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Types of Research
Descriptive Correlational Experimental
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People with whom adolescents spend their time (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1994)
Friends Alone Family Others Classmates
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Becoming a sibling
Sibling interaction at
6 months Peer play quality Fantasy play .44* 14 months .47*
.25
.51*
(Kramer & Gottman, 1992)
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Interpretation
affective experience emotional support working through issues particular child characteristics
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RECALL
NO DRAW
DRAW
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Measures
Independent variable: drawing vs telling alone Dependent variable: memory performance
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Tell Draw
Direct ?
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Developmental Designs
Cross-sectional Longitudinal Sequential Microgenetic
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% Accuracy
3-4
5-6
8-9
12-13
Peterson, 1999
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Age in Years
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Mean %
60 40 20 0 Injury Hospital
3-6
8-13
Age in Years
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Cross-sectional
Cheap and fast tells little about how change occurs cohort effects
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Longitudinal
see patterns of change subjects are own control expensive high drop out rates practice effects how to assess same behavior at different ages other events cloud conclusions
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Hedonistic, selffocused
Age in Years
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Cross-sequential
same strength and weaknesses as longitudinal, just not as striking less time, less $
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Microgenetic
target process of change
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Microgenetic
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Are you doing all you can to stimulate your infants development?
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Experimental Design
Random assignment
random sampling rare representative sampling
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