST 12 MEDIA & 6R/10FPI COIL ADDS $0.55/CFM 30% LESS CHILLER SAVES $0.33/CFM NET FIRST COST PREMIUM = $0.22/CFM + PIPING BUILDINGS WITH LARGE OUTSIDE AIR REQUIREMENTS OR INCREASED HOURS OF OPERATION DECREASE PAYBACK PERIOD
SIZED AT 60-70% OF THE CALCULATED COOLING LOAD, THE MAXIMUM POWER DEMAND FOR THE BUILDING IS REDUCED; EVEN ON DAYS WITH CHILLERS AT FULL LOAD.
INDIRECT/DIRECT (IDEC) SYSTEMS PROVIDE MAXIMUM REDUCTION IN POWER DEMANDS WHEN OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURES ARE HOTTEST
CHILLERS IN SLC RARELY OPERATE WHEN OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE 92F
CHILLERS NEVER OPERATE WHEN OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE 95F (UTILITY PEAK DAYS)
than entering air Air heat passes into water through a coil or other exchanger Enthalpy changes Wet-bulb temperature of airstream is depressed Humidity is constant Limited by both wet bulb temperature and heat exchanger 100% outside air is not required
Ball Valve
Float valve
passing through media Air dry bulb temperature is lowered Enthalpy is unchanged Relative Humidity of airstream rises Leaving dry-bulb temperature is limited by the wet bulb temperature of the entering air
Legionella Pneumophila is unable to enter the airstream without aerosolizing the water Spray systems (NOT recommended) require high-efficiency mist
eliminators and sump water treatment to minimize Legionella risk. Rigid Media systems cannot aerosolize Legionella bacteria
The water is exposed to the air via the extended surface of the evaporative media. Only pure water is evaporated. Minerals and organisms remain in the re-circulating system and are removed by continuous bleed and draindown/flush cycle. Organisms can grow on the surface of the media and cause annoying odors if not properly flushed.
DESIGN GUIDELINES
DISCHARGE AIR
TEMPERATURE MUST ALWAYS BE < 55F TO MAINTAIN SPACE HUMIDITY < 50% RH
12 DEEP RIGID MEDIA IS EXACTLY THE SAME HUMIDITY AS AIR LEAVING A WET CHILLED WATER COIL IF BOTH AIRSTREAMS ARE SAME TEMPERATURE!
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ONLY A FEW CLIMATES HAVE WETBULB TEMPERATURES LOW
ENOUGH TO PROVIDE 55 F DISCHARGE AIR DURING ALL HOURS USING ONLY THE EVAPORATIVE PROCESS.
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION IS NECESSARY TO SUPPLEMENT
THE EVAP PROCESS DURING HOURS WITH HIGHER WETBULB TEMPERATURES. OBSERVED CHILLER OPERATION IN VARIOUS YEARS RANGES FROM 200-400 HOURS/YEAR IN UTAH
TYPICAL JULY IN SLC (WORST MONTH) HAS ABOUT 60% HOURS
WHEN HUMIDITY RATIO EXCEEDS 50 GR/LB (REQUIRES REFRIGERATION). JULY 2011 HAD 85% OF THE HOURS WITH hr > 50 GR/LB.
CHILLER OPERATION
MOST COST EFFECTIVE LARGE SYSTEM PIPES CHILLER CONDENSER IN SERIES WITH INDIRECT COOLING COILS LOW TEMPERATURE CONDENSER WATER REQUIRES SPECIAL ATTENTION TO HEAD PRESSURE CONTROL ON CHILLER REMOVING CONDENSER FROM CIRCUIT WHEN CHILLERIS NOT REQUIRED REDUCES PUMP ENERGY
INDIRECT STAGE
FIRST STAGE SHOULD BE INDIRECT VS. DIRECT
(WET-BULB DEPRESSION)
EASIER TO CONTROL DISCHARGE AIR
REDUCES ODORS COMMON DURING FIRST FEW MINUTES OF WETTING MEDIA INCREASES LIFE SPAN OF MEDIA
INDIRECT COILS CAN REDUCE COST AND INCREASE PERFORMANCE WHEN RANGE IS LOWER VFD CONTROL OF COOLING TOWER FANS TO CONTROL THE DAT IS DESIRABLE AND COST EFFECTIVE
REQUIRED FLOW FOR INDIRECT COILS HIGHER FLOW THAN CHILLER REQUIREMENTS
6R/10FPI COIL WITH 2.5F - 3.0F APPROACH ADDING A 10F - 12F DELTA T FOR CONDENSER YIELDS THE RECOMMENDED 18F - 20F RANGE FOR COOLING TOWER
REALITY IN UTAH
Spaces always <50% RH at 72F if the
DAT is maintained at 55F or lower. Chillers are rarely needed when OSA temperature is above 92F resulting in lower power demand and 80% reduction in annual energy use for refrigeration. Chillers generally operate when OSA DB is 80F-85F
SOME EXAMPLES
SCOWCROFT IRS BUILDING - OGDEN
SCOWCROFT EXTERIOR
SCOWCROFT BUILDING
RENOVATION OF A HISTORIC FOUR STORY BRICK AND WOOD WAREHOUSE BUILDING INTO OFFICES FOR THE IRS.
UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ALLOWS EACH OCCUPANT TO ADJUST TEMPERATURE IN THEIR OWN CUBICLE. 100% OUTSIDE AIR DURING ALL HOURS ABOVE 55F AMBIENT, DISCHARGES INTO BREATHING ZONE.
SCOWCROFT ATRIUM
SCOWCROFT BUILDING
BUILDING OPERATING SINCE 2004 AND CHILLER
HAS RUN A TOTAL OF 4424 HOURS (632/yr) BUILDING ACHIEVED A LEED SILVER RATING FROM THE USGBC. BUILDING RECEIVED AN ENERGY STAR RATING IN 2008 WITH A SCORE OF 75. (88 BTU/SF-YR) UFAD SYSTEM ALLOWS THE BUILDING TO OPERATE WITH DISCHARGE AIR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 60 F WHEN OUTSIDE HUMIDITY IS LOW
SCOWCROFT BUILDING
DIRECT EVAPORATIVE MEDIA IS ARRANGED WITH ONE 4 DEEP PAD AND ONE 8 DEEP PAD TO ALLOW LOWER SATURATION EFFICIENCY DURING HOURS WHEN OUTSIDE WET-BULB IS LOW AND DAT TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE 55F WITHOUT RAISING INDOOR HUMIDITY TOO HIGH.
AIRHANDLERS HAVE REHEAT COILS AVAILABLE TO
SCOWCROFT BUILDING
PER BUILDING ENGINEER, SYSTEM WORKS VERY WELL. COMFORT COMPLAINTS ARE MINOR EVEN THOUGH 95% OF OCCUPANTS ARE FEMALE WORKING FOR THE IRS IN SMALL CUBICLES. EVEN THOUGH BUILDING SYSTEMS OPERATE 132 HRS/WEEK, ENERGY USE IS 25.4 KWH/SF-YR. ANNUAL ELECTRICAL COST IS $1.30/SF ANNUAL GAS HEATING COST IS $0.15/SF WORK HOURS ARE 125 HRS/WEEK, 22 HRS/DAY, 6 DAYS/WEEK
How it Works
Cooling Technology
5.0
3.6 1.1
HYBRID SYSTEMS
ECONOMIZER, INDIRECT/DIRECT EC AND HEAT PUMP The most complete system for maximum comfort and maximum energy savings The system monitors outdoor conditions and chooses the most economical cooling mode while maintaining indoor comfort Our energy savings increase as a buildings fresh air requirement increases
HYBRID Components
COOLERADO
Executive Summary
Save Green
Our patented cooling technology provides:
50% to 90% more efficiency Only 100 watts of power per ton of cooling Rapid investment payback
48
Technology Demonstration
4 1 2 4 3
HOW IT WORKS
1 2 3 5 1
Energy Efficiency
Coolerado vs. Conventional AC
EER
TEMPERATURE
53
H80
Our solar compatible products provide between 3 to 8 tons and 1,500-3,000 SF of cooling
54
Pre-Cooling Applications
Primary cooling as able
(shoulder seasons or primary season in dry climate)
Pre-cooler in humid
climates No need to remove existing HVAC Substantial energy savings Increase life of existing equipment
55
55
60
85
45
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Normal Temperature
I-P Units
80
85 200 Prepared By: 1.2 Name: Keith Dunnavant 190 Company: Munters/Des Champs Products 85 Tel: 540-291-1111 x4101 W ET 1.1 Fax: 540-291-3333 180 BU LB email: kdunnavant@des-champs.com TE MP Date: 9/23/2007 ER 170
16.0 16.5
AT U
40
75
35
75
70
130 120
15.5
.8
70 .7
DR
70
25
110 100 90 80
2178 FEET
RE
80
- F
.9 75
AI R
PO UN
65
65
.6
PE R
-B TU
60
20
65
EN TH AL PY
57.9F
After 90% DEC
55 50 45
50
60
90
.5
60
15.0 VOL
80
70 60 50 40 30 20 10
55 .4 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 .1 .3
- CU UME
15
% 50 75
60 %
.FT. LB PER
10
45
40
35 30 25
5
40
After IEC
35
30%
15
20
30 25
15%
R 8%
EL
IT UMID EH ATIV
40
% 50
O/A
% 25
100F DB/65F WB
.2 10 0
1 4 .5
. DR IR YA
1 4 .0
20%
TIVE H 10% RELA UMIDITY
10
10
15
13.0
20
6%
13.5
2%
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
74F/125.2gr
Polymer Tube HX
74F/44.4gr
Dry, Cool Supply Air (Air is Indirect Evaporative Cooled since no water is Added to supply air)
100F/44.4gr Hot outside air (or building exhaust)
Pump
Heat Out
Air In 75 F 85 F
100/65 100/65
Heat In Cooling Coil
Heat In
74/56
80/58
Cooling Tower to Cooling Coil IEC
Air In
EVAPORATIVE COOLING
QUESTIONS?
Colvin Engineering Associates, Inc.
HIGH PERFORMANCE DESIGN