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GRAMMAR
BY
MALAY
R. O.
MALAY
WINSTEDT
CIVIL SERVICE
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1913
HUMPHREY MILFORD
PUBLISHER TO THE UXIVEESITV
pLSh
PREFACE
This grammar was commenced
a text-book for
the
to
.//
supply the
want of
is
not strictly
(printed in Singapore),
quite
elementary.
This
book
will in
ai'e
no way supplant or
Out
of print
among
far
scholars
as
it
goes
is
a century behind
modern
research.
I
owe
grammars
but Dutch
is
an
in-
if
the refraction of
to distort the
me anywhere
Arrangement
is
is
chapter as derivatives
the radical form
and
it
is
30085 Z
>:.*:-:'.':;;
.-.
"^
preface
Now
and
the
important
adjectival.
Hence
all
While considering
that
terribly
I
the
have
obtained on
moot point
opinions of
my
own.
At the
I
of being
may
formed
my
an
views
inter-
originally in the
ward of a
minable
from access
books of reference
it
found
an amusement
and analyse
results of
me on
Some-
times
found that
theory.
The
distinction I
simple and
different
me
premise,
that to
me
are
adjectival,
would seem
underlie
passive'
sense
that
in
unthe
fortunately
put 'subjective
theory,
far as to
which
deny
that the
count
it
an important point
in
all
this
grammar
the Sejarah
Mclayu and
Hikayai
Hang
Tiiah.
sulted.
after
References to chapter
hesitation, to
and page
it
was decided,
some
who
are
in
enough
have no
way about
Dutch grammars
will
difficulty in
turning to the
PREFACE
passage required, while for others
are tiresome.
references
The
who has
arrangement
or
ground-plan
of
J.
this
work
was
suggested to
me
originally by
Mr. R.
in
Wilkinson, C.M.G.,
I
also read
most of
it
manuscript.
am
greatly
member
many months
in
if
he
will
allow
me
to say so,
work
Talaing
I
is
scholarship.
Above
this
all,
book
my
out
I
many
inaccuracies,
it
improvements;
trouble he lavished
upon
it
so generously.
my
CONTENTS
CHAP.
page
Bibliography
.
8
II
I.
Etymology
Phonetics
Spelling
IF.
25
III.
33
51 of Speech
IV.
V.
65
Substantive
(b) Adjective
(c)
Verb
55 56 60
73
VI.
VII.
The System
Other Parts
(a)
of Affixation
of Speech
106
107
(b)
(c)
Pronoun Numeral
Adverb
.
123
131
(d) Preposition
(e)
140 148
Conjunction
(f) Interjection
164
166
167
VIII.
Notes on Syntax
(a)
Emphasis
Balance
.
(b)
(c) Ellipsis
IX.
Style
Appendix.
By R.
J.
183
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED
I.
Etymology
Konink-
Kern
De Fidjitaal
Akade?m'e
',
lijken
Amsterdam, 1889.
Outlines of a
Grammar
of the Malagasy
to
Language (Second
i,
Indo-
Asiatic Society).
Brandstetter, R.
in
191
1.
1,
Niemann
Tjam
Taal-,
iol
de
Land-
Volkenhinde
van Ncderlandsch-Indie,
Leyden, 1891).
Pagan Races of
the
Malay Peninsula,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Schmidt
' :
Volkern Zentralasiens und Austronesiens,' Archiv fur Anthropologic, Neue Folge, Band v, Heft i und 2,
Braunschweig, 1906 (translated as
'
Khmer,
et
trait
d'union
'
entre les
de I'Austronesie
d' Extreme-Orient,
tome
and
4).
II.
Phonetics
Leiden, 1895 (in EngHsh).
FoKKER, A. A.:
INIalay Phonetics,
III.
'
Spelling
Evolution of Malay Spelling,' Journal of the Shellabear R. Asiatic Society, Straits Branch, No. xxxvi, 51-135.
:
F.
M.
S.
Government Printing
Grammar
Malayan Language, 1812.
Marsden, W.
A Grammar of the
:
Van
Wijk,
Gerth
Druk, G. Kolff
&
J.
Tendeloo, Dr. H.
E.
Maleische Grammatica,
vols..
Breda, 1911.
Spraakkunst,
Leiden,
Maleische
9 10.
V,
Malay Texts
Hikayat
Sri
Rama
Library, Oxford).
lo
Hika3'at
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hang Tuah,
4
parts,
ed.
Shellabear,
Singapore,
1908-10.
Bustanu's-salatin,
2
vols,,
ed.
R.
J.
Wilkinson, Singapore,
1900.
a folk-tale, ed. A.
J.
Sturrock
(lith.) et alia.
VI.
Miscellaneous
Malay-English Dictionary,
2
R.
J.
Wilkinson:
A
An
vols.,
R.
J.
Wilkinson:
CHAPTER
ETYMOLOGY
1.
Malay
is
embraces the
Straits Settlements of
States, Perak,Selangor,
Pahang,
and
and
in
It is
as closely related to
West Menangkabau
Sundanese
is
akin to Javanese.
The language
or Austronesian family, as
variously,
New
Zealand, from
Madagascar
to Easter Island,
To
the easternmost
branch
To
the
Indonesian branch
belong Malay
Malagasy
;
in the Philippines
;
Batak and
Menangkabau
Madurese
;
in
Sumatra
;
Sundanese,
Javanese,
of
and
;
Balinese
the
Dayak
dialects
Borneo
in the Celebes,
less-
known
to
tongues.
it
Munda
Khasi of Assam
Hon
or
Taking and
Khmer
or
Cambojan
ETYMOLOGY
Malay Peninsula Sakai and Semang.
first
the
This connection
was
definitely asserted
Austria,
and
is
now
generally accepted
relationship
it
establishes
an
ultimate
prehistoric
between Malay
and the
impossible to do
more than
summarize
fessors
briefly
bibliography on
pp.
concerning
INIalay
works may be found cited in the 8-10 ; referring especially to points and types of grammatical structure
;
difficulties
raised
by a study of
language.
2.
IMalay,
which phonetically
morphologically.
will
is
well preserved,
has
become
this
simplified
Under
which
the
be handled in the
it
modern body of
grammar, comes
a stratum, out of
has developed,
common
to Indonesia.
{a) Prefixes
{b)
(f)
m,
t.
Suffixes
n and
Infixes in,
m and
drint:,
less
widely spread
and
r.
makan
from a root
kan
cat,
minum
from
inum
maleh
move^ that
literature in place of
latter are
masam
acid from
asam
a sour fruit,
masing As a
the
several from
asing
apart.
verbal formative,
and the
compound forms
is
uncertainty on
m alone or
ETYMOLOGY
adjectival or participial force
;
13
act,
adding an agent to an
47).
It
is
quite possible
mentua, merlimau are abbrein orang mentua, buah merlimau the Bodleian Sri Rama (early seventeenth century) rumah.
viations
of
merderma
b
is
group and
from root
said to
eli,
belah
from elah.
in the family,
occurs like
it
m
It
as an adjectival prefix.
In modern Malay
may
best be
addition,
and possession.
would probably be
as having the
same general
functions
it
Examples of its Malay are pantul (also antul) caicse to rebound, pengap (also ngap) to mal<e a pant, to pant; and to form a
verbal use in
substantive,
raised.
pangkat
angkat
raise, he
Kern identifies it with the essential part of apa something} In modern IMalay it figures as pe, pe + nasal,
Professor
pe + r (orl)(54-6).
k, which
tvhither
is
ka
signifying place
and so
a prefix
common
also
to the
employed
now
it
of lime.
In modern Malay
abstract
57)
forms
many
either
'
tells
me
that in Talaing
pa =
to do, to viatic.
In view
14
side
ETYMOLOGY
;
alah, kalah
be
kaleh /uni antil, apong, kapong drif/. seventeenth-century IMS. of Sri Ra7na
ivors/ed
;
aleh,
fakir miskin
offood
from
is
the prince.
modern Malay
te(r) ( 52)
It
has even
the
same nuances
in
*
different
languages of the
says Professor Kern,
Malayo'
Polynesian family.
In
Fiji
',
words
But
it
appears to be used
whom
that
come
form of the
verb.'
