Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics for bacteria, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. Unlike most antibiotics, antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen; instead they inhibit their development. Antiviral drugs are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic, antifungal and antiparasitic drugs. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. They should be distinguished from viricides, which are not medication but deactivate or destroy virus particles, either inside or outside the body. Many common plants such as St John's wort are also widely believed in naturopathic circles to be viricides, but [2] evidence to support this is far from sufficient in scientific circles. Antivirals also can be found in essential oils of some herbs, such as eucalyptus oil and its [3] constituents. Most of the antiviral drugs now available are designed to help deal with HIV, herpes viruses (best known for causing cold sores and genital herpes, but actually causing a wide range of diseases), the hepatitis B andC viruses, which can cause liver cancer, and influenza A and B viruses. Researchers are working to extend the range of antivirals to other families of pathogens. Designing safe and effective antiviral drugs is difficult, because viruses use the host's cells to replicate. This makes it difficult to find targets for the drug that would interfere with the virus without also harming the host organism's cells. Moreover, the major difficulty in developing vaccines and anti-viral drugs is due to viral variation. The emergence of antivirals is the product of a greatly expanded knowledge of the genetic and molecular function of organisms, allowing biomedical researchers to understand the structure and function of viruses, major advances in the techniques for finding new drugs, and the intense pressure placed on the medical profession to deal with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of the deadly acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic.
[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Research
o o
5.2.1 Reverse transcription 5.2.2 Integrase 5.2.3 Transcription 5.2.4 Translation / antisense 5.2.5 Translation / ribozymes 5.2.6 Protease inhibitors
6 Immune system stimulation 7 Acquired resistance 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading
[edit]History Through the mid- to late-20th century, medical science and practice included an array of effective tools, ranging from antiseptics to vaccines and antibiotics, but no drugs to treat viral infections. While vaccines proved effective in preventing many viral diseases, they could not help once a viral infection set in. Prior
to the development of antivirals, when someone contracted a virus, there was little that could be done other than treating the symptoms and waiting for the disease to run its course. The first experimental antivirals were developed in the 1960s, mostly to deal with herpes viruses, and were found using traditional trial-and-error drug discovery methods. Researchers grew cultures of cells and infected them with the target virus. They then introduced into the cultures chemicals which they thought might inhibit viral activity, and observed whether the level of virus in the cultures rose or fell. Chemicals that seemed to have an effect were selected for closer study. This was a very time-consuming, hit-or-miss procedure, and in the absence of a good knowledge of how the target virus worked, it was not efficient in discovering effective antivirals which had few side effects. Only in the 1980s, when the full genetic sequences of viruses began to be unraveled, researchers began to learn how viruses worked in detail, and exactly what chemicals were needed to thwart their reproductive cycle. As of 2011 dozens of antiviral [citation needed] treatments are available, and medical research is rapidly exploiting new knowledge and technology to develop more. [edit]Research On 10-August-2011 researchers at MIT announced the publication of a new method of inhibiting viral infections in animal cells. The novel antiviral method involved intercepting and destroying Double-stranded Ribonucleic Acid (dsRNA) inside infected cells while ordering the cell to begin apoptosis. Since animal cells do not regularly produce long dsRNA, the process selectively affected infected cells. The team named the process "Double-stranded RNA Activated [5] Capase Oligomerizer" (DRACO). According to the lead researcher "In theory, [DRACO] should work against all viruses." [edit]Virus
[4] [5]
life cycle
Viruses consist of a genome and sometimes a few enzymes stored in a capsule made of protein (called a capsid), and sometimes covered with a lipid layer (sometimes called an 'envelope'). Viruses cannot reproduce on their own, and instead propagate by subjugating a host cell to produce copies of themselves, thus producing the next generation. Researchers working on such "rational drug design" strategies for developing antivirals have tried to attack viruses at every stage of their life cycles. Some [6] species of mushrooms have been found to contain multiple antiviral chemicals with similar synergistic effects. Viral life cycles vary in their precise details depending on the species of virus, but they all share a general pattern: Attachment to a host cell. Release of viral genes and possibly enzymes into the host cell. Replication of viral components using host-cell machinery. Assembly of viral components into complete viral particles.
[edit]Limitations
of vaccines
Vaccines bolster the body's immune system to better attack viruses in the "complete particle" stage, outside of the organism's cells. They traditionally consist of an attenuated (weakened or killed) version of the virus. These vaccines can, in rare cases, harm the host by inadvertently infecting the host with a fullblown viral occupancy. Recently "subunit" vaccines have been devised that consist strictly of protein targets from the pathogen. They stimulate the immune system without doing serious harm to the host. In either case, when the real pathogen attacks the subject, the immune system responds to it quickly and blocks it. Vaccines are very effective on stable viruses, but are of limited use in treating a patient who has already been infected. They are also difficult to successfully deploy against rapidly mutating viruses, such asinfluenza (the vaccine for which is updated every year) and HIV. Antiviral drugs are particularly useful in these cases. [edit]Anti-viral
targeting
The general idea behind modern antiviral drug design is to identify viral proteins, or parts of proteins, that can be disabled. These "targets" should generally be as unlike any proteins or parts of proteins in humans as possible, to reduce the likelihood of side effects. The targets should also be common across many strains of a virus, or even among different species of virus in the same family, so a single drug will have broad effectiveness. For example, a researcher might target a critical enzyme synthesized by the virus, but not the patient, that is common across strains, and see what can be done to interfere with its operation. Once targets are identified, candidate drugs can be selected, either from drugs already known to have appropriate effects, or by actually designing the candidate at the molecular level with a computer-aided designprogram. The target proteins can be manufactured in the lab for testing with candidate treatments by inserting the gene that synthesizes the target protein into bacteria or other kinds of cells. The cells are then cultured for mass production of the protein, which can then be exposed to various treatment candidates and evaluated with "rapid screening" technologies. [edit]Approaches [edit]Before
cell entry
One anti-viral strategy is to interfere with the ability of a virus to infiltrate a target cell. The virus must go through a sequence of steps to do this, beginning with binding to a specific "receptor" molecule on the surface of the host cell and ending with the virus "uncoating" inside the cell and releasing its contents. Viruses that have a lipid envelope must also fuse their envelope with the target cell, or with a vesicle that transports them into the cell, before they can uncoat. This stage of viral replication can be inhibited in two ways:
1. Using agents which mimic the virus-associated protein (VAP) and bind to the cellular receptors. This may include VAP anti-idiotypic antibodies, [clarification needed] natural ligands of the receptor and anti-receptor antibodies. 2. Using agents which mimic the cellular receptor and bind to the VAP. This includes anti-VAP antibodies, receptor anti-idiotypic antibodies, extraneous receptor and synthetic receptor mimics.
