Michael Peter Yarnold Brown

Universidad National Federico Villarreal EUDED Licencia a Distancia en la Enseanza de Ingles Ciclo: 2009 Asignatura:: Teaching Strategies for Children and Adults Profesor(a): Julia Manturano ACTIVIDAD: 1 Research on Ivan Pavlov Conditional-Reflex experiments

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
The Most Basic Type of Associative Learning
Developed by the Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is the first type of learning wherein an organism responds to an environmental stimulus. Pavlov established the laws of classical conditioning when he studied dogs deprived of food and their response (salivation) to Pavlovs assistant as he walks into the room.
SIGNIFICANT NOTIONS In classical conditioning, the stimulus (S) triggers the response (R) of an organism. With the exposure of the organism to the stimulus, reflex results. Reflex is the involuntary behaviour which comes from within. Generally, there are four consecutive concepts under Pavlovs model, which embrace:1. An Unconditioned Stimulus (US) triggers an Unconditioned Response (UR) which means that without learning, a stimulus can elicit a reflex. Reflex is called an unconditioned response because it is involuntary and we do not need to learn it for the event to occur. (Breathing, Heart beating, Eye blinking, etc) 2. A Neutral Stimulus (NS) is a stimulus that does not elicit an Unconditioned Response (UR) meaning that when this stimulus is presented to the organism, it would not execute the same response showed when it encountered an Unconditioned Stimulus (US). 3. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) and Neutral Stimulus (NS) are repeatedly paired and presented to the organism in conjunction. 4. The pairing of Unconditioned Stimulus (US) and Neutral Stimulus (NS) converts a Neutral Stimulus (NS) into a Conditioned Stimulus (CS). Whenever the previously

neutral stimulus is presented alone (Unconditioned Stimulus (US) is not present) to the organism, it causes an Unconditioned Response (UR). But this time, the Unconditioned Response (UR) is transformed into a Conditioned Response (CR), because the response is elicited due to conditioning. Therefore the theory that a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) stimulates a Conditioned Response (CR) has been demonstrated.

Ivan Pavlovs theories

Ivan Pavlov first began his studies on digestion. He investigated the digestive process concentrating between salivation and stomach reactions. He first experimented on the gastric functions of dogs by externalizing their saliva glands. He did this to measure, collect, and analyse the dogs saliva in order to produce food under different conditions. The focus of his research was to manipulate the stimuli taking place before the presentation of food. With these experiments, Pavlov created the theory known as Conditioned Reflexes Using the studies on Conditioned Reflexes Pavlov, who was also a behaviourist, went on to explain the behaviour of psychotic people. He specifically researched those who withdrew from society and who might associate a stimulus with an injury or threat. He studied theories that mainly focused on behaviour which can be measured and thought which cannot. Pavlov also researched how animals and humans could be trained to act a certain way, e.g: People are usually afraid of spiders. He also studied why reflexes make us act a certain way such as our pupils dilating when light hits our eyes, or our leg kicks out when the doctor hits our knee in a specific spot. In The Theory of Communication we learned that the basic model for the communication process was developed from experiments on dogs conducted by Ivan Pavlov as mentioned above. His concept was that a stimulus will produce a response. If you recall, this concept is known as ER: When this concept is applied to human communication, the same reaction occurs. In other words, if there is no stimulus by some form of communication, there will be no response. By applying the basic ER model to the human communications system, a model of human communication was spawned, developed by Harold D. Laswell, who proposed a linear formula composed of five questions: Who? (says) What? (to) Whom? (by) What Channel? (with) What Effect?