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Potential Difference
The easiest way to think about what batteries do is to use a water analogy. Batteries lift charges (Q) to a higher Potential (V). There is a Potential Difference (V) between one end of the battery and the other. Batteries store Potential Energy as Chemical Energy.
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What are Coulombs?

Because charge is made out of electrons which are very small, it seems silly to measure charge in electrons because the numbers of charges that go round a circuit would be billions and billions. Instead Charge (Q) is measured in Coulombs (C) Using this scale 1 electron is only: 1.6x10-19 C 1 Coulomb is:
Remember!!!!

6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons
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PotentialDifference amodel

Charge
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Current (I)
Batteries lift charges to a higher potential. The charges then flow around the circuit. The flow of charges per second is called: current. Charge Current Time
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1C/s

What is conventional current?

Before the discovery of the electron, scientists assumed that current was due to positively-charged particles moving from the positive terminal around a circuit to the negative terminal.

This way of representing the direction of current is called Conventional Current. It is now know that charge is carried by electrons, flowing from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. This is called electron flow. Today, both conventional current and electron flow can be used to represent the direction of current.

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Current

Conventional Current

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Potential Difference (V)

Batteries lift charges to a higher potential. There is a Potential Difference because each coulomb of charge has a different potential energy at either end of the battery. Energy Potential Difference Charge

..sometimes known as Voltage

1J/C
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Electromotive Force(EMF) and Potential Difference:

Potential Difference (V)

Thetotalamount ofElectricalEnergy transferredtoHeat byeachCoulomb ofcharge

Electromotive Force
Thetotalamount ofChemicalEnergy inthebattery transferredto ElectricalEnergy byeachCoulomb ofcharge 10

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Potential Difference

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Thedifferencebetween ElectromotiveForce andPotentialDifference

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How do metals conduct electricity?

It is the delocalized electrons involved in metallic bonding that allow metals to conduct electricity. The delocalized electrons are free to flow through the metal and so carry a current. Insulating materials do not contain free electrons and so current is unable to flow. Ionic solutions are also able to conduct electricity because they have mobile charge-carrying particles. delocalized electrons

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Comparing circuitsto waterflow

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Howdo metals conduct?

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What is Resistivity?
Resistivity is just a property of the conductor. Every material has a resistivity. It is actually the resistance of a 1m long piece of wire with a cross-sectional area of 1m2. As you can imagine this is always a very low number. For Copper = 1.72 x 10-8 m

Units = m

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Factors affecting Resistance

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Resistivity Equation

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Ohms Law

Ohmslawrelatesthecurrent flowingthroughaconductor withthepotentialdifferenceacrossit.

VI

V=IR
Ristheconstantof proportionalitybetweenIandV
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Ohmic Conductor

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OhmsLaw

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Ohmic Conductors

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Ohmic Conductor

Thereasonforthisisthatasthelightbulbgetshot therearemore collisions betweentheatomssotheresistanceincreases

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NonOhmic Conductors

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