This strategy of designing drugs can be very expensive, and since the process of generating anti-idiotypic antibodies is partly trial and error, it can be a relatively slow process until an adequate molecule is produced. [edit]Entry inhibitor A very early stage of viral infection is viral entry, when the virus attaches to and enters the host cell. A number of "entry-inhibiting" or "entry-blocking" drugs are being developed to fight HIV. HIV most heavily targets the immune system's white blood cells known as "helper T cells", and identifies these target cells through T-cell surface receptors designated "CD4" and "CCR5". Attempts to interfere with the binding of HIV with the CD4 receptor have failed to stop HIV from infecting helper T cells, but research continues on trying to interfere with the binding of HIV to the CCR5 receptor in hopes that it will be more effective. [edit]Uncoating inhibitor Inhibitors of uncoating have also been investigated.
[7][8] [9]
Amantadine and rimantadine, have been introduced to combat influenza. These agents act on penetration/uncoating.
Pleconaril works against rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold, by blocking a pocket on the surface of the virus that controls the uncoating process. This pocket is similar in most strains of rhinoviruses andenteroviruses, which can cause diarrhea, meningitis, conjunctivitis, and encephalitis. [edit]During
viral synthesis
A second approach is to target the processes that synthesize virus components after a virus invades a cell. [edit]Reverse transcription One way of doing this is to develop nucleotide or nucleoside analogues that look like the building blocks of RNA or DNA, but deactivate the enzymes that synthesize the RNA or DNA once the analogue is incorporated. This approach is more commonly associated with the inhibition of reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA) than with "normal" transcriptase (DNA to RNA). The first successful antiviral, acyclovir, is a nucleoside analogue, and is effective against herpesvirus infections. The first antiviral drug to be approved for treating HIV, zidovudine (AZT), is also a nucleoside analogue.
An improved knowledge of the action of reverse transcriptase has led to better nucleoside analogues to treat HIV infections. One of these drugs, lamivudine, has been approved to treat hepatitis B, which uses reverse transcriptase as part of its replication process. Researchers have gone further and developed inhibitors that do not look like nucleosides, but can still block reverse transcriptase. Another target being considered for HIV antivirals include RNase H - which is a component of reverse transcriptase that splits the synthesized DNA from the original viral RNA . [edit]Integrase Another target is integrase, which splices the synthesized DNA into the host cell genome. [edit]Transcription Once a virus genome becomes operational in a host cell, it then generates messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that direct the synthesis of viral proteins. Production of mRNA is initiated by proteins known astranscription factors. Several antivirals are now being designed to block attachment of transcription factors to viral DNA. [edit]Translation / antisense Genomics has not only helped find targets for many antivirals, it has provided the basis for an entirely new type of drug, based on "antisense" molecules. These are segments of DNA or RNA that are designed as complementary molecule to critical sections of viral genomes, and the binding of these antisense segments to these target sections blocks the operation of those genomes. A phosphorothioate antisense drug named fomivirsen has been introduced, used to treat opportunistic eye infections in AIDS patients caused by cytomegalovirus, and other antisense antivirals are in development. An antisense structural type that has proven especially valuable in research is morpholino antisense. Morpholino oligos have been used to experimentally suppress many viral types: caliciviruses
[10]
[11]
coronaviruses
[14]
[edit]Translation / ribozymes Yet another antiviral technique inspired by genomics is a set of drugs based on ribozymes, which are enzymes that will cut apart viral RNA or DNA at selected sites. In their natural course, ribozymes are used as part of the viral manufacturing sequence, but these synthetic ribozymes are designed to cut RNA and DNA at sites that will disable them. A ribozyme antiviral to deal with hepatitis C has been suggested, and ribozyme antivirals are being developed to deal with HIV. An interesting variation of this idea is the use of genetically modified cells that can produce custom-tailored ribozymes. This is part of a broader effort to create genetically modified cells that can be injected into a host to attack pathogens by generating specialized proteins that block viral replication at various phases of the viral life cycle. [edit]Protease inhibitors Some viruses include an enzyme known as a protease that cuts viral protein chains apart so they can be assembled into their final configuration. HIV includes [17] a protease, and so considerable research has been performed to find "protease inhibitors" to attack HIV at that phase of its life cycle. Protease inhibitors became available in the 1990s and have proven effective, though they can have unusual side effects, for example causing fat to build up in unusual [18] places. Improved protease inhibitors are now in development. Protease inhibitors have also been seen in nature. A protease inhibitor was isolated from the Shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes). [20] may explain the Shiitake mushrooms noted antiviral activity in vitro. [edit]Assembly Rifampicin acts at the assembly phase. [edit]Release
[21] [19] [15] [16]
phase
The final stage in the life cycle of a virus is the release of completed viruses from the host cell, and this step has also been targeted by antiviral drug developers. Two drugs named zanamivir (Relenza) andoseltamivir (Tamiflu) that have been recently introduced to treat influenza prevent the release of viral particles by blocking a molecule named neuraminidase that is found on the surface of flu viruses, and also seems to be constant across a wide range of flu strains. [edit]Immune
system stimulation
A second category of tactics for fighting viruses involves encouraging the body's immune system to attack them, rather than attacking them directly. Some antivirals of this sort do not focus on a specific pathogen, instead stimulating the immune system to attack a range of pathogens.
One of the best-known of this class of drugs are interferons, which inhibit viral synthesis in infected cells. One form of human interferon named "interferon [23] alpha" is well-established as part of the standard treatment for hepatitis B and C, and other interferons are also being investigated as treatments for various diseases. A more specific approach is to synthesize antibodies, protein molecules that can bind to a pathogen and mark it for attack by other elements of the immune system. Once researchers identify a particular target on the pathogen, they can synthesize quantities of identical "monoclonal" antibodies to link up that [24] target. A monoclonal drug is now being sold to help fight respiratory syncytial virus in babies, and antibodies purified from infected individuals are also used [25] as a treatment for hepatitis B. [edit]Acquired
[22]
resistance
Almost all anti-microbials, including anti-virals, are subject to drug resistance as the pathogens mutate over time, becoming less susceptible to the treatment. For instance, a recent study published in Nature Biotechnology emphasized the urgent need for augmentation of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) stockpiles with additional antiviral drugs including zanamivir (Relenza) based on an evaluation of the performance of these drugs in the scenario that the 2009 H1N1 'Swine [26] Flu' neuraminidase (NA) were to acquire the tamiflu-resistance (His274Tyr) mutation which is currently widespread in seasonal H1N1 strains.