A
and
Kern
sees
it
in
tiba
arrive, for
in rebah/^?//,
in the
malam
instances.
with
tunjok,r//(?w outright;
bob right np.
anggul
suffix
with
tanggul
n.
an
suffix formatives,
one substantival as
loiver
in
labuhan anchorage
&jci);
from labuh
{anchor or curtain,
the other
^^(7,
still
was once
also like
a substantival suffix,
;
tui master in
Fiji
and the use may be seen in the Malay pelangi rainbow from pelang stripe; rambuti
cloth
rough woollen
from
rambut
hair.
Like prefix k,
this
ETYMOLOGY
suffix i
15
place where
was
originally a preposition.
It signified
'
and corresponds to the modern INIalay di. In Indonesian tongues article and preposition are often identical and i was also an Indonesian article.^
'
-in-
is
and
is
found in the
Dayak kiuan ealeji from kan eai. It perhaps survives in the Malay word binatang, but it has no grammatical significance in Malay. Cp. also senantan milk ivhile {of game cocks) from santan coco-nut milk; chevLonut pope' s Jiose infoivl from chonet projecting. -m- occurs in several Indonesian languages in kuman. from the root kan eat. Professor Kern derives even the Malay word tempat place from the old Javanese tepet
spacious, vast+\.h.\'i infix,
which he
calls
a durative.
Schmidt
as
summarizes
expressing
fairly
'
its
use in
It is
common
relic
and conveys
sensitive
tree
;
kunchup
plant
;
closing
{of a flower),
kemunchup
kuning
It is
yellow,
;
kemuning
a yelloiv-wood
santan
7nilk.
coco-nut milk
nyiur semantan a
coco-nut producing
:
cherlang;
chemerlang radiant gilang-gemilang repeated glittering gnroh-gemuroh prolonged roll of thunder; turun-temurun continuous descent; tabur-temabur all sprinkled; silirsemilir waving
-rto
andfro
and
-1-
are infixes,
common enough
in
Malay
So
in
far
no longer
living formatives.
as can be duration,
reciprocity,
confusion
and
articles a and ra, which are held to and suffixes in such words as the Malay anu, bunga from O.J. bvmg, ratu (Malay date) from ra + tu master, so too i has been traced in Malay sigi from O. J. sig, tubi from tub, rugi from
^
survive as prefixes
rug.
ETYMOLOGY
They
are
kindred ideas.
forms.
as verbs
-r-.
jubong, jerubong a
leaning,
aslant,
stretch
chonderong leanings [of the heart) kuping, keruping a scab gondong, gerondong jongkah jagged, jerongkah per?nanent szvelling. goitre Jagged {of a monthfiil of teeth) kedut, kerdut ivrinkled;
chondong
;
kusut, kerusut entangled: sohxit fbre. ^eraibVLt fibrous kas (old Javanese), keras hard kibas shake, keribas
; ;
shake thoroughly
sadong, seradong
up
kemut
;
geremut
{faster)
throb of a boil
-1-.
sendeng, serendeng heel right over. biku zigzag, beliku a river bend kebak, kelebak
;
cut)
kembong
conduct,
ii^flated,
kelembong
line
a
;
blister
tingkah
telingkah
of conduct
kangkang
a-sir addle,
kelang-
k.edxit crun/pled,
(also
getar
tremble,
geletar
;
longed trembling
gigit
;
gelosok keep rubbing ketak, ketok rap, keletak, keletok keep rapping search, selidek keep searching, search thoroughly
seliseh quarrel one with another.
gemetar and gementar) probite, geligit keep biting gosok rub, kupas peel, kelupas keep peeling
;
sidek
siseh,
These
degree
'
single
or
simple
affixes
or
'
affixes
of the
first
may be
rival,
madu
padu
alang
cross
;
across,
thwarting, vexatious,
palang
kalang
^
or
galang roller,
remarks that
tlnvarts
all
seem to be nothing but shifted words where the infixing conveys greater facility of pronunciation. So le and re interchanging with li and ri, are common le-ng-kiang, re-ng-kiang rice-holder ri-mau {the roarer') prefixes tiger, -em- will be identical with me and -in- or -ing- with i + ng,
infixes
Dr. Fokker
prefixes, found in
+ n.
ETYINFOLOGY
kelok kelun
3.
17
boivl),
curve,
(suffix
arc,
telok
bay,
n)
has
What
and an
"^
made
it
prefixes even in
prefix
prefix
group
is
that a
infix frequently
combine
'
to
form a compound
or
'
giving rise to a
new
and
crystallized
formative.
The
is
In
{a)
INIalay
we
get
infix, 44, especially II.
infix, 54.
is
m + nasal
p + nasal
{b)
m+r
that
to
be seen as a
relic in
certain
for
nouns
in
and
adjectives,
especially plant-names,
and
example
and merapi where berawan and berapi are the ordinary modern forms. b + r,^ 49, which is said by Kern to be a fusion
the rare variants
merawan
of adjectival
t
mer
and verbal b.
+ r,
52.
P + r, 54-56.
1
In addition to the
'
simple
'
affixes
and another of the Indonesian languages, but which in Malay, at any rate, need not trouble the grammarian. Two may be mentioned. In Fiji there is d-, Javanese j-, Malay j- or ch-, examples of which Kem detected in jebul (Malay chabul) rape from bill a hole and jebur (Malay chebiir) plunge into water from the onomatopoeic bur. Relics of such a formative are clear in such doublets as tengok, jengok see; pijak, jijak (read; kangkang, jangkang lotong, jelotong abu, jabu (cp. debu, lebu) dtist astraddle belah split, chelah crevice alit, palit, chalit smear monkey tegang, chekang taut kebek, sebek, chebek awry, s which in a few Bugis words betokens reciprocity and reflexive action may be seen in the Malay kepit, sepit pinch {one thing by another'); kilau, silau
others which occur in one
;
; ; ;
Real
'
compound
prefixes
'
43
(II).
r.
From
-r terminations of such
i8
ETYMOLOGY
This r
is
commonl}- wriilen
Malay,
but
it
is
often omitted in
colloquial Malay.
Dr. Fokker's
'
initial
bakar forms
layar forms belay ar, pelayaran; ehichir, bechichir-chicliiran; tengkar, betengkar. Similarly, JMalay stems with medial r and having another
initial
than
a.'
From kirim we
;
get
bekirim
from serta,
;
beserta, pesertakan
from do;
rong,
from tedorong from peranjat, teperanjat kerja, bekerja, pekerjaan; from permena, tepermenai.
;
'
initial
is
is
pre-
ferable
thus
besisek
better than
bersisek.'
;
From
ribu we
get mei'ibu, beribii not merribu, berribu from rangga, merangga from ragi, meragi from ragong, teragong-ragong from rajok, perajok and so on. In theKedah dialect to quote an example from the Peninsula,
;
;
;
this
is
never sounded at
all.
^
(c)
like
kendudok, senkendiri
self;
sembelit
costiveness;
;
senjolong
roughis
sembuang
offering
sembulu
links,
it
to be
it is
in conflict
Kota Kapur
to;
which
mangujari
and the
to
speak 7uith
marjjahati
to do
harm
parsumpahan
curse,
like.
tot de Taal-,
probable that
Land- en Volkenkiindc van N'cdertandsch-Indi'e.^) It is more ng and r were originally separate formatives. C.O.B.'\ ^ Dr. Fokker calls my attention to the fact that Kern considered any he prefix to the name of animal, plant, thing, &c., an indefinite article suggests, rightly to my mind, that such a prefix may more probably be
;
(?j't'.r,
ETYMOLOGY
gulong buku, tembuku knoi hewn gulong a inillipide ivhich rolls up.
;
19
roll
up,
teng-
two
infixes
;
where a prefix
will
be
mistletoe
Jlas/i,
{iised in
fishing),
5.
gerlap
to flash,
gemerlapan
in
alone
shows
below the above stratum a very old sjstem of which has not yet been unravelled.
suffixation,
(of teeth), enggil-berenggil serrated (of hills), ringgit tooth(2) iku zigzag, siku elhoiv, sigong rest on biku zigzag pattern, bengkok, chengkok, chelengkok zigzag, tivisted. (3) kuku claiu, kokol cuired, kokot claw-shaped, kokong, kerukut very claw-shap(d,
edged, milled.
elboius,
kukur
pinched
rasp, rasper.
ofl^,
(4)
getu, getil
pi)ich,
ketit a pinch,
ketip nip
hctivecn the
teeth.
(5)
kait hooking,
clutch, grab.
