Agenda
Introduction What is WiMAX and LTE Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
WiMAX
WiMAX is based upon the IEEE 802.16 standard enabling the delivery of wireless broadband services anytime, anywhere. WiMAX products can accommodate fixed and mobile usage models. Initiated in 2004, the Long Term Evolution (LTE) project focused on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPs radio access architecture. Targets were to have average user throughput of three- to four-times the Release 6 HSDPA levels in the Downlink (100Mbps), and two to three times the HSUPA levels in the Uplink (50Mbps).
Mobile WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16Rev2) WiMAX Forum All-IP network OFDMA
3GPP-LTE (E-UTRAN)
UTRAN moving towards AllIP Evolved UTRA CN with IMS OFDMA
OFDMA
2.3-2.4GHz, 2.496-2.69GHz, 3.3-3.8GHz (700MHZ?)
SC-FDMA
Existing and new frequency bands (~2GHz)
Agenda
Introduction What is WiMAX and LTE Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
LTE
Codeword
Layer
Stream
LTE
The 10 ms LTE frame (Type 1) is divided into 20 slots and each slot occupies 7 symbols with normal cyclic prefix (CP) and 6 with extended CP. Minimum resource is 2 slots (1 subframe)
symbols
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
subchannels
slot #0
LTE
A Resource Block is a basic scheduling unit. Minimum allocation is 1 ms (2 slots) and 180 kHz (12 subcarriers) that will mean 2 RB
One downlink slot, Tslot
DL N symb OFDM
symbols
Resource block x
DL N symb
RB Nsc
x Nsc subcarriers
RB Nsc
RB
Nsc
RB
:
l=0 l= 1
Zone
Resource Grid
Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010
LTE
Reference Signals (RS) are symbol #0, #04. Reference Signals (RS) overlap with data
symbols
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DL (PUSC)
LTE
Uses precoding in closed loop MIMO to optimize the transmissions to the characteristics of the radio channel
eNB
UE
Agenda
Introduction What is WiMAX and LTE Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
Key functions between the mobile (UE) and base station (eNB)
o Synchronizing with the base station o UE/MS Control o Channel estimation and training o Transferring Payload data
S-SS
S-SS
P-SS
P-SS
In WiMAX downlink, time and frequency synchronization is accomplished by the DL preamble located at the start of the time frame.
Preamble
WiMAX DL
Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010
UE/MS Control
In LTE downlink PDCCH, PDBCH, PMCH, PCFICH provide cell identification, control information (RB, power control etc) slot #0 slot #1 PDCCH (on resources not used by PCFICH/PHICH/RS), PCFICH PHICH,PMCH variable resource mapping PDBCH In WiMAX on the downlink - FCH, DL-MAP/UL-MAP, DCD & UCD provide user related information such as allocation of symbols, subchannels, burst profiles consisting of modulation, transmit power, code rate, error correction
FC H
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DL-MAP
WiMAX DL
Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010
UL-MAP
RS every 6th subcarrier of OFDMA symbols #0 & #4 of every slot, position varies with antenna port, length of CP
In WiMAX downlink, initial channel estimation is done by the preamble at the start of the frame and subsequent estimation and training is done by the pilots that occur in the subsequent symbols
FCH
UL-MAP
Preamble
DL-MAP
WiMAX DL
Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010
WiMAX DL
Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010
Agenda
Introduction What is WiMAX and LTE Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
LTE
The initial goal. Normal operation is full duplex, like HSPA. There are a variety of modes to help the MS receiver only switch on when needed. Half duplex mode also available.
DL radio frame # i
FDD
UL radio frame # i
Has been added to the spec. Of special interest in China, but more generally where there are TDD band allocations.
TDD Coexistence
D S U U U D D D D D D S U U D D D D D D D S U D D D D D D D
TDD frame structure allows for backward compatibility to TD SCDMA (LCR TDLTE)
LTE
DL SFBC (space frequency block coding) Alamouti applied with one symbol, across different subcarriers. CDD (cyclic delay diversity) available as another form of diversity.
Matrix A =
S1 S2
- S2* S1*
MIMO
DL 2*2 MIMO Open Loop (use reciprocity in TDD to estimate channel) Closed loop in development. WiMAX FDD allows precoding using 3 bit feedback for 2 Tx and 6 bit for 4 Tx at the BS
Antenna
DL 2*2 MIMO (Single User) with closed loop using a very limited set of precoding codes
Beamforming
Several companies already supporting phased array beam forming and 2*2 MIMO
LTE
Chase combining and incremental redundancy. (H)ARQ terminates in eNB
The ACK gets sent within the same 5ms frame (TDD)
The SAE architecture aims to reduce round trip time (RTT) significantly from HSPA to enable low latency applications such as VoIP SRS (form of Zadoff-Chu) when there is no transport channel (PBCH) on UL
CQICH sent as CDMA signals in first few symbols of Uplink (or in DL)
LTE
Includes the uplink power control and downlink power allocation. UL SRS, PUCCH, PUSCH, DL- RS Cell search procedure UE acquires time and frequency sync with eNB, call setup with PRACH (random access preamble) and eNB transmits RS, S-SS,P-SS.