Viral meningitis Viral pneumonia Viral diseases are contagious and spread from person to person when a virus enters the body and begins to multiply. Common ways that viruses spread from person to person include:
Breathing in air-borne droplets contaminated with a virus Eating food or drinking water contaminated with a virus Having sexual contact with a person who is infected with a sexually transmitted virus Indirect transmission from person to person by a virus host, such as a mosquito, tick, or field mouse Touching surfaces or body fluids contaminated with a virus Learn More About Viral Diseases Is It a Cold or the Flu? Shingles Quiz Viral Diseases? Join the Discussion Viral diseases result in a wide variety of symptoms that vary in character and severity depending on the type of viral infection and other factors, including the persons age and overall health. Common symptoms of viral diseases include flu-like symptoms and malaise. Viral diseases are not treatable with antibiotics, which can only cure bacterial diseases and infections. However, the most common viral diseases, the common cold and the flu, are self-limiting in generally healthy people. This means that the viral infection causes illness for a period of time, then it resolves and symptoms disappear as your immune system attacks the virus and your body recovers. In some cases, viral diseases can lead to serious, possibly life-threatening complications, such as dehydration, bacterial pneumonia, and other secondary bacterial infections. People at risk for complications include those who have a chronic disease or a suppressed or compromised immune system, and the very young and very old. In addition, certain types of sexually transmitted viral infections, such as HIV/AIDS and HPV, can lead to serious complications and death. Seek prompt medical care if you think you have a viral disease, especially if you are at risk for complications, or if you believe you have been exposed to a sexually transmitted disease. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you, or someone you are with, have serious symptoms of an illness or a viral disease, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, passing out (fainting), or a change in alertness or consciousness.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of viral diseases vary depending on the specific type of virus causing infection, the area of the body that is infected, the age and health history of the patient, and other factors. The symptoms of viral diseases can affect almost any area of the body or body system. Symptoms of viral diseases can include:... Read More About Viral Diseases Symptoms
CAUSES
Family
Baltimore group
Important species
[1]
envelopment
[1]
Adenoviridae
dsDNA
Adenovirus
non-enveloped
icosahedral
nucleus
Herpesviridae
dsDNA
Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus,Human herpesvirus, type 8
enveloped
complex
nucleus
Family
Baltimore group
Important species
[1]
envelopment
[1]
Papillomaviridae
dsDNA
Human papillomavirus
non-enveloped
icosahedral
nucleus
Polyomaviridae
dsDNA
BK virus, JC virus
non-enveloped
icosahedral
nucleus
Poxviridae
dsDNA
Smallpox
enveloped
complex
cytoplasm
Hepadnaviridae
enveloped
icosahedral
nucleus
Parvoviridae
ssDNA
enveloped
icosahedral
nucleus
Astroviridae
+ssRNA
Human astrovirus
non-enveloped
icosahedral
cytoplasm
Caliciviridae
+ssRNA
Norwalk virus
non-enveloped
icosahedral
cytoplasm
Family
Baltimore group
Important species
[1]
envelopment
[1]
Picornaviridae
+ssRNA
non-enveloped
icosahedral
cytoplasm
Coronaviridae
+ssRNA
enveloped
helical
cytoplasm
Flaviviridae
+ssRNA
Hepatitis C virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus enveloped
icosahedral
cytoplasm
Togaviridae
+ssRNA
Rubella virus
enveloped
icosahedral
cytoplasm
Unassigned
+ssRNA
Hepatitis E virus
enveloped
icosahedral
cytoplasm
Retroviridae
+ssRNA
enveloped
icosahedral
[2]
nucleus
Orthomyxoviridae -ssRNA
Influenza virus
enveloped
helical
nucleus
[3]
Family
Baltimore group
Important species
[1]
envelopment
[1]
Arenaviridae
-ssRNA
Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Machupo virus, Sabi virus
enveloped
helical
cytoplasm
Bunyaviridae
-ssRNA
enveloped
helical
cytoplasm
Filoviridae
-ssRNA
enveloped
helical
cytoplasm
Paramyxoviridae -ssRNA
Measles virus, Mumps virus, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Human metapneumovirus
enveloped
helical
cytoplasm
Rhabdoviridae
-ssRNA
Rabies virus
enveloped
cytoplasm
Unassigned
-ssRNA
Hepatitis D
enveloped
spherical
nucleus
Reoviridae
dsRNA
Rotavirus
non-enveloped
icosahedral
cytoplasm
[edit]Clinical
characteristics
The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:
[
Type
Family
Transmission
1]
Diseases
[1]
Treatment
[1]
Prevention
[1]
droplet contact (mainly) acute febrile pharyngitis pharyngoconjunctival fever epidemic keratoconjunctivitis infantile gastroenteritis None None
[4]
virus neutralization
adenovirus
adenoviridae
Coxsackieviru Picornaviridae s
Coxsackie infections
None
None
Epstein-Barr virus
Herpesviridae
Saliva
None None
Hepatitis A
Picornaviridae
fecal-oral
acute hepatitis
Immunoglobulin(pos
Vaccine
antibody detection
Type
Family
Transmission
1]
Diseases
[1]
Treatment
[1]
Prevention
[1]
virus
t-exposure prophylaxis)
avoid foodcontamination
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnavirida e All body fluids(blood, semen, saliva, mother's milk etc.) acute hepatitis chronic hepatitis hepatic cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae blood (sexual) Herpes simplex virus, Herpesviridae type 1 direct contact with saliva and lesions acute hepatitis chronic hepatitis hepatic cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma primary HSV-1 infection (gingivostomatitis in
immunoglobulin Adefovir
[5] [5]
Entecavir
Lamivudine
antibody detection
Ribavirin
[5]
immunofluoresce nce
immunoperoxidas
Type
Family
Transmission
1]