To
to the
futile
considering
how hard
is
to discover
It
Indonesian
aflfixes.
gigil, enggil,
kokol,
kukur
to
exhibit
and
infixes of
of comparative
Malay grammar.
it
Depending mainly, so
far as
identities in
grammar, Schmidt's
brilliant synthesis of
The two
families have
system.
B
2
20
{d) (c)
ETYIMOLOGY
Both place the genitive
after the
noun.
for the
Both use
first
inclusive
pronoun
of the
person plural.
is
{d) There
The
Professor
Pijnappel a quarter of a
(and one
sparroiv
and belatok,
tangan
hand,
tangkap
tongkat
many
ulu
disyllables like
langit
sky,
bulan
eat,
moon,
puteh
all
head,
mata
eye,
the
kan
kentut break wind), num dritik, pas loose (Malay lepas), tong hang {as in gantong), lit (Malay kulit) ri7td, peel.
And
critical
side has
shown
monotheir
syllabic words.
ie)
Both
families exhibit
remarkable identity in
So they have
infixes
m,
n, r,
suffixes
n and
i.
And
similar.'
cited
may be
some
Mr. R.
Wilkinson
by language
which
in
its
vocabulary
known
in Peninsular
Malay to-day,
on)
jis daylight,
;
jenis a day,
twelve hours
ETYIMOLOGY
7.
2t
Foreign loan-words.^
oldest foreign loan-words in Indonesian languages are
The
kenoh
Sanskrit, which
are found
club, striker;
chok/;W,
chenok prodder,
spike.
prefix
per turns the root into a verb or a passive root into an active root dat die, perdat /'///; noyxg Journey, pernong to go; lot extinguished, perlot to put out (a fire') bet sleep, perbet close the eye. These two dat die, perendat forms can be combined to form a verbal noun murder; perenglot extinguisher; goi be married, pergoi zvcd, perenggoi marriage. In certain cases the final letter of a Sakai word changes to n, ng, or m. Sometimes this follows a law of euphonychip bird, chimklak owing to the coincidence of two consonants cherok long, cherong-sok longha'tvk klak hawk, klang-blok roc haired vampire. But there are cases where the alteration cannot be
;
so explained
vaa,i
person,
uu
a house
rok
to
da>t,
be
shows goi
married; bersop
'mbersop
golang-golek. There is one other peculiarity of (Southern) Sakai word formation that paralleled in Indonesian idiom, for the building of polite and is
honorific doublets to writes
common words. Given a word in Javanese ', Mr. Blagden in The Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, with an open penultimate syllable (and a final syllable preferably open and
'
'
it
into a
Krama
more
modify the
initial
consonant of the
be
a,
now closes
a rule e, or
the penultimate and change the vowel of the final syllable (as
it
Mr. Blagden quotes from the Javanese segantea ocean; sore, sonten kalapa, karambil (cp. Malay gelambir) coco-nut. And he evetiing points out how it occurs in other Malayan languages without ceremonial or specialized meaning dara virgin (Malay), danten virgin, of
i,
may
or u).'
hen (Sundanese) jalu male (Sundanese), jantan (Malay) alu and antan, Malay variants iox pestle pemali and par; tang, Malay variants for taboo. Cp. piama, piantan due season, esp. for rice'
buffalo or
; ; ;
planting.
And
again,
how it occurs in the aboriginal dialects of the nyang rt'i?^; puteh, pentol ay^zVi.' serigala,
;
; ; ;
22
ETYMOLOGY
Malay, but also as
far afield
then in
as the
Celebes, the
Philippines,
and Madagascar.
The
some
few
anggota limbs angangsa goose aniaya oppression antara, I'e/rveen anugerah atauf'r; bahagia blessing; bahaya danger; bahasa language; bakti vurilorious sen'ice bangsa race benda filing bentara heralel; beta servant; biasa accustomed; bijaksana ivise; binasa ruin buta evil spirit budi intellect bumi earth chahaya lustre, gloxv chakerawala the revolving vault of heaven; cherana bo7vl; cheteria a kshatriya, icarrior chinta love, regret; chintamani a certain kind 0/ snake cl^^a vinegar diaksuia south; delima po?negranate; denda a fine; derma ahns; dina poor; dosa sin; dM.^a grief gaya conduct, ivalk gempita uproar genta bdl geta divan; harga /'r/n \\.ax\.a p7-operty hasta cubit; jaga to watch; jampi magic; jelma incarnation jentera wheel; jiwa life juta million karna because keranda three-plank kosa coffin; kerja ivork; kesunaba red; ketika time; goad; kuasa might; kurnia gift; maha great; makota cro7vn manek bead mangga mango mangsa carrion manteri rv's/f 7- manusia ; mara danger; vaasa tifne; melati Jasmine merpati pigeon mulia illustrious mutiara pearl nadi the pulse nama name naraka hell
religion
;
;
agama
;
alpa negligence
heavens
;
kara
violence
angkasa
^i,--//? ;
-penjara prison
;
jper'k.ara affiair;
perkasa brave; -pertama first perwira warrior; puja prayer; puieva princeling pxitQvi princess ra^a prince rajawali eagle, hawk rupa appearance saksi zcitness
; ;
semua
all;
; ;
ETYMOLOGY
jata wcapoji
;
23
;
singa
lion
surga heaven
tSnggala plough
upaya
religion
rcsoiuxiS.
especially
with
the
sphere
of
and law
many
are so
common
;
in
Malay by adoption.
Among
;
arif wise
are
;
adat custom
cause
fikir think;
strong
;
/^zcvr, ability;
;
kubur
;
sebab
in
sujud
and
kneel in prayer.
mainly
literature,
bedebah unlucky darya sea diwau court ofjustice ganduro. corn jadah bastard; jam clock kawin marry kenduri /east lashkar juadah cakes mohor die-mark nafiri trumpet nakhoda master soldiery of a ship nesan grave-stone pahlawan champion peri
astana palace biadab discourtesy
;
;
bandar
seaport
biaperi merchant
;
fairy;
Ivoadcloth;
s^rban turban;
ras
lagam
bit
reins
sardi
glanders
tan
stable.
:
Tamil supplies a small number of established loan-words kapal steamer; katil bed; ketumbar coriander; kolam pond; maligai A'Zf'fr; vci.QXir^Q\2iS. liridegroom xciwXVi carat
; ;
tandil
overseer
tirai curtain.
are
rare
Chinese
things
loan-words
and
apply
to
Chinese
kongsi a
{sec7'et)
society
loteng
you; pekong
tanglong
left
/tzz/Ar//.
a great
:
number
bangku
garfu fork
(^t'<;7/
beledu jv/zv/ bola*^^//; bomba ///?-'//' kebaya goivn lelong auction meja table
;
ETYMOLOGY
snperinfendeni
; ;
merinyu
peniti pin
rial dollar;
paderi
teratu
priest
perada
sepatu
gold-leaf;
pita ribbon
torhire;
shoe\-
tuala
towel.
are
cent;
pGlek.oX placard
;
sekopong
;
seturup syrup
ransum
;
rations
tong
senapang
;
rijle;
bom
;
sopi gin
gelas glass
botol
lampu
lamp.
CHAPTER
PHONETICS
8.
II
vehicle of
to
it
is
necessary
but of
remember
It
language
is
sounds.
so elusive
were too elaborate here to deal with sounds But Malay that they have no graphic symbol.
9.
Consonants.
Guttural
class.
(a)
A
'
glottal
final
*
vowel made by
represented by
or
j, romanized
^yJ poke'
or fjSyi
pokok
rendered confusingly by
on).
e. g.
dbl)
in
is
Whatever the
need be no
symbol
it
Arabic or
Roman
script,
there
difficulty, if
like the
in A/i
Amy, Ah
It is
Ah
uncle; a semivowel
sounded
distinctly only
between
a,
o ... o
as in
rahang, bohong,
beginning of
in Arabic
for a vowel,
which
and
except
when
as semivowels
w and y
ulu
and
vowel
e,
26
PHONETICS
which there
is
for
no Arabic symbol, an
indififerenily
:
initial
;_,.*^l
alif or 4
sometimes
emas,
^a
Its function as a semivowel helai, i^^'A ov t^^-;^^ embus. may be seen in the spellings ^^y tuhan a variant of ^jly
tuan,
at all.]
liiji'
tuha,
oaU
is
no aspirate sound
never as in
gagah, gusi
germ.
k, usually represented by
tical
is
iden-
with
in kiss, Kaffir,
Koran.
ng
In the south
:
is
lingual, only
more
trilled
than in English
in the north
it is
guttural.
