STEAM POWER PLANTS

By K.V.V.S.R.CHOWDARY ASST. PROF. KIIT UNIVERSITY

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KIIT UNIVERSITY

Production by steam power plant

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Layout of steam power plant

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Essential requirements of steam power station

Reliability Minimum capital cost Minimum operating and maintenance cost Capacity to meet peak load effectively Min. losses of energy transmission Low cost of energy supplied to the consumers Reserve capacity to meet future demand

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Selection of site for steam power station

Availability of raw material Nature of land Cost of land Availability of water Transport facilities Ash disposal facilities Availability of labour Size of the plant Load centre Future extensions
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Choice of steam conditions

Price of coal Capital cost of the plant Time available for errection Thermal efficiency obtainable The station load factor

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Coal handling

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Layout of fuel handling equipment

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Burning of coal
Stroker firing Pulverized fuel firing

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Ash Handling equipment

Enough capacity to cope up with volume. It should be able to handle large clinkers. It should handle both wet and hot ash effectively with good speed. It should minimize the corrosive or abrasive actions. Cost should be minimum. Operational charges should also be minimum. Able to operate under all variable load conditions. In case of extension it should need minimum changes. The plant should have high rate of handling.
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Ash handling and dust collection system

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Boilers
Boiler is defined as a closed vessel in which steam produced from water by combution of fuel. According to A.S.M.E A combination of apparatus for producing , furnishing or recovering heat together with the apparatus for transferring the heat so made available to the fluid being heated and vaporized

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Steam boiler applications

Steam in steam turbines. Textile industry for sizing and bleaching etc. Sugar mills ,chemical industries. Heating the buildings in cold weather for producing hot water supply.

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Primary requirements of a boilers

The water must be contained safely . The steam must be delivered in desired condition.

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Classification of Boilers
1] Horizontal, vertical or inclined 2] Fire tube and water tube 3] Externally fired and internally fired 4] Forced circulation and natural circulation 5] High pressure and low pressure boilers 6] stationary and portable 7] single and multi tube boilers
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S.NO . 1

ASPECTS Position of water and hot gases Mode of firing Operating pressure

FIRETUBE BOILER Hot gases inside the tubes and water outside the tubes Generally internally fired Operating pressure limited to 16 bars

WATER TUBE BOILER Water inside the tubes and hot gasses outside the tubes Externally fired Can work under high pressure around 100 bars Higher Suitable power for large

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Rate of steam production Suitability Floor area

Lower Not suitable for large power For a given power it occupies more floor area Involves lesser risk on explosion due to lower pressure Difficult Difficult

For a given power it occupies less floor area Involves more risk on bursting due to high pressure Simple Simple

Risk of bursting

8 9

Construction Transportation

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Shell diameter
Treatment of water Accessibility of various parts Requirement of skill

Large for same power

Not so necessary Various parts not so easily accessible for cleaning, repair and inspection. Require less skill for efficient and economic working

Small for same power

More necessary Various parts more accessible are

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Require more skill and careful attention

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Steam turbine
Steam turbine is a prime mover In which potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy, and latter in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy rotation of the turbine shaft.

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Steam turbines
1] Based on action of steam turbines mainly classified as follows a] Impulse b]Reaction c]Combinations of impulse and reaction

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Advantages of steam turbine over steam engine

Thermal efficiency more Power generation is not uniform rate so fly wheel is required. Higher speeds as well as wide range of speed possible. It gives higher outputs. Internal lubrication is required . No loss due to initial condensation. Utilizes high vacuum. Overload can be carried
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Steam condensers
Steam condenser is a device or an appliance in which steam cadences and heat released by steam is absorbed by water. Steam condenser serves the following purposes 1] It maintains a very low back pressure on the exhaust side of the steam engine or turbine .consequently, the steam expands to greater extent which results in an increase in available heat energy for converting into mechanical work. 2] it supplies to boiler pure and hot feed water as the condensed steam which is discharged from the condenser and collected in hot well, can be used as feed water for the boiler.

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Condenser types
1] Jet condenser 2] surface condenser

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Comparison between Jet and surface condensers

S.NO. 1 JET CONDENSER Low manufacturing cost SURFACE CONDENSER High manufacturing cost

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3 4

Lower up keep
Requires small floor space

Higher upkeep
Requires large floor space

The condensate cannot be used as feed water Condensate can be reused in the boilers unless the cooling water is free as feed water as it does not from impurities mix with the cooling water More auxiliary power required Less auxiliary needed power

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Advantages of steam power plants

Quick response for change in load A portion of steam can be utilized for different applications Can be located near the load centers Transmission cost reduced Work under 25% overload Fuel used is cheaper Less space required Cheaper in production costs Initial cost also less
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Disadvantages of steam power plants

Maintenance and operating cost The cost of plant increases with increase in temperature and pressure Long time required for errection and putting into action Large quantity of water is required Great difficulty in handling coal It can not be operated below load. Presence of troubles due to smoke and heat in the plant
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