Diseases
[1]
Treatment
[1]
Prevention
[1]
penciclovir
Herpes simplex virus, Herpesviridae type 2 sexually birth primary HSV-2 infection latent HSV-2 infection aseptic meningitis acyclovir famciclovir foscarnet penciclovir cidofovir contact-avoidance with lesions safe sex
cytomegalovir Herpesviridae us
tears urine semen saliva vaginal secretions infectious mononucleosis Cytomegalic inclusion disease ganciclovir cidofovir foscarnet None antibody and nucleic acid detection
Type
Family
Transmission
1]
Diseases
[1]
Treatment
[1]
Prevention
[1]
blood Kaposi sarcoma multicentric Castleman disease primary effusion lymphoma zidovudine(perinat ally) AIDS HAART blood product screening amantadine rimantadine zanamivir oseltamivir MMR vaccine antibody detection safe sex nucleic acid, p24 antibody detection many in evaluationNone stage Nucleic acid and antibody detection
Herpesviridae
HIV Retroviridae
Influenza virus
Hemagglutination assay
antigen detection
measles virus
Paramyxovirid ae Paramyxovirid ae
droplet contact
None
Mumps virus
droplet contact
Type
Family
Transmission
1]
Diseases
[1]
Treatment
[1]
Prevention
[1]
anogenital warts,laryngeal papillomas, epidermodysplasia verruciformis) 55+ (hands/ feet) 30+ (anogenital/ some are oral/ throat/ respiratory) Malignancies for some species (cervical carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas) croup pneumonia bronchiolitis common cold
droplet contact
None
None
Antibody detection
Poliovirus
Picornaviridae
Poliomyelitis
Polio vaccine
Antibody detection
Rabies virus
Rhabdoviridae
Rabies
Type
Family
Transmission
1]
Diseases
[1]
Treatment
[1]
Prevention
[1]
risk individuals
Rubella virus
Togaviridae
droplet contact
MMR vaccine
Antibody detection
Varicellazoster virus
Herpesviridae
droplet contact
Genital Warts : Pictures Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease Hepatitis C Herpes : Pictures Herpes Zoster
Chickenpox Childhood Skin Rashes Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Cytomegalovirus Cold Dengue Fever Dermatomyositis Ebola Encephalitis Epstein-Barr Virus Fifth's Disease Flavivirus Pictures Flu
Hives HPV Immune System Infectious Diseases Marburg Virus Measles Medical Pictures Meningitis Molluscum Monkeypox Mononucleosis Mosquitoes : Pictures Mumps
Pityriasis Rosacea Rubella SARS Sepsis Shingles Smallpox vaccines only Sore Throat Swine Flu Symptoms West Nile Virus : Symptoms Ticks : Pictures Tropical Diseases Viral Skin Infections Warts : Pictures West Nile Virus : Symptoms Yellow Fever
How they attack HIV NRTIs interfere with the action of an HIV protein called reverse transcriptase, which the virus needs to make new copies of itself.
1997
NNRTIs also stop HIV from replicating within cells by inhibiting the reverse transcriptase protein.
PIs inhibit protease, which is another protein involved in the HIV replication process. Fusion or entry inhibitors prevent HIV from binding to or entering human immune cells. Integrase inhibitors interfere with the integrase enzyme, which HIV needs to insert its genetic material into human cells.
NRTIs and NNRTIs are available in most countries. Fusion/entry inhibitors and integrase inhibitors are usually only available in resource-rich countries. Protease inhibitors are generally less suitable for starting treatment in resource-limited settings due to the cost, number of pills which need to be taken, and the particular side effects caused by protease drugs.
Viread (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) is the first nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved for HIV treatment. It works by blocking an enzyme (reverse transcriptase) crucial to the production and replication of HIV. Nucleotide analogs are different from the nucleoside analogs, although they act in much the same way. In order for nucleoside analogs to work, they must undergo chemical changes (phosphorylation) to become active in the body. Nucleotide analogs bypass this step, given that they are already chemically activated. Lowering the amount of HIV in the blood may in turn increase the CD4 count. This helps improve the immune system, increasing its ability to defend the body against HIV infection. Brand Name Viread Generic Name tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) Abbreviation TDF or Bis(POC) PMPA
Trizivir
NRTIs, sometimes referred to as Nucleoside Analogs or "nukes", were the first antiretroviral drugs to be developed. They work by blocking an enzyme (reverse transcriptase) crucial to the production and replication of HIV.
NNRTIs, sometimes referred to as Non-Nucleoside Analogs or "non-nukes", bind directly to the enzyme (reverse transcriptase). They work by preventing the enzyme from converting RNA to DNA, which means that the genetic material of the HIV virus cannot be incorporated into the healthy genetic material of the cell, thereby preventing the cell from producing a new virus.
Agenerase Kaletra
APV LPV
Protease Inhibitors (PIs) work by interfering with the enzyme HIV protease, which in turn interrupts HIV replication at a later stage in its life cycle. This causes HIV particles in the body to become structurally disorganized and noninfectious. PIs can cause a significant number of side effects when they interact with certain other medications metabolized by a particular enzyme system in the liver.
New Treatments
More than a dozen HIV vaccines are currently being tested, and many new drugs for HIV- or AIDS-related infections are in development. Although these drugs are not yet licensed, some may be available by compassionate exception to people who need them.
For more information on new therapies, call the AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service at 800-TRIALS-A. If you'd like to find out more about federally approved treatment guidelines, contact the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service at 800-HIV-0440.