{b)
Palatal class.
it
as in mayor, ratepayer;
like he ambles, shc-ass.
is
exists
unexpressed between
words
ny
Spanish
2.
or the individual
in neiv, nude,
by ni
in
by gn
in vignette.
Dental
class.
an
affricate,
it
glides, while in
English
is
produced by a mere glide of the tongue. nearly as \n Jenny, jump, but like Malay ch. a dental, and
d
tort,
t a
initial
t in topple,
Tom.
See Dr. Fokker's edition of Beech's
Tidong Dialects
Clarenrlon
Press, 1908).
PHONETICS
n may
'
27
in
tliough
is
little
more
'.
distinctly
pronounced,
i.e.
What
the
consonant formed
higher part of the palate with the tongue turned backits full
The Malay
1 is
produced
write
1,
of
Dutch
when pronounced by
it
well-bred people.'
1
with
in hill-top
not in
w
in
this
grammar)
as in
coivard^ poivcr,
sozvcr
the
semi-
like rue it or in a
word
b p
as in English
as in English
as in English.
10. Vowels.
Broadly the vowels in Malay are
a
i
as in langit, api,
kayu, ratus.
e as in bela.
as in ingin.
in
o as
as in
e as in
be distinguished
the
body of
this
The problem
of definition
28
differences in
least
PHONETICS
Malay
dialects, of
which
Dr. Fokker,
who who
moreover,
in
each of the
(a)
first five
Long and
e
ivcck
dear,
like
a
ca
as in
in
Ah
sahut, batu.
re
szvfar
beta, merah.
in
as
in
siram, kirim.
:
o as
bore
oleh, orang,
tolak.
(b)
like oo in n/oor
kurang, surut.
to
a nearly equivalent
as in
in
cup
ikat,
isap, kerap.
/ in kitchen
oleh,
ce in
ekur, perentah.
Ijccn:
German Sinn
o
or almost like
bongkar, pohon.
{c)
as
in some
as in
German
ejek.
chebek,
i as in kitten,
Gott or nearly as o in
in
as in
German
Butter,
:
ge'rattium,
album
Some
the
with the
easy to exaggerate
long clear a
{b)
and a
{/)
would seem
is
less definite
and
i
this
and
by o and u,
20
{e);
e.g.
is,
fails
the sounds in
Malay
the
first
in
;
in pilloiv
and
that in beta.
PHONETICS
11.
29
Diphthongs.
ai as in
German Kaiser
approximates to ai in
au
as
ow
in cow,
syllables
till it
approximates to
ow
in
know.
And
these differences
Moreover
The
Peninsula
is
fortunate in that
'
the language of
Malacca
Koivrj
is
and
that
its
pronunciation
roughly
13.
in
Foreign sounds.
in
These are
as follows
TM
Malays
Cj
into
th
as
in
//lifi,
but
commonly corrupted by
as selasa,
an s sound
thalatha pronounced
ithnain as isnain,
Hd ^
from the
it
is
never
dropped out
in speUing, e.g.
ukum.
KM
word
^
i
loc/i,
k.
Bzai
z, or j.
30
PPIONETICS
Za
j-=. English
z, e.g.
zaman.
But
for
it is
often corrupted
by Malays
to j, e.g.
pauh janggi
pauh zanggi.
pronounced
this
Shm
^=
as an ordinary
s.
and
consonant practically
Dlad \^
:
a sort of aspirated
d pronounced something
it
:
like
as a soft
th retha, kathi, but the ignorant as 1 rela. Sometimes it is pronounced as d feduli. Its common romanized form dl
:
as in redla,
d and
the
Malay 1.
7a
Tld
Jtf
nounce
it
Jfl
z,
nounced by Malays
'ain
or
dh
lohor, dhohor.
like
often
In the middle of a word its presence is alif: adat. marked by doubling the vowel or by a pause maana, ma'na, but not always, mana also being heard.
an
like
ghaib
as raib,
,
mashghul
often
as
mashrul.
by Malays as p,
e.g.
pronounced
Kdf J
commonly pronounced by
Malays as ordinary k.
The
letter
is
e. g. ^jJL!
Accent.
to discuss accent tends to give
It
is
The need
idea of
its
an exaggerated
in a
importance in Malay.
there is
necessary to bear in
syllable
mind
that
PHONETICS
Malay word
nounced
;
31
that
words
like
perkataan, perbuatan,
for
same
stress
on every
accent
Ordinarily
Malay word,
the
falls
on the
when
the
penultimate
is
in
on the
last syllable,
enam, tengah;
(2)
when
a derivative
is
built
up by
prefixes
from a monoroot,
syllabic
root,
the accent
namely, on the
last syllable
is
The
case of
words
built
up of
problem.
The Arab
and
(S
to indicate quantity,
and
Malay
treated
open
syllables.
The
left
this
mark of accent
^X^^
per,^-j*-
chemburiian from
sli'
ehemburu,
l?^4 :^
.ila.
ketahui from
jadi,
jadikan from
^:S
except in the {j\:S kuda-nya from ^S kuda, and so on of the particles lah, tah, kah. The Indonesian rule is
the accent falls
case
that
derivative words.
The
to
insisted
on the same
Only the
to
differ.
rule
Two
notable
how
I
experts have
come
in
had supposed
there a
common
who have
lived
quarter
32
PHONETICS
Indonesian
purposes of
and
say
to
But special observation for the work has led me to revise my opinion, think that while practically there is hardly any
rule.
this
accent
at
all
in the
words
in question,
still
perkataan, ingatan, kuda-nya, nama-nya, and jadikan though the suffix kan has not this shifting influence when the stem ends in a consonant, and timbangkan, tambatkan will be correct.
CHAPTER
SPELLING
III
15.
The
Roman
right
to
equivalents.
left.
from
writing, of
the
letters
other characters
the
tion
left
;
some
letters
Letter.
34
SPELLING
Letter.
SPELLING
35
Letter.
36
as p.
SPELLING
In Malayo-Javanese works
in Sanskrit
i
represents a palatal
d
in
found
and
in Javanese,
;
Malayo-Polynesian languages
it is
now.
lajn alt/,
a combination of two
letter
letters, is
regarded as a separate
of the alphabet.
So too
is
hamzah
16.
*.
I\Iala}'s
the
Arabs
signs,
most of which
have
become almost
(i)
These are
The vowel
1,
Malay
haris or senjafa,
when
followed by
^s,
and
become long
-
vowels.
Fathah or
alif long a.
laris
di-alas
short
a or
e or
if
followed by
Kasrah
by
r<7,
or haris di-haivah -^
i.
= short
or
if
followed
long e or
DIaminah or
followed by
haris di-hadapan
= short
(
o or u,
or
if
wau
long o or u.
fallen into disuse,
being replaced
huruf saksi
i8
(</)).
Hamzah
* is
found in Arabic
at the
;
commencement
itself
of
prop
alif by
it
having
consonant
serves to prolong
vowel fathah
this
use of hamzah
see 18
{i).
is
not practised in
Malay.
(3)
For
its
Malay use
that the
consonant over
which
fresh
is
:
one
kh
in
bakhshish
it
word
is
bakheshish.
(4)
The tashdid-^
see
18
[c).
17.
From
it
Malay manuscripts
standard for the
extant,
is
clear that
was a
fixed
SPELLING
spelling of
37
at the
Malay
in
Arabic characters,
very beginning
many
Malayan Archipelago. The introduction of this foreign alphabet was a direct consequence of the The earliest and most conversion of INIalays to Islam. important missionary centre was N. Sumatra, which strictly
was not Malay
in speech,
for
com-
were written there and von de Wall alludes to A system of spelling style.
adopted naturally would spread with
the
of
Borneo, the
at
Moluccas, to
Malay settlements
in
Java and
Malacca.
But
it
is
more
than repetition
and
'
If
to
make
an adaptation of their
own system
Malay
different modifica-
Malay
spellings
in the spelling
MSS. would
began
same as they
Certainly in
own
language.'
to
The
{a)
were
The
at
on unusual words
mention
^
occurrence
is
work, so that
its first
fully
vowelled on
Bodleian Sri
Rama
Cp. Shellabeai's
'
',
y.A'..-l. ,3'.,
Straits
38
{b)
SPELLING
The
it
idshdid
is
which
is
sounded
on.
twice, e.g.
cdIj
ngng, and so
iya, iu-usiyang,
tengngah.
to
i.e.
fellow,
(One
tempted
to
compare
the double
kk
and
in
such words as
^^^^is^ilij
pertundue
to
jokkan, which
double-letter forms
of
hardly existed at
the
first
all in
Acheen, and
is
more probable
that
k j
check (9).)