Cell search procedure MS acquires time and frequency sync with BS on the DL preamble
Rel 1.5 supports MCBCS with MBS Zone and MBS MAP
Enhanced MBMS (from 2G/3G) with Single Frequency Network and cell-specific content
Agenda
Introduction What is WiMAX and LTE Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
Transmit Diversity
Receive Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
Tx0
Tx1
Rx0 Rx1
Spatial multiplexing increases the spectral efficiency of the transmission, increasing capacity MIMO and diversity can be combined
Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010
Selection combining
Maximal ratio combining (MRC) Space time/ Space frequency block coding
(as the name implies channel state/quality has to be estimated without feedback from BS to MS)
(UE tells the BS to choose which Resource Blocks to transmit on, what modulation etc)
Precoding
=1=1
On Phase Coherency
For directly mapped open loop MIMO testing, the phase relationship between test signals does not affect the performance of the receiver (because orthogonal signals have to be coupled twice for vector addition to take place)
For closed loop MIMO, the phase between test signals needs to be constant during the period when the channel is sample, allowing coupling coefficients to be calculated and applied. This requires the system to be stable rather than phase coherent
Agenda
Introduction What is WiMAX and LTE Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
LTE
SIMO (Rx Diversity) UE
MISO (Tx Diversity) eNB SU MIMO (Single User) - DL MU MIMO (Multi User) - UE CO-MIMO (Cooperative) - UE -------------------------Closed Loop MIMO (precoding) Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)
MIMO/STC in WiMAX
MISO channel
Concept
Same data stream sent on each antenna space time coded (STBC), for improved robustness More efficient modulation formats for any given SNR.
DL
Matrix A
(2x1 STC)
2 TX 1 RX
MIMO channel
DL
Matrix B
(2x2 MIMO)
2 TX 2 RX
Two separate data streams sent simultaneously on same channel (2 Tx) Matrix decoder separates them in the receiver, doubles the throughput in the ideal situation of uncorrelated streams
Two separate data streams sent simultaneously on same channel, as above, but theyre from two separate transmitters in two separate handsets.
UL
Collaborative Spatial Multiplexing
(2x2 MIMO)
1 TX 1 TX 2 RX
MIMO in LTE
Transmit Antennas The Radio Channel Receive Antennas
Concept
Single User: Conventional MIMO One user gets the full benefit of the increased capacity Example: Downlink in LTE
SU-MIMO
eNB 1 UE 1
MU-MIMO
UE 1 UE 2 eNB 1
Multi-User: The Base Station schedules two mobiles to transmit their own data streams, but as a MIMO signal.
Example: Uplink in LTE Cooperative MIMO: Co-MIMO involves two separate entities at the transmission end. The example here is a downlink case in which two eNB collaborate by sharing data streams to precode the spatially separate antennas for optimal communication with at least one UE. Example: Part of Advanced LTE
Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010
Co-MIMO
eNB 1 eNB 2 UE 1
Precoding in LTE
Purpose
of the pre-coding is to optimize the transmissions (streams) to the characteristics of the radio channel so that when the signals are received, they can be more easily separated back into the original data streams.
It consists of set of weights (vectors) to be mapped on to resources on each of the antenna ports, known as Codeword (CW) The inputs to the precoder come from layer mapping Enables closed loop MIMO
In LTE, the UE selects the codeword from the codebook and tells the eNB to use that particular codeword
Precoding is bandwidth resource intensive
CODEWORDS
Scrambling Modulation mapper Modulation mapper
Precoding
LAYERS
Layer mapper
Scrambling
Agenda
Introduction What is WiMAX and LTE Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
WiMAX waveform
LTE waveform
LTE waveform
LAN or GPIB
N5182A MXGs
N5106A PXB
N5102A
Page 47
Two solutions available: 1. Add fading effects to the waveform data files created by Signal Studio
Length of fading simulation limited by maximum waveform length (64 Msamples)
Data Tx Tx1
Rx0
Chan H 00 Chan H 10 01 Chan H 01 10 Chan H 11
S Rx1 S Rx
N7615B / N7624B
Unfaded waveforms
N5182A MXGs
Faded RF
2. Generate/playback waveform and add real-time fading with the N5106A PXB MIMO Receiver Tester
N5106A PXB
Agenda
Introduction What is WiMAX and LTE Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
RF metrics of indiv. or both TXs Validate combined PHY format Cross-TX metrics (time, power, etc.)
MIMO channel
RF metrics of indiv. or both TXs Validate combined PHY format Cross-TX metrics (time, power, etc.)
Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010
Agenda
Introduction What is WiMAX and LTE Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
N5182A MXG
Infiniium
Tx0 Tx1
E6620A
E6651A
N9020A MXA
Signal Inputs
Signal Outputs
Analog I/Q
Direct from PXB Connect to any DUT or RF vector signal generator with analog I/Q inputs
Digital I/Q RF
N5102A
RF
Digital I/Q
MXG ESG
TTA Korea AT4Wireless US Agilent PCT for WiMAX Certification ADT Taiwan MIMOS Malaysia Agilent PCT for WiMAX Certification Agilent PCT for WiMAX Certification
Page 66
Summary
WiMAX and LTE target high data rate applications, make better use of available spectrum OFDMA and MIMO principles apply to both the competing wireless formats Knowledge of WiMAX provides a head start to those expanding their development work to LTE Agilent solutions such as Signal Studio and vector signal analysis software shorten the learning cycle when moving from WiMAX to LTE
Additional Resources
www.agilent.com/find/wimax
www.agilent.com/find/lte
www.agilent.com/find/mimo