Multi-Class Combination Drugs Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
(what are they?) Edurant (rilpivirine, RPV, TMC-278) Intelence (etravirine, ETR, TMC-125) Rescriptor (delavirdine, DLV) Sustiva (Stocrin, efavirenz, EFV) Viramune and Viramune XR (nevirapine, NVP) GSK-2248761 Lersivirine (UK-453061)
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
(what are they?) Combivir (zidovudine + lamivudine, AZT + 3TC) Emtriva (emtricitabine, FTC) Epivir (lamivudine, 3TC) Epzicom (Kivexa, abacavir + lamivudine, ABC + 3TC) Retrovir (zidovudine, AZT, ZDV) Trizivir (abacavir + zidovudine + lamivudine, ABC + AZT + 3TC) Truvada (tenofovir DF + emtricitabine, TDF + FTC) Videx & Videx EC (didanosine, ddI) Viread (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, TDF) Zerit (stavudine, d4T) Ziagen (abacavir, ABC) Racivir (RCV) Amdoxovir (AMDX, DAPD) Apricitabine (SPD754, AVX754) Elvucitabine (ACH-126,443, Beta-L-Fd4C) GS 7340
Immune-Based Therapies
(what are they?) Agenerase (amprenavir, APV) Aptivus (tipranavir, TPV) Crixivan (indinavir, IDV) Invirase (saquinavir, SQV) Kaletra (Aluvia, lopinavir/ritonavir, LPV/r) Lexiva (Telzir, fosamprenavir, FPV) Norvir (ritonavir, RTV) Prezista (darunavir, DRV) Reyataz (atazanavir, ATV) Viracept (nelfinavir, NFV)
Entry Inhibitors (including Fusion Inhibitors)
(what are they?) Fuzeon (enfuvirtide, ENF, T-20) Selzentry (Celsentri, maraviroc, UK-427,857)
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) Lexgenleucel-T (VRX-496; gene therapy) Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine) Proleukin (aldesleukin, Interleukin-2, or IL-2) SB-728-T (gene therapy) Vacc-4x (therapeutic vaccine) Pharmacokinetic Enhancers Norvir (ritonavir, RTV) Cobicistat (GS-9350) SPI-452 Treatments for Opportunistic Infections (OIs)
(what are they?) Isentress (raltegravir, MK-0518) Dolutegravir (GSK-572) Elvitegravir (GS-9137)
Maturation Inhibitors
Bevirimat (PA-457)
Cellular Inhibitors
Currently Approved Drugs for HIV: A Comparative Chart Our quick-reference chart allows you to compare all the currently available anti-HIV drugs, including dosing, side effects, & dietary restrictions. Help Paying for Meds: Patient Assistance and Co-Pay Programs for HIV and Viral Hepatitis Drugs Do you lack health insurance but make too much money to qualify for government assistance? Are your prescription co-payments so high that you cant afford other basic necessities? This chart lists the patient assistance programs (PAPs) and co-pay programs that may be able to help. The HIV Life Cycle (and the targets of each class of anti-HIV drugs) A description of the life-cycle of the AIDS virus, and the targets of each class of drugs.
Autoimmune Disease returned the following treatments. DRUG NAME prednisone Oral methylprednisolone Oral Kenalog Inj Medrol (Pak) Oral Medrol Oral prednisolone Oral Depo-Medrol Inj Solu-Medrol Inj Cortef Oral hydrocortisone Oral Solu-Medrol IV cortisone Oral Orapred ODT Oral Orapred Oral Celestone Soluspan Inj Prelone Oral Prednisone Intensol Oral INDICATION TYPE USER REVIEWS
1929 User Reviews 381 User Reviews 146 User Reviews 85 User Reviews 78 User Reviews 54 User Reviews 51 User Reviews 35 User Reviews 24 User Reviews 23 User Reviews 20 User Reviews 13 User Reviews 13 User Reviews 12 User Reviews 10 User Reviews 8 User Reviews 7 User Reviews
methylprednisolone acetate Inj betamethasone acet & sod phos Inj Veripred 20 Oral triamcinolone acetonide Inj Celestone Oral methylprednisolone sodium succ IV methylprednisolone sodium succ Inj Pediapred Oral Millipred Oral Solu-Cortef Inj Aristospan Intra-Articular Inj hydrocortisone sod succinate Inj prednisolone sodium phosphate Oral methylprednisolone sod suc(PF) IV triamcinolone hexacetonide Inj A-Hydrocort Inj A-Methapred Inj Solu-Medrol (PF) IV Aristospan Intralesional Inj
6 User Reviews 6 User Reviews 6 User Reviews 5 User Reviews 4 User Reviews 4 User Reviews 3 User Reviews 3 User Reviews 3 User Reviews 2 User Reviews 2 User Reviews 2 User Reviews 2 User Reviews 2 User Reviews 1 User Reviews 1 User Reviews 1 User Reviews 1 User Reviews Be the first to review it
betamethasone Oral Millipred DP Oral methylprednisolone sod suc(PF) Inj Solu-Medrol (PF) Inj hydrocortisone sod succ (PF) Inj Solu-Cortef (PF) Inj prednisolone sod ph-peak flow Oral Asmalpred Plus Oral prednisolone acetate Oral Flo-Pred Oral Asmalpred Oral
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Cancer Medications
Drugs associated with Cancer
The following drugs and medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of Cancer. This service should be used as a supplement to, and NOT a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. See sub-topics
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Ergamisol (More...)
generic name: levamisole class: miscellaneous antineoplastics
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9.0
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Neosar (More...)
generic name: cyclophosphamide class: alkylating agents
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8.0
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generic name: thiotepa class: alkylating agents
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Chicken Pox Treatment - Lotions The most common lotion used for chicken pox is Calamine lotion. This or any similar over-the-counter preparation can be applied to the blisters to help dry them out and soothe the skin. Chicken Pox Treatment - Antihistamines Over-the-counter and prescription antihistamines may be used to control severe itching.Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is available over-the-counter and hydroxyzine (Atarax) is available by prescription. Both of these antihistamines cause drowsiness and may be helpful at night to help the patient sleep. The newer antihistamines such as loratadine (Claritin),certrizine (Zyrtec), and fexofenadine (Allegra) can be used to control itching but do not cause drowsiness. Chicken Pox Treatment - Preventing Scratching Scratching increases the risk of secondary bacterial infections. All patients with chicken pox should have their nails trimmed short. In addition, small children may have to wear mittens to reduce scratching. Chicken Pox Treatment - Acyclovir Acyclovir (Zovirax) is an anti-viral drug that may be used to treat chicken pox. In uncomplicated cases acyclovir taken 5 times a day has been shown to cause shorter periods of new lesion formation, fewer lesions, and more rapid healing but only if started within 24 to 48 hours of the onset of the rash. Acyclovir has not been shown to decrease the rate of complications in otherwise healthy children who get chicken pox. Oral acyclovir is more strongly recommended for children with underlying skin disease such as eczema, newborns, adults, and smokers since this group is at greater risk for complications. IV acyclovir is used for people with compromised immune systems. Chicken Pox Treatment - Other Anti-Virals Currently acyclovir (Zovirax) is the only FDA-approved treatment for chicken pox. However, the antiviral medications valacyclovir (Valtrex) and , used to treat herpes simplex virus infections, have been shown to be effective for chicken pox and are often prescribed.
Varicella Vaccine
The varicella vaccine (also known as thechickenpox vaccine) may be used as medication for someone who has been exposed but is not yet showing symptoms. Treatment for chickenpox, in this case, involves giving the varicella vaccine to susceptible children within 72
hours and possibly up to 120 hours after chickenpox exposure. The vaccine may prevent or significantly reduce chickenpox symptoms in greater that 90 percent of cases if given within 3 days of exposure.
Acyclovir
Acyclovir (Zovirax) is a medicine that works against herpes viruses. Acyclovir as a chickenpox medication is recommended for people who are more likely to develop a serious case of chickenpox, including:
People with chronic skin or lung disease Otherwise healthy individuals 13 years of age or older People receiving steroid therapy.