[c)
The
omission of
e)l
final
j and
(j^ kayu,
aku,
J^^j' terlalu,
c:>.;i
pintii,
uj^J;-^
meribu, -yj bertemu, i-Jl api, oU jadi, ^L mati, d^ laki, ^.9 pergi, ^y bumi, e^U hati, JiC-. sa-kali, dj-suka,
y dua,
A
final
s^i
tuba.
Exceptions
(i)
vowel
is
inserted
when
tion of a
foreign word.
is
In the Bodleian
.ys
Sn'
Rama
the
Sanskrit
puri
is
written sometimes
pei'kasa
(2) It
{J the
\S
written \j6j.
is
inserted
when
^S
kilau,
y^,
risau,
^y
can
tupai,
{d)
helai.
of an\' S}'mbol to represent the indeter{U)
The omission
minate short vowel e unless the iashdid as used above be taken as an illegitimate symbol.
SPELLING
(e)
39
medial vowels in closed
The
omission of
1,
and
ij as
syllables.
cijyj
c:*.*.*.
sebut,
c^^l
!u*)
orang,
A-..5
A.^_
bimbang,
tumboh.
When
is
retained (though
Arabic pronunciation
^^i.9 fakir, t_>Uj
may
kitab
The
1,
monosyllables ^jb
dan and
pun.
and
1^ are inserted in
in
Malay
riias,
^y
_i^..
ttian,
^_^j5.
j:>^jS^
sekedudok,
^c-\J
hulubalang.
Exceptions
A
JX^
few words
like dL
maka,
si
omitted
because
little
stress
and
chemburu,
^jj^-j***
ehemburuan,
jadikan,
nya.
:,Ji
ili
tahu,
(j^^-4--^
^^--Ja-
Many
on
still
remains
it
on
Consequently
has
Javanese forms and phonetics, which seems improbable considering the small influence Java had in the north of
or that
it
Sumatra
spell-
40
SPELLING
As I have slated on p. 32, it is really due to the prevalence even now of the old Indonesian system of accentuation (whereb}- the
accent
alike).
falls
derivative
words
Of course
pronounced
time
when
it
is
now.]
of words was
2
commonly
after a
r
signified
by
angka dua
:
word, a symbol
r
not so used in
its
native tongue
-.'^
raja-raja,
^^a
berkata-kata.
18.
The modern
from the
spelling of
Malay
in
Arabic characters
in
differs
script
of three
centuries ago
several
ways.
((?)
It
It
(t)
It
employs
1,
and
as linals, even
when
these final
y^
kayu,
aku,
j)!lj
terlalu,
^.ijii
pintu,
\^:>
^^^
meribu,
api,
ijjiU.
dua, \y tua.
Exceptions
(1)
st)le
L_il
J.5
:
few stereotyped
itu,
(jrl
common words
preserve
the old
jl
c:*il
^J^
ini,
^\jm suatu,
\^Ji^ seperti,
ada,
apa,
ia,
(^.^
dia,
^J\*
^^S
mana,
^*
is
manusia most
of
them
(2)
The change
in the use of
according to the
words.
will
SPELLING
{d)
I,
41
and
ij are
in closed syllables
minta,
opposed
LL.
1,
ratus.
'
The
to
The
syllable
should
consist of
two
letters
the
MSS.
'must have
The
innovation
some
if
influence.
must be remembered
printing of
entirely in the
hands of
of
The power
if
European
It
may
be predicted that
nothing
is
done
to
words.
This solution
easy.'
At present,
among among
than
(i)
police
than
latter
pundits proud of a
theories,
fail
Arabic learning.
to
The
propound three
scientific
which pretend
be practical rather
but
and
(^
that
when
J
the
or the
:
syllables
c^i^)
burong.
Apply
/u//>
this
theory
to the
solitary
io/ics
and tolong
;
or
tunggal
of
either
the
spelling
each
pair
42
SPELLING
identical, viz., AJji'
must be
and
the
represent the
e.
The
theory
is artificial,
and impracticable.
for
(2)
Another
theory
the
would revert
guidance
in
the
that
employment of
century
huruf saksi
to the
same system
rare words.
It has historical basis, but what are rare words ? For the pundit, simple terms of husbandry for the peasant,
;
the Sanskrit
(3)
literature.
third
to dis-
tinguish
words
would be
spelt alike.
Modern
MSS.,
in
hamzah
*,
which
is
rare
in early
( 1 )
As
first
is
other words
when an a sound passes on to another vowel only by means of a gentle aspirate never marks a break it
For instance
JjIS^ with
JjIS^
kai;
^ip
= kail
\\ith
a diphthong
^^{3
hamzah
=. ka'il
and so too
are
lain
conmionly written
c^^i sa-orang,
oX^^
sa-ikat,
^^ l^
kealatan, J^~SS
kekayaan,
jlS
keenam, ojb
is
ia itu,
{j\^^
namai
is
it
must
preceded
omitted.
As an
inchek.
SPELLING
43
19
The
is
(a)
sa
joined
to
the
following
word
j-^h*
sa-ribu,
i.^jji
And
so
too,
eJ
the
unemphatic
short
forms
of
the
personal pronouns
ku
(and
IjLu.^
kau-bawa.
((/)
mu, Q nya
ku
and
kau
after
^\^\
oleh-mu,
dia, ^^a:^^
{e)
jX),?.i
akan
The
particles lah,
kah, tab,
pun
alang-kah,
^-^.sl
apa-tah.
yang ii'iay be joined with the preceding or following ( /) word, or with both. Ar^^.j' orang yang, c^-sl^.::.*-) yang
terdapat, ^i\^skJ-j^\ orang
I'he
yang
di-dapati.
are joined
The
of
Malay phonetics.
20.
Romanized Malay.
of rendering
Malay
in
Roman characters
the
The
old
Arabic
letters in
Roman
represented by oe,
y by
j, j
by dj,
ch by
tj,
kh
by ch).
44
(2)
SPELLING
The newer
phonetic system, which disregards the fact
that the
The
Dutch
old
in
Dutch method has been abandoned even by the favour of the later system, which alone demands
attention.
On
'
modern system,
scientific
there
is
purely
phonetic
to
system,
to
serve
purposes,
true
must be bound
one
dialect
image of
its
phonetic
fulfil
peculiarities.
The
semi-phonetic
system that
will
practical
So
so
of the
most famous
literary
productions
century
of the
civilization (sixteenth
a. d.),
that time.
But
this
image
is
owing
and besides
that, the
many changes
literary centres
As
political
and
increasing influence
upon
and
Malay
style
and orthography
the spreading of
Malay over
very disadvantageous to
made many dialects develop almost to Our own period with its rapid means
makes
deeply
felt
of communication
Malay more
than before.
We
SPELLING
45
of three
alphabet
which
is
we have to make use of the Roman more suitable for expressing Malay
(3)
the pronunciation of
;
very imperfectly
known
to us
[c)
it
has every-
deal.
So a mean
will
have to be
of Malacca
The language
left
con-
siderable traces in
of civilized speech,
of
its
may be
sister dialects,
but these
nevertheless have to be
The
local diversity of
observed.'
:
To
[a)
put
this
is
?
How
Malay indeterminate
old
writers
short
:
vowel to be
grra/,
represented
Some
seize
;
marampas
used a
bassar
besar.
The
it
missionary
bsar
and
or
''
b'sar, b'sar.
modern
besar.
in
Now a
like
and e represent
;
its
sound neither
to
the
Malay nor
words
to the foreigner
and e
will
be confused with e
Use no symbol and an agglomeration of consonants kbsaran results. Use or ' and engkau becomes 'ngkau and keenam becomes k"nam
'
its
sound and
is
no harder
to
than a dotted
German
diaeresis.
(<5)
How
are
^ ng
as in
^:> dengan,
to
c^^i
oi'ang, and
be written?
q ny The scientific
;;
46
Orientalist,
will
SPELLING
especially the
he
demand,
for instance,
is
n
in
or
for
p.
and n
for
^.
