Heat and Temperature [1] a) Show that the rms (root mean square) speed of a gas molecule is given by

vrms

3kBT or m

3RT where m is the mass of a molecule or MW is the molecular weight in g/mol MW

b) Calculate vrms for He at 70F; Dont forget to convert the temperature to Kelvin. c) Calculate the escape velocity for Earth using

M m 1 2 mv G 2 r

where M = mass of the Earth and r = radius of the Earth.

d) How do the two velocities compare? [2] A sample of argon gas has a mass of 20g, a volume of 4L and a temperature of 250K. Argon has an atomicr mass of 39.95g/mol and is a monatomic gas. a) Calculate the pressure of the sample. b) The sample is warmed to 350K and allowed to expand to 6L Calculate the new pressure. c) The sample is heavily insulated and expands to 10L while the pressure drops to 1.035 atm. Calculate the new Temperature.

[3] Starting with 100g of ice at -10C, determine the following a)Temperature after adding 1800 J b) mass of ice after adding 240kJ c) mass and temperature of water after adding 290kJ d) mass and temperature of water after adding 400kJ [4] liquid water has a volume expansion coefficient of 21 x 10-5 K-1. Assuming this is constant from 0 to 100C, calculate the volume of a sample of water at 100C if its volume at 0C was 100 cm3. [5] A bimetal strip is 10cm long at 300K and made of iron and molybdenum. When heated to 500K, it bends. Calculate the radius of curvature given that the strip is 1mm thick (0.5mm between centers of the metal layers) and the linear expansion coefficients are Iron : 14.4 x 10-6 K-1 Molybdenum: 5.10 x 10-6 K-1 a) Calculate the changes in length of the iron and molybdenum layers.

b) The circle for the longer strip has a radius equal to the radius for the other strip plus 0.5mm. Use this together with the ratio of the two lengths and the ratio of the radii to solve for the radius of the shorter layer (inner radius).

[6] A 4cm diameter hole is drilled out of a sheet of aluminum (measured at T=300K). a) Calculate the circumference of the hole. b) When the aluminum is heated to 450K, calculate the change in the circumference. Use =24.5 x 10-6 K-1. c) Calculate the new radius of the hole at 450K.

7)Spreadsheet or other math program The values for the linear thermal expansion coefficient for Nickel are given below. We want to match them to the extended series for the thermal expansion. T (K) 100 200 293 6 -1 10 K 6.6 11.3 13.4 The values are to be fit to the expression 500 15.3 800 16.8 1100 17.8 1500 20.3

L/L= oT + 1/2 T2 + 2/3! T3+.... Well use L = 1m so we can ignore that in the calculations and we will keep only the above 3 terms, which usually suffices for most applications. a) Show that the above series can be written as L/L= T if = o + 1/2 T + 2/3! T2. b) For simplicity, we will start with our 1m length at a temperature of 0C so that T=T Convert the temperatures in the table to C in preparation for fitting. c) To find the series for = o + 1/2 T + 2/3! T2, plot the versus T(C) and do a 3rd order polynomial fit to get the coefficients. Again, this isnt the 1970s, so I wont drag you through taking derivatives and equating terms.

8) The two largest stars in the Orion constellation are Betelgeuse and Orion. Their temperatures and radii are listed below. Using Stefans Law, calculate estimated total energy output for each star and calculate what radius Betelgeuse would need to have in order to emit the same power as Rigel. T (K) 11900 3580 R/R(Sun) 60.49 508.02

Rigel Betelgeuse

9) The emission spectrum for a volcanic lava eruption and that for the red giant star Betelgeuse are given below. Estimate the temperature of the Lava and the star using Wiens approach.

Lava For the star, estimate a smooth curve along the top of the spectra (the labeled dips are absorption peaks from the outer gas envelope). Then judge about where the peak is located and calculate an estimated temperature. [10] Using the atmosphere applet in the Heat and Temperature text supplement, do the following and report your results. a) Start with 400 particles with initial speed 10. Describe the velocity histogram after hitting setup. Then hit go and let it run for 50 ticks or so. What do you see happening with the speed and energy histograms? What about the density versus height? b) Repeat the above, but start with 1000 particles. Do you recognize the shapes of the energy histogram and the density versus height curve?