In order for acyclovir to be effective as a chickenpox medication, it must be administered within 24 hours of the onset of the chickenpox rash.
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Ala-Scalp (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Ala-Scalp HP (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Aquanil HC (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Beta HC (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Caldecort (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Cortaid (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Corticaine (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Cortizone-10 (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
0 reviews
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Cortizone-5 (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Cotacort (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Deltasone (More...)
generic name: prednisone class: glucocorticoids
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Dermtex HC (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Gly-Cort (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
0 reviews
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generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Hemril-30 (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Hycort (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Instacort (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Lacticare-HC (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Maxiflor (More...)
generic name: diflorasone class: topical steroids
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MD Hydrocortisone (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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generic name: prednisone class: glucocorticoids
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generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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NuZon (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Pediaderm HC (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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Pontocaine (More...)
generic name: tetracaine class: topical anesthetics
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generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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generic name: diflorasone class: topical steroids
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Rederm (More...)
generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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generic name: hydrocortisone class: topical steroids
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generic name: prednisone class: glucocorticoids
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Viractin (More...)
generic name: tetracaine class: topical anesthetics
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Bird Flu
Medicines
Amantadine
Drug Name
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4 reviews
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5.0 7.4
25 reviews Rate it
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1 review
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7.0
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generic name: pseudoephedrine/triprolidine class: upper respiratory combinations
9.0
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generic name: acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine class: analgesic combinations
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generic name: pseudoephedrine/triprolidine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: pseudoephedrine/triprolidine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: pseudoephedrine/triprolidine class: upper respiratory combinations
8.4
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Acuflex (More...)
generic name: acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine class: analgesic combinations
0 reviews
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generic name: chlorpheniramine class: antihistamines
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generic name: codeine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: brompheniramine/diphenhydramine/phenylephrine class:upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
8.0
Aldex D (More...)
generic name: phenylephrine/pyrilamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Aler-Dryl (More...)
generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
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generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
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generic name: acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine class: analgesic combinations
0 reviews
1 review Rate it
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generic name: chlorpheniramine class: antihistamines
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Allerest PE (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Allerfrim (More...)
generic name: pseudoephedrine/triprolidine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: clemastine/phenylpropanolamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Allermax (More...)
0 reviews
generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
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Allerphed (More...)
generic name: pseudoephedrine/triprolidine class: upper respiratory combinations
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AllerTan (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/pyrilamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: methscopolamine/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Allfen A (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine/guaifenesin class:
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Alpain (More...)
generic name: acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine class: analgesic combinations
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generic name: pseudoephedrine/triprolidine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
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generic name: brompheniramine/phenylpropanolamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Ambifed CD (More...)
generic name: codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: methscopolamine/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenindamine/phenylpropanolamineclass: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: carbinoxamine/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Apagesic (More...)
generic name: acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine class: analgesic combinations
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generic name: pseudoephedrine/triprolidine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: pseudoephedrine/triprolidine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
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BeFlex (More...)
generic name: acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine class: analgesic combinations
0 reviews
Ben-Tann (More...)
generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
0 reviews
2 reviews Rate it
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1 review Rate it
7.8
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10
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BetaTan (More...)
generic name: brompheniramine/carbetapentane/phenylephrine class:upper respiratory combinations
Biofed-PE (More...)
generic name: pseudoephedrine/triprolidine class: upper respiratory combinations
0 reviews
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BP Allergy JR (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
0 reviews
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BP Poly-650 (More...)
generic name: acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine class: analgesic combinations
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generic name: brompheniramine class: antihistamines
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0 reviews
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generic name: ephedrine/guaifenesin class: upper respiratory combinations
9.0
Brovex (More...)
generic name: brompheniramine class: antihistamines
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BroveX CB (More...)
generic name: brompheniramine/codeine class: upper respiratory combinations
0 reviews
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Brovex CT (More...)
generic name: brompheniramine class: antihistamines
0 reviews
BroveX PB C (More...)
generic name: brompheniramine/codeine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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BroveX PB CX (More...)
generic name: brompheniramine/codeine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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C Phen (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
0 reviews
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C-Hist-SR (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/phenyltoloxamine class:upper respiratory combinations
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C-Tanna 12 (More...)
generic name: carbetapentane/chlorpheniramine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine class: antihistamines
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generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
0 reviews Rate it
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
0 reviews
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Chlo-Amine (More...)
0 reviews
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Chlor-Mal (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine class: antihistamines
Chlor-Mes Jr (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
0 reviews
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generic name: chlorpheniramine class: antihistamines
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generic name: chlorpheniramine class: antihistamines
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/pyrilamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylpropanolamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Chlorphen (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine class: antihistamines
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ChlorTan (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine class: antihistamines
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ChlorTan D (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Chlortox (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/phenyltoloxamine class:upper respiratory combinations
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Codafed (More...)
generic name: codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: dextromethorphan/phenylephrine/pyrilamine class: upper respiratory combinations
2 reviews Rate it
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0 reviews
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generic name: dextromethorphan/phenylephrine/pyrilamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Coldec (More...)
generic name: carbinoxamine/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Coldec D (More...)
generic name: carbinoxamine/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Comhist (More...)
generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/phenyltoloxamine class:upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/pyrilamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylpropanolamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: acetaminophen/chlorpheniramine class: upper respiratory combinations
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Cordron-D NR (More...)
generic name: carbinoxamine/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: acetaminophen/chlorpheniramine/codeine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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D-Tann CT (More...)
generic name: carbetapentane/diphenhydramine/phenylephrine class:upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: clemastine/phenylpropanolamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylpropanolamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: phenylephrine/pyrilamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: dextromethorphan/phenylephrine/pyrilamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: brompheniramine/dextromethorphan/phenylpropanolamineclass: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylpropanolamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: brompheniramine/phenylpropanolamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/codeine/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
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generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
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generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
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generic name: diphenhydramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory
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generic name: dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrine class: upper respiratory combinations
6 reviews Rate it
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generic name: acetaminophen/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class:upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: carbetapentane/diphenhydramine/phenylephrine class:upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: chlorpheniramine class: antihistamines
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generic name: chlorpheniramine class: antihistamines
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generic name: chlorpheniramine/phenylpropanolamine class: upper respiratory combinations
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generic name: acetaminophen/caffeine/phenyltoloxamine class: analgesic combinations
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generic name: diphenhydramine class: anticholinergic antiemetics,anticholinergic antiparkinson agents, antihistamines, miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
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Reviews Ratings
2 reviews Rate it
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Ebola
No antiviral medications have proved effective in treating Ebola virus or Marburg virus infection. As a result, treatment con sists of supportive hospital care. This includes providing fluids, maintaining adequate blood pressure, replacing blood loss and treating any other infections that develop.
dengue fever
No specific treatment for dengue fever exists
The following drugs and medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. This service should be used as a supplement to, and NOT a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners.