The
by
on Malay, whether
symbols.
Native
take
kindly to change.
And
the
student
of Malay
wants
number
adopted
the
Dutch Government
Holland
is
is
and
is
solitary writer
on Malay
to
pit
the
international
scientific
system
of past
prejudice
for
Government of the Eederated Malay States decided to follow the Dutch line of expediency Considering that Malay is against scientific perfection. a living language of great vitality, area, and adaptability, read and written in Romanized form by children in village schools, by Straits-born Chinese, Tamils and Eurasians, by immia language moreover with grants Asiatic and European
;
in
pronunciation
is
certainly impracticable
to scholarship,
ng and ny
c and
^j,
'
1904.
SPELLING
no
this
difficulty.
47
the English
Govern-
convention and
it
will
(c)
swayed the
exotic
Government
regard
representing
Arabic sounds,
h and h
dz
<::j
and
;
]o
not by t and t
]b
(_^
and
by
all
s,
not by s and s
;
(^ and
by
J by z
;
i by gh
vogue
ciation
in
the IMalay
language have
in
pronunsound.
double
no
longer
Unusual
literary
and
religious
they
will
recognize
them
Roman
dress
especially as
for example,
is
khattu'l-istiwa.
minor importance.
of exotic words
for
of very
repre-
IMalay
final
^_J
more
it
difficult
matter.
The q
in
cijjJ.9
the
Arabic
k, but
j
it
from
does not
Spat uses as in (j,y, burok. Malay convention ( i8 (f)) the hamzah and The prints buro' which has a strange hybrid appearance. Dutch and English Government spelling uses k alike for e)
other
and J.
On
is
as logical as
is
convention
j^iU',
ciUi'lj,
now by
or
it
^ now
k
by
in
j^ils.
used for
that
j
:
need cause no
difficulty, if
is
remembered
k
i
at
the
end of a Malay
check
j
n
elsewhere
ng
for
but uses
for
48
a
SPELLING
word occurs only
will
in
few Sanskrit
which
{d)
be easily recognized.
representing of ij and j by
i
The
or iy and
or
uw
is
debatable.
Mr. Wilkinson
:
'
has
'The popular
.
.
spelling of
tuwan
it
as
spiritus Icnis
when
really
begins
with a
w or a
y.
It
is
for instance,
watu
fact
this
suatu which
implies that
the second
trivial;
but
Malay spelling
is
in great
measure
by the
tuan
is
tion to the
sound of a
certain
word but
an exact transspelling
literation of certain
Arabic
letters.'
The popular
And
it
can be defended
No
a
system of
etymology.
slips
in
when one
makes
tu'an
tuwan
is
calculated to suggest a
actually enunciate.
more
distinct
The most difficult problem of all is the choice of the vowel, when the Malay sound lies between o and u, between e and i. The F.M.S. Government, after considera{e)
Roman
Ma Iay- English
p. 714.
SPELLING
accepted the following convention for
tiie
4(j
selection of the
vowel in
(i)
iinal syllables
;
ong not ung oh not uh ok not uk on ul not ol up not op us not os ut not ot u not o.
:
um
;
not
om
un
not
ur
not or
eh not ih ek not ik; ing not eng; im not em; in not en; il not el; ip not ep; is not es; ir not er; it
(-')
;
not et
(3)
not e,
if
But
the
penultimate
vowel
is
i
e or o,
or
the
final
pohun, kotor not kotur, gesel not donging, choket not chokit. 'The
Riau-Johor dialect the two vowels
in
not
not
that in the
sound of o and
that of
e, while in the
i.
Kedah
i
approach
aflinity
u and
Consequently there
a certain
u and
tlie
would suggest
that
Kedah pronunciation
21.
So much
The recommenda-
tion
of the
certain
Government committee on the special case of classes of word will also be observed in this grammar.
as follows
'
'
Foreign words
'
magistrate
court
'
khattu'l-istiwa
20
[e)
supra be spelt as in
their original
{!))
language.
Trisyllabic
first
and so on,
a
always
be written with
h between two
letters
sahaya,
sahaja,
baharu.
(c)
arakian, which are often pronounced kemedian,deniekian, and arekian, we are of oi)inion that there is sullicient variety
1651
50
SPELLING
form which
best to the explanation of the composition of a
will
lends
itself
harmony.
word
is
menyabelah
sufficient
distinct
from
sa-belah,
we consider
there
no
words with
spellings of their
own, and we
retained'
the
(i.e.
menyabelah
a distinction
same
time,
lo go out and ka-luar outwards, though etymologically they are the same and we recommend that where a derivative form has become
may be
fairly
specialized in use,
{d)
'
it
The
possible.
(such
as
But prepositional
may be
thus sa-kali
pun, ka-rumah,
di'dalam-nya.'
CHAPTER
I.
IV
The
INIalay
word may be
Simple.
big,
i.
api//r, besar
II.
chekek
e.
strangle,
tiga
/hrte,
kurang
less.
Derivative,
built
up by
menchekek
sir angling,
ketiga
{b)
third,
terkurang
luuch
less.
reduplication ( 63)
chechekek
noose,
tiga-tiga three
together,
kurang-kui'ang
at the loivest.
III.
Compounded
( 65)
acquire a conventional
meaning
to
them taken
ehief,
separately,
kayu-api
firewood,
orang besar
ratus
wi/e.
chSkek kedadak violent strangling, vomiting, tigathree hundred, kurang akal stupid, rumah tangga
course, not every simple
Of
word
will
undergo
aftixation,
reduplication, and
compounding.
Some
compounded
are never
definitely
any one of our parts of speech. No hard and fast line exists between the radical used as substantive and the radical
to
52 used
as
house
rumah besar a large adjective,* for example orang banyak besar I'umah /he size of a house many /oik, banyak orang ///<' nuviber offolk; orang pandai
;
;
a clever person,
pandai besi
sakalian,
a blacksmith,
sedikit
all
;
yt'zc,
beberapa
first
several,
semua,
after the
segala
stand
in the
substantive
as
usage
may
cannot extinguish
its
essential
we
go playing
usage
has
to be parsed as adjectives,
of the
writer
of the
substantive
:
rigidly
distinguished
sapu tangan, a pocket-handkerchief ikat to bind, ikat pinggang a waist-belt; kata a word or to speak maka kata Sang Nila Utama semua-nya di-persembahkan ka-pada Permaisuri maka kata Permaisuri
sapu
to ivipe,
;
'
Baik-lah
the
'
all the
to
queen.
remarks of Sang Nila Utama are reported And the queen remarks Very ivelV a dual
'
function of
in
the
Sejarah
So,
too,
jalan^
travel;
jala casting-net,
to to
cast a
cleave,
net;
pahat
carve;
kapak an
axe,
are examples
substantive or
of words
verb.
1
'
may be
Probably adjectives neither derived nor foreign are at bolloiii words is a quality, and su coming in time to denote the
Tendeloo.
THE
iAIALAY
WORD
53
66
will
:
pronoun
adjective,
how many
are adverb
are both noun and and noun, adverb and adverb and conjunction. And
the table in 43
affix
will attach
speech,
its
so
that
it
is
probably unscientific
are wont
to
differentiate
derivatives as
we
and
in
do
in
in
concepts of our
in
own grammar.
words which
No
our
required
Malay,
grammar would be
subject words,
to con-
penghulu-nya /lis chi^f; penghulu dia the chief is he orang baik itu ilmt good man orang itu baik that man
;
is
good.
To sum
up.
Malay abounds
in
the
chameleon word as
(sakit itu terok /haf sickness
is
orang sakit
ia sakit he
a sick
man
is sick.
rum ah dekat a neighbouring dekat rum ah near to a house dekat habis nearly done ia dekat he is near.
/tengah hari mid-day orang tengah umpire
house
[dalam rumah
J
0/ a house
deep ivell
/;/
the town.
and
it is
Malay words
did.
as subject words
as Dr.
Tendeloo
that
54
ordinarily a
practical purposes be
defined as
24.
inflexion to denote
gender
whether
word
is
numeral.
25.
inflexion to denote
number.
26.
undergoes
no
declension
to
denote case.
27.
