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Psycholog y

Assignment No 3
Submitted to: Madam Tahira Sarwar Submitted by: Maham Masaud Class: BBA 5-A Date of submission: 28-12-11

Question 1
What do parents, teachers and curriculum framers need to keep in mind about maturity and learning?
Parents predominantly are the main source of learning for any individual. As kids most of our learning is through our parents. The approach that parents, teachers and curriculum framers adopt for children should take into account the characteristics of their level of maturity and learning. Younger children need more supervision on the computer than do older children, and more restricted access. Teens and adolescents can gradually earn trust and require less supervision. Parents, teachers and curriculum framers need to understand that every child is different; though physically alike yet they operate at different levels of maturity. A child responds differently to the same subject being taught by a teacher. For example a very intelligent student can face difficulties in learning mathematics formulae even though he is very good in other subjects. For children of two years and below, Information needs can generally be met by parents and others in the childs immediate environment. Here the role of teachers dont play a significant role since children of this age are mostly not sent to school. But a child operating between three and five years finds it difficult to differentiate between fantasy and reality and is more easily frightened by scary things. Children of 6-9 years of age are able to differentiate between fantasy and reality. Typing and writing skills are rising, but theyre poor at younger ages (for example, misspelling is common).Decision-making skills is not well developed.

Rising information needs, such as school projects, require reference materials. In preadolescence i.e. 10 to 12 years of age the child is much better able to differentiate between fantasy and reality. Reasoning skills are improving. Decision-making skills are developing in more conceptual ways. Typing and spelling skills are still problematical. Information needs are rising. In early adolescence i.e. 13 to 15 years cognitive skills are similar to those of adults are in place, although the skill set is not fully developed. Decision-making and reasoning skills are better developed than in preadolescence, but the child is often influenced by impulse. A childs faith in his or her own decision-making skills especially in the face of parental positions might go beyond the childs actual skill. . Information needs are broader and relate to the world at large, so the availability of some external information source is very important. In late adolescence i.e.16 to 18 years decision-making and analysis is much better than in early adolescence. The person is physically, mentally and cognitively mature. Information needs are wide-ranging in scope and depth and often require access to a wide range of resources beyond the immediate environment.

Question 2
John and Jane are twins. Both of them are in the same class. They have the same environment at home. Yet, John does better than Jane at History and Mathematics. Jane is better at languages. John is quick at picking up steps in dance, whereas Jane tops at public speaking. What could be the possible reasons for them showing difference in their performances?

Throughout history, across all cultures, people have been enthralled with twins. In addition to interest in the close emotional ties and biological similarities that twins may share many differences as in the case of John and Jane. The reasons for these differences can be due to many different reasons. The first reason could be personal likes and dislikes. Many siblings share the same interests while others have different interests. John would be more analytical in nature and good at memorizing that is why he was good in History and Mathematics but Jane had very communication skills therefore she was better at languages. Their personality is different and it might have affected their likes and dislikes. Also some individuals are very sharp by birth and their picking capabilities are more than others that is why John was quick at picking up steps in dance. Also John might like dancing a lot that is why he could pick the steps easily. Jane would be friendlier, open and social thats why her public speaking skills were really good. People differ from one another because of the intricate interaction between their genetic endowment and their environment. Behavior that is heritable is can be modified by environmental conditions to a great degree. Present-day twin studies have underscored the ways in which the environment influences human behavior. Studies show that the majority of environmental influences on behavior act to make siblings different from each other. This does not mean that global family variables, such as parenting style, are unimportant for the development of children's behavior. Universal factors, such as parenting style, can affect individuals differently and thus may contribute to individual differences. The impact of environmental factors on behavior and development is particular to each child, depending on individual characteristics, such as personality.

Question 3

Keeping in view the types of learning, Identify as many examples of learning you can from your daily life and relate them with various types of learning. Briefly explain which type plays the most important role in your life and how?
There are many examples of learning in our daily lives. Some of them are:

Classical Conditioning A child, who gets bitten by a dog for instance Black Lab at the age of three, later becomes afraid of all dogs. The original fear caused by the Black Lab has now generalized to ALL dogs. For example - "fear of bridges" .It can develop from many different sources. For example, while a child rides in a car over a decaying bridge, his father makes jokes about the bridge collapsing and all of them falling into the river below. The father finds this funny and so decides to do it whenever they cross a bridge. Many years later, the child has grown up and now is afraid to drive over any bridge. In this case, the fear of one bridge associated to all bridges which now evoke fear for that individual. Instrumental/operant conditioning

A child learns to clean his/her room after being rewarded with extra TV time or a chocolate every time he cleans it. After bullying a classmate, the child is made to sit separately and no one is allowed to talk to him. Such that the child never ever hits any classmate again.

A person decides to take a different route on his morning walk to avoid a garbage dump he saw a day before and therefore increases his running speed and the distance that he covers.

A person stops teasing her friend about an issue after she gives her the silent treatment.

Cognitive Learning Learning difficulties often indicate ineffective cognitive

processes, especially for children with learning disabilities, who tend to process information less effectively. Therefore, teachers need to be aware that all students are trying to learn something. People organize the things they learn. Therefore, teachers can assist students' learning by presenting information in an organized manner. This organization should reflect students' previous knowledge and show how one thing relates to the other (i.e., helping students understand and make connections). For example, how a person processes experiences and knowledge, and how they organize and retain information .Some people need to visualize the task before starting. Some people approach learning and teaching one after the other or randomly. Some work quickly or deliberately. Latent Learning Setting the dining table in the same way as your mother do or serving guests food the same as you have seen your elder sister

do. This is a perfect example of latent learning. It is when we watch someone do something, like set the table, and we store the knowledge away till we need it. When we go to perform the act, we find that we already know how to do it. Insight Learning An example of insight learning is a monkey is in a barred cage who, hours upon hours attempts with a stick tries to get a banana outside the cage. Realizing after a while that if he takes a second stick he's able to grasp the banana. Imitation Copying fashion trends from your friends Imitating the behavior of your parents because you think it is the desired behavior. Importance of Operant Conditioning For me Operant Conditioning plays a key role because in most of the situations we behave due to the effect of reinforcers either positive or negative. Even in difficult situations such as stress we want to give our best behavior because of the reward hidden beneath the tedious work. Also we dont like to engage in such behaviors which will give us some punishments. We always want to be socially acceptable and we want to have the best behavior.

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