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In most cases of mononucleosis, no specific treatment is necessary. The illness is usually self-limited. Since it is a viral infection and viruses do not respond to antibiotics, they are ineffective against mono. Doctors will recommend bedrest and drinking plenty of fluids.
When the patient's temperature returns to normal, he or she may gradually resume normal activities as strength returns. However, mono can be accompanied by a streptococcal infection of the throat, in which case an antibiotic will be prescribed to treat that condition. In severe cases, corticosteroid drugs that reduce swelling are prescribed. If the spleen is swollen, the doctor may recommend avoiding strenuous activities, such as lifting and pushing, as well as any contact sports, which may cause sudden rupture of the spleen. Hospitalization is necessary if there is a serious complication, such as rupture of the spleen.
A skin treatment done in the doctor's office Prescription medicine that you apply at home several times per week
Prescription medicines include: Imiquimod (Aldara) Podophyllin and podofilox (Condylox) Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) The warts may be removed with surgery, including:
Cryosurgery
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Influenza (flu)
Treatments and drugs
By Mayo Clinic staff
Usually, you'll need nothing more than bed rest and plenty of fluids to treat the flu. But in some cases, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza). If taken soon after you notice symptoms, these drugs may shorten your illness by a day or so and help prevent serious complications. Oseltamivir is an oral medication. Zanamivir is inhaled through a device similar to an asthma inhaler and shouldn't be used by anyone with respiratory problems, such as asthma and lung disease. Antiviral side effects may include nausea and vomiting. Oseltamivir has also been associated with delirium and self-harm behaviors in teenagers. Some strains of influenza have become resistant to oseltamivir and to amantadine, which is an older antiviral drug.
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6.8
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generic name: ribavirin class: inhaled anti-infectives, purine nucleosides
The following prescription medicines are approved by the US FDA for herpes treatment:
Acyclovir (Zovirax), the first and the oldest antiviral drug, has been used for many years and is widely available in generic form. Acyclovir tablets are used to treat genital herpes, and cream formulation is used for cold sores. Topical creams are not recommended for genital herpes. Valacyclovir (Valtrex) can be used as an alternative to acyclovir to treat herpes infections and shingles. It requires less frequent dosing and usually has similar or better results than acyclovir. However, it is quite expensive. Penciclovir (Denavir) is used in mild recurrent herpes labialis. Famciclovir (Famvir) is a prodrug of penciclovir, a purine analog. Famciclovir has high bioavailability of 77%. When taken, the body converts famciclovir to the long acting penciclovir.
Interferon is a type of antiviral medication used in the treatment of HPV. The drug comes only in a liquid form and must be injected directly into the patient. A large number of patients choose Interferon because it works quickly. However, the treatment can also be fairly painful because it takes several injections to be effective.
Marburg virus:
A specific treatment for this disease is unknown.
The following drugs and medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of Measles. This service should be used as a supplement to, and NOT a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners.
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generic name: immune globulin intramuscular class: immune globulins
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generic name: penicillin class: natural penicillins
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generic name: ceftazidime class: third generation cephalosporins
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generic name: sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim class: miscellaneous antibiotics,sulfonamides
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generic name: vancomycin class: glycopeptide antibiotics
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generic name: penicillin class: natural penicillins
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generic name: piperacillin class: antipseudomonal penicillins
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A smallpox vaccination should be administered within two weeks of exposure to monkeypox. Cidofovir (Vistide), an antiviral drug, is suggested for patients with severe, life-threatening symptoms. Vaccinia immune globulin may be used, but efficacy of use has not been documented.
For severe symptoms, supportive measures such as mechanical ventilation may rarely be needed. Consultation with an infectious-diseases expert and the CDC is recommended. There is no specific treatment for monkeypox.
Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen(Advil) for fever and pain control. There's no specific therapy available to treat infectious mononucleosis.
The following drugs and medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of Mumps Prophylaxis. This service should be used as a supplement to, and NOT a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners.
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Contents:
Top 09 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
[edit]A
Abacavir - anti-HIV. NRTI drug. "Ziagen" (ViiV Healthcare). In combination formulations: "Trizivir" and "Kivexa/Epzicom" Aciclovir - anti-HSV. Acyclovir Adefovir Amantadine Amprenavir Ampligen Arbidol Atazanavir Atripla (fixed dose drug)
[edit]B
Boceprevir
[edit]C
[edit]D
[edit]E
[edit]F
Famciclovir Fixed dose combination (antiretroviral) Fomivirsen Fosamprenavir Foscarnet Fosfonet Fusion inhibitor
[edit]G
Ganciclovir
[edit]I
Ibacitabine Imunovir Idoxuridine Imiquimod Indinavir Inosine Integrase inhibitor Interferon type III Interferon type II Interferon type I Interferon
[edit]L
[edit]M
[edit]N
[edit]O
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
[edit]P
[edit]R
Pyramidine
[edit]S
[edit]T
Tea tree oil Tenofovir Tenofovir disoproxil Tipranavir Trifluridine Trizivir Tromantadine Truvada
[edit]V
[edit]Z
Anti-herpetic agents
Generic
Brand Name
Acyclovir
Zovirax
Famciclovir
Famvir
Penciclovir
Denavir
Valacyclovir
Valtrex
Anti-influenza agents
Generic
Brand Name
Adamantane Derivatives
Amantadine
Symmetrel
Rimantadine
Flumadine
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Oseltamivir
Tamiflu
Zanamivir
Relenza
Antiviral Drugs
MicrobiologyBytes: Latest Updates
Drug: Viruses: Chemical Type: Nucleoside analogue Target:
Vidarabine
Herpesviruses
Virus polymerase
Acyclovir
Nucleoside analogue Nucleoside analogue Nucleoside analogue Nucleoside analogue Peptide analogue Triazole carboxamide Tricyclic amine
Virus polymerase Virus polymerase (needs virus UL98 kinase for activation)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Nucleoside-analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI): AZT (Zidovudine), ddI (Didanosine), ddC (Zalcitabine), d4T Retroviruses (HIV) (Stavudine), 3TC (Lamivudine) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI): Nevirapine, Delavirdine Retroviruses (HIV)
Reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase
Protease Inhibitors: Saquinavir, Ritonavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir HIV Broad spectrum: HCV, HSV, measles, mumps, Lassa fever Influenza A strains
HIV protease
Ribavirin
Amantadine / Rimantadine
Neuraminic acid Neuraminidase Inhibitor mimetic Small cyclic Protein Blocks attachment and uncoating Cell defense proteins
Pleconaril Interferons
activated
Acyclovir
/
Abacavir
Emtricitabine
/
Efavirenz Nevirapine
Indinavir Nelfinavir
Lopinavir + ritonavir
Ritonavir Saquinavir
Efavirenz+emtricitabine+tenofovir Emtricitabine+tenofovir Zidovudine+lamivudine Stavudine+lamivudine+nevirapine Zidovudine+lamivudine+nevirapine
Ribavirin
References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ^ "Medmicro Chapter 52". Archived from the original on 18 August 2000. Retrieved 2009-02-21. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12741619 ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11338678 ^ "Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Therapeutics". Retrieved 2011-08-11. ^
a b
"New drug could cure nearly any viral infection". Retrieved 2011-08-11.