As
verb,
the
inflexion
for
CHAPTER V
THE CHIEF PARTS OF SPEECH
(A)
THE NOUN
'
then
qualified
male and
perSmpuan
:
female
in
and
|\
budak perempuan girl; ayam jantan cock; ayam betina Jicn; patek menampun'-lah beristerikan orang betina patek hSndak menchari orang perempuan I beg to be excused from wedding a 7nere
laki-laki a
hoy-:,
;
anak
female ;
I want
la
the^noun in
its
simple
its
signification,
more properly
or
that
in
to
be considered as plural
to
than
singular
order
the
determining
its
The
'
Marsden Malay language despite their animism. But there are a very few exceptions bah jantan the male flood which is greater than bah bStina tlie female flood; busut jantan attt-Jii/l kokot jantan, kokot betina tlie parts of a pintleremarks,
did not suggest
itself to
'
rudder.
2
(Perak).
r/y
THE
for
CMIF.F
PARTS OF SPFECII
indefinite plurality.
is
ada orang di-luar f/nre are persons zvilhouf, the word orang requires no plural sign, but on the contrary in the phrase ada sa-orang di-luar
Thus,
the
phrase
/here
is
numeral of imity
to
is
indis-
pensable.'
safer
on the evidence
is
say
that
the
expressed.
:
Number
(a)
(/y)
therefore
is
determined
by context.
by reduplication
it,
to
form
an
indefinite
plural
with
variety in
(r)
63.
by the employment of words like banyak many, sedikit few, semua, segala all, and of numerals and
their coefificients.
versation
commonly
in literary
does, have
its
alone
brackets
are
employed
child;
Malay
;
pukul budak
heat a child
baju budak
give
;
Ihe coat
of a
beri (ka-pada)
budak
;
{lo)
a child;
pulang
(to) one's
country
chawan
;
(dari-pada)
emas
dudok
(di-)
rumah
sit in
datang (pada) hari esok come on the morrow. Derivative nouns may be traced in the table in 4;,. and
vi.
(B)
31. It
THE ADJECTIVE
:
may be
hamhoo
weaving
buatan
China
Chinese workmanship.
THE ADJECTIVE
The
adjective
57
may be
vide 43.
The
I.
is
as follows
As
the
adjective follows
if
the substantive
it
qualifies, the
demonstrative pronoun,
used,
coming
after the
adjective.
rumah besar
a house of some
tinguished captain.
II.
if
(i)
As
predicate,
is
it
may come
Then,
the combination
merely substantive
+ adjective, rumah
But
if
besar
tive
demonstra-
or possessive
pronoun
that house
is large.
rumah-nya besar his house is targe rumah itu besar is targe rumah-nya itu besar that house of his
;
(2)
frequently the
adjective
as
predicate
emphatic lah,
87) and
iSfiiC
is
besar-lah
rumah
born are
itu large
is
*L' ho7/se
hamba
Melayu
?nore
7vell
gracious
jny face;
Malay princes.
Comparison of Adjectives
32.
The comparison
in
of adjectives
is
expressed not by
change
circumlocution.
I.
Equality of degree.
is
This
((?)
denoted by
palm
as tall as a coco-nut
5M
palm
taji the
cuToed
{li)
a cork's spur.
or
like
So a he Iel palm is as fall as a coco-nul palm may be expressed pinang nyiur sama tinggi-nya pinang sama (or sa-) tinggi nyiur pinang sama (or sa-) tinggi dengan (or seperti) nyiur. The ^\ ord of comparison sama or sa may come not before the adjective Init before the thing with whicii the subject is compared pinang sa-nyiur tinggi-nya like pinang seperti nyiur tinggi-nya. The second half of the comparison, viz. the object with
;
;
:
is
belum
:
these.
No
(a)
distinction
is
made between
and
antithesis
pinang nyiur. tinggi pinang a betel palm is taller than a coco-nut palm; pinang nyiur pandan tinggi pinang ^^Z"
betel, coco-77ut,
(b)
the betel palm is taller dari-pada pinang nyiur pandan, tinggi pinang oy betel, coco-nut, and screrv palms, the betel palm is the tallest: sa-orang manteri yang tua dari-pada manteri sakalian ///( oldest of all thi viziers; jika dari-pada pihak Melayu ia-lah alim on the Malay side he 7vas the most learned. Moreover lo either of these two constructions, emphasis can be given by the use of
ic) yang: pinang nyiur, pinang yang tinggi or dari-pada nyiur, pinang yang tinggi tin bdel palm is taller than the
THE ADJECTIVE
coco-vut
;
59
pinang nyiur pandan, pinang yang tinggi or dari-pada pinang nyiur pandan, yang tinggi pinang o/bc/el, coco-nu/, and scrav pahns, the hctd is the tallest.
(d)
intensive
adverbs
kurang
tess,
lebeh, lagi
?/iore,
pinang nyiur (yang) lebeh tinggi pinang; pinang nyiur pandan, yang terlalu tinggi pinang. kebanyakan kaya dari-pada yang miskin there are ///on rich than poor; jikalau terlampau dari-pada adat besarnya itu if it is bigger than ordinary kebanyakan tanah
;
yang
rendah
there is
more high
The
opposed
to the relative
where there
comparison)
may
be expressed by
{a) reduplication
tinggi-tinggi
pokok lembari
very tall
is the
lejnbari tree
anak rimau
although
it is
very tiny
it
a tiger cub.
{!))
sa + reduplication
dengan sa-besar-besar harap ivith the highest hopes dengan sa-boleh-boleh-nya with the best endeavours.
(c)
is
used
by
few
phrases
bukan kepalang
literally
7iot
middling,
bukan olah-olah
child's play.
without shilly-shallying;
bukan
main
710
medan-nya elok bukan kepalang the fine; nyamok bukan main banyak-nya
numerous.
field
was vny
very
///osquitocs
Go
THE
CFTIEF
(C)
PARTS OF SPEECH
THE VERB
Malay
verb, simple as well as
33.
Even
earlier
derivative,
The
Then
^
'
subjective-passive
'
theory
as
it
called,
grammar.
pronouns
scholars in
to
Javanese
be formed
I shut,
aku and engkau to the simple verb engkau tutup rc^ shut, butku-tutup
is
aku tutup
mc
is
by
shui\
kau-tutup hy you
out the subject as
a passive sense but
active or subjective
It
is
shut.
'
The
if its
it
has
is
opposed
to
/ stay.
undergone by the
object.'
scholars
still
down
to
and saw
Hassan was
me
it
must be some
be urged that
sort of passive
is
Against
theory
it
may
logic,
a needless torturing of
grammar and
me
derivative.
Tendeloo returned
is active.
it
Now
many
1
on the whole,
is
many
down
verb
At bottom the theory w.is an unskilful parody in 38 and note, and overlooked the fact that
is
often active.
THE VERB
derivative
6i
for
one
to
be
able to discern any fundamental logical conception or distinction of voice in the INIalay language.
voice.
Context determines
One
the passive
60
el
passim):
but with
exceptions
shoved); belali
kereta sorong a push-car i {jvhuh is batii belah a split roc/:, tiba-tiba belah papan pada tiang kemunchak khemah lalu
s/iovi
,
sorong
io
split,
gugur
suddenly
;
llie
andfill down
adopted child
\
angkat
adopt,
anak angkat an
champak, buang throiv, discard, champak buang j'aviliiis u'huh are east, sudah buang rupa-nya kami bagai ikan di-luar belat discarded am /, // seems, nice a fish rejected hy the trap pukul to heat, kena pukul incur heing healcn dapat to get barang yang dapat oleh-ku habis ku-makan whatever is obtained hy nu I
; ; ;
eat up.
34.
to
have no intransitive verbs, since according to him tranverbs can be conjugated in the
2nd, and 3rd persons,
like
sleep,
sitive
pergi
go,
datang
come,
dudok
sit,
jatoh
fall,
tidur
which we
on the agent
than the
full
forms
his
view of di
say that
words
in the
like
62
transitive
and
intransitive
than
passive
i
akan and
as suffixes
to
remedy
in
this
want.
Anyhow,
is
is
European languages.
Words
aim, in
jalan (darat) fravirsc, Iravd {over land), ttiju Malay are transitive and can be constructed in the
35, There
is
no
inflexion in the
Malay verb
to
mark mood.
1 may hair;
listen
;
Iha/
dengar itu sedap to hear it is pleasant; orang dengar pun suka one hearing it is pleased.
How
express
far
prefixes
in
come
indirectly
and unconsciously
in
to
mood
a rudimentary
(
dis-
39
d).