^ eCAM 2005 2(3):285-299; doi:10.1093/ecam/neh107http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/2/3/285 ^ Bishop NE (1998). "Examination of potential inhibitors of hepatitis A virus uncoating". Intervirology 41(6): 26171. doi:10.1159/000024948. PMID 10325536. ^ Almela MJ, Gonzlez ME, Carrasco L (May 1991). "Inhibitors of poliovirus uncoating efficiently block the early membrane permeabilization induced by virus particles". J. Virol. 65 (5): 25727. PMC 240614.PMID 1850030.
9.
^ Beringer, Paul; Troy, David A.; Remington, Joseph P. (2006). Remington, the science and practice of pharmacy. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1419. ISBN 0-7817-4673-6.
10. ^ Stein DA, Skilling DE, Iversen PL, Smith AW (October 2001). "Inhibition of Vesivirus infections in mammalian tissue culture with antisense morpholino oligomers". Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 11(5): 31725. doi:10.1089/108729001753231696. PMID 11763348. 11. ^ Deas TS, Binduga-Gajewska I, Tilgner M, et al. (April 2005). "Inhibition of Flavivirus Infections by Antisense Oligomers Specifically Suppressing Viral Translation and RNA Replication". J. Virol. 79 (8): 4599609. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.8.4599-4609.2005. PMC 1069577. PMID 15795246. 12. ^ Kinney RM, Huang CY, Rose BC, et al. (April 2005). "Inhibition of Dengue Virus Serotypes 1 to 4 in Vero Cell Cultures with Morpholino Oligomers". J. Virol. 79 (8): 511628. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.8.5116-5128.2005. PMC 1069583. PMID 15795296. 13. ^ McCaffrey AP, Meuse L, Karimi M, Contag CH, Kay MA (August 2003). "A potent and specific morpholino antisense inhibitor of hepatitis C translation in mice". Hepatology 38 (2): 5038.doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50330. PMID 12883495.
14. ^ Neuman BW, Stein DA, Kroeker AD, et al. (June 2004). "Antisense Morpholino-Oligomers Directed against the 5 End of the Genome Inhibit Coronavirus Proliferation and Growth". J. Virol. 78 (11): 58919. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.11.5891-5899.2004. PMC 415795. PMID 15140987. 15. ^ Ryu KJ, Lee SW (November 2003). "Identification of the most accessible sites to ribozymes on the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site". J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 36 (6): 53844.doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2003.36.6.538. PMID 14659071. 16. ^ Bai J, Rossi J, Akkina R (March 2001). "Multivalent anti-CCR ribozymes for stem cell-based HIV type 1 gene therapy". AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 17 (5): 385 99. doi:10.1089/088922201750102427.PMID 11282007. 17. ^ Anderson J, Schiffer C, Lee SK, Swanstrom R (2009). "Viral protease inhibitors". Handb Exp Pharmacol. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 189 (189): 85 110. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79086-0_4. ISBN 978-3-540-79085-3. PMID 19048198. 18. ^ Flint OP, Noor MA, Hruz PW, et al. (2009). "The Role of Protease Inhibitors in the Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy: Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications". Toxicol Pathol 37 (1): 6577. doi:10.1177/0192623308327119. PMC 3170409. PMID 19171928. 19. ^ Odani S, Tominaga K, Kondou S (June 1999). "The inhibitory properties and primary structure of a novel serine proteinase inhibitor from the fruiting body of the basidiomycete, Lentinus edodes". European Journal of Biochemistry 262 (3): 91523. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00463.x. PMID 10411656. 20. ^ Suzuki H, Okubo A, Yamazaki S, Suzuki K, Mitsuya H, Toda S (April 1989). "Inhibition of the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus by water-soluble lignin in an extract of the culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM)". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications160 (1): 367 73. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(89)91665-3. PMID 2469420. 21. ^ Sodeik B, Griffiths G, Ericsson M, Moss B, Doms RW (February 1994). "Assembly of vaccinia virus: effects of rifampin on the intracellular distribution of viral protein p65". J. Virol. 68 (2): 110314.PMC 236549. PMID 8289340. 22. ^ Samuel CE (October 2001). "Antiviral Actions of Interferons". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14 (4): 778809.doi:10.1128/CMR.14.4.778809.2001. PMC 89003. PMID 11585785. 23. ^ Burra P (February 2009). "Hepatitis C". Semin. Liver Dis. 29 (1): 5365. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1192055.PMID 19235659. 24. ^ Nokes JD, Cane PA (December 2008). "New strategies for control of respiratory syncytial virus infection". Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 21 (6): 639 43. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283184245.PMID 18978532. 25. ^ Akay S, Karasu Z (November 2008). "Hepatitis B immune globulin and HBV-related liver transplantation". Expert Opin Biol Ther 8 (11): 1815 22. doi:10.1517/14712598.8.11.1815.PMID 18847315.
26. ^ Venkataramanan Soundararajan, Kannan Tharakaraman, Rahul Raman, S. Raguram, Zachary Shriver, V. Sasisekharan, Ram Sasisekharan (9 June 2009). "Extrapolating from sequence the 2009 H1N1 'swine' influenza virus". Nature Biotechnology 27 (6): 5103. doi:10.1038/nbt0609-510.PMID 19513050.