36. There
is
no
Malay verb
to
denote tense,
i.e.
time relation.
sahaya
to-morrow
lari
/ run
or a?n running;
;
esok sahaya
lari
I will run or shall be running kalmarin sahaya lari lately I ran or was running belum dapat khabar sahaya lari U/ore the nezvs came I had run.
;
me
derivatives
to
correspond
to
an
such comparisons
terms
to
are
confusing
indicating
from
ti/ne
the
use of these
denote
tense
in other languages.
be
Maharaja shouting and leaping or there was the Maharaja shouting and leaping or there will (or would) he the Maharaja shouting and leaping, according to the
context.
To
say
me
means
no more than
THE VERB
in the
63
is,
was, or will be
happening
and
sekarang noiv esok to-uiorroiv. kemudian af/envareis or mau, hendak, akan, kelak (and for Past time, telah, sudah, in the colloquial nanti); Such habis for the Imperfect lagi, tengah, sedang. words need not come next die verb they qualify but may stand in the emphatic forefront of the sentence. Such of them as are adverbial may stand anywhere, kelak, sudah,
emphasize Present time/ a word
;
To
like
will
be used
to emphasize Future,
words
like
at the
end of a
clause.
To
proper:
will
when exhortation
rather than
command
to be expressed,
it
balk
ivere ivell,
be employed,
hendak ihe wish is, harus // is choba biar le/, silakan please, hendak-lah Bendahara karang surat
//;;',
ka-benua Siam
^
letter
to
ada,
this leads to
con-
fusion as
neitlier
rumah besar
ada always emphasizes real existence, actual presence (whether in present, past, or future time), anak-ku yang tiada ada tara-nya my cliild who lias not tier peer in existence ada sekarang kota-nya ditanah Binding t lie re exists cvoi now is fort at llie Bindings ada sabuah perahu datang dari negeri China tlicre is present a sliip come from China ada sa-orang raja di-tanah Hindi tliere tived a prince pulau itu sudah ada the island was in existence apain Ilindostan bila sudah ada kayu di-bawa bapa-nya lu/ienever wood was iJierc brought by his father; ada-nya // is so, sitch is tJie actual case; nyatalah ada-nya seperti warta itir liear/y it actually ivas as report said; jangan engkau berchinta ada-lah bunga ada-lah the fact is yang di-kehendaki isteri-mu itu bukan-nya bunga melur yang sa-rupa ada dalam dunia ada-lah bunga melur berkembang sa;
ti
kali itu
be not grieved ;
is
that
the trutli
is
grows on
the
64
THE
Siam;
togelhcr
brother si/
alone;
choba bertanam
coeo-nut seedlings
;
mumbang
silakan
try
dudok
37. As there
is
is
no conjugation
to
for
mood
or tense, so too
there
no conjugation
Van
the
((z)
that
:
Malay verb
indicating
It
Van Ophuijsen
is
more
usually accusative,
;
where the nominative ia would be expected and an inexplicable and redundant use of pronouns in the construction
di(a)
{c)
+ simple
verb
+ nya.
is alleged to exist in order. One may aku beliim sakit / am not yet siek, Lut never ku (or aku) belum berikan, sahaya belum berikan, aku nanti berikan, always belum 'ku (or aku or sahaya or any other
Further proof
write
ivill give.
easily explained
use of adverbs and the rule that the position for an emphatic
word
is
at the
When
agent, or
solely
state
; ;
THE VERB
phenomenon, then
This
is
65
form
is
used.^
107) proper use of the simple verb, to which other rules are
but corollaries.
This
rule
may be
illustrated
:
by
No
prefix
attaches
to
intransitive
words signifying
:
spontaneous
states of feeling
and simple
;
acts
/o7't'
suka
sleep;
;
ytrl pleasure
harap
diam bangun rise turun naik ascend; masok enter; deseend; terjuu leap doivn cane ada be mau, hendak jvish pergi go datang terebangyT;)'; sampai arrive; sujud kneel; tunduk sloop
sa/ic/y
;
emu _/(('/
;
tidur
tahu
kuenv;
;
keep
silent
jatoh fall
lari
;
run
may
say,
when
is
pronoun which our grammar would call subject is subordinate to it when a derivative me form is employed, the noun or pronoun is subject
it
expresses
is
subordinate or adjectival.
to
Were
it
practicable,
Malay grammar,
in
my
mind, ought to be
suggested
arranged and
written
in
'
accordance
the
with a system
by
Mr. Blagden
1908, p. 1204,
the
Is
it
Journal of
Royal Asiatic
Society, October,
marshal
its
way
Why
fall
into
Could
one
it
other
way about
What
conceive as possible
(if
may
it,
so style
the
dynamic
element of the sentence, as the subject, making the words that we should
take as subject, object, &c., subordinate to
(which
in
by the verb-subject
itself.
is
by a
involved
in
.
To me
system
I believe it to exist
some.
Take as an example the following Malay sentence di-chium-nya dan di-tangis-nya oleh bonda-nya akan anak-nya
times as a
.
(Jy
its
motJier over
her child).
1554
66
the
jemu mata baginda there-was-iw-satiety-in anjing kedua itu pun lari lalu tSrjun
as
ka-dalam sungai
and a
hap
into
for
the
hvo hounds
the river;
muda
itu
bukan-nya mudah the post of crowji prince is no sinecure; pintu kota pun roboh as for the gate down it fell; raja muda pun suka melihat there -was joy in the crown pritice
at the sight.
The
of
by
sangat rindu baginda akan anakanda great ivas the of the prince^'or his son; burongpunggok merindukan bulan 7/!r the owl loves the moon tundok-lah tuan puteri downcast eyes that was the princess's (perhaps unlove
;
conscious) attitude;
their
birth
heads
took
in
conscious
;
7ny
place
there
besar-lah
{b)
became a large
toivn.
jikalau tuanku hendak bergagah juga mendekati anakda chunda, sahaja patek amok-lah if your highness
persist in efforts to approach your grandchild, then there ivill be
slaughter
done
by us
on
the captain's
was no
of
tears
basoh tangan
ivater
the dollars
I mention
were wasted
like
zvashing-
(membasoh would
is
the point
is
THE VERB
go yon
situ
67
membuat
diam
di-
me)
;
sea-folk
engaged
in fishing
ia-lah melihat
bawa utusan
//
ivas he ivho
;
was
pada ketika
stress
there
is
no
is it
on Batin
must be shown.
especially
common
(a)
at the
Where the object is placed in the position of prominence commencement of the clause and before the subject.^
is
There
point
no attempt
to
act, fact,
event
the emphatic
been somehow
affected.
j/i?//r
hamba datok his purpose has not been the subject of my inquiry mana bichara mamak Bendahara, itu-lah
;
counsel,
ada sa-buah lading maka kita turun dengan beras bekal there ivas a boat launched [by us) ivith provision
of
rice.
Under
pronoun
this
is
head
fall
relative sentences
where the
relative
the object
and
the emphasis
is
on
its
the attribute or
subject,
which
ini-lah
night" s spectacle
God the
'
yang kita lihat sa-malam itu this ivas last demi tuhan yang aku sembah ini by object of my ivorship.
;
is
"
68
the object
but
may be what
our grammar
esok hari-lah kita panggil raja Melaka itu, tetekala Laksamana beriwayat io-morroiv ivill be the day for calling the Raja of ]\lalacca ami that ivill be the time to bid the Laksamana tell his stories.
(b)
commands,
prohibiact or
tions,
contlition
of an agent
towards
agent
is
is
in view.
segera engkau datang bawa anak-ku go fetch my child lihat oleh-mu hal-ku ini behold viy state bawaquickly
;
lah oleh-mu^ beliong ini ka-Manjapahit let this axe be to Manjapahit hendak-lah engkau hy you Jn- ought
attitude to my ivill jangan kamti tukarkan agama dengan dunia exchange not your religion for ivorldliness a general maxim; Sultan minta sandari ka-pada dayang-dayang the Sultan begged
turut wasiat-ku kt
obedience be
your
to be
propped up
he asked
land;
the
Court damsels
it
baik-lah kita
issue
were
zvell
our order
the
for
his
di-suroh-nya bunch
mandate
This imperative form, which has puzzled some grammarians and was probably designed to avoid confusion.
bawa kamu
is
might mean
/i/r/^
you
as well as
you
fetcli
oleh.
(lit.
got^
verb
lin'll
budak-budak
:
see tlie
this section
(i)
Where an
affix
is
derivative form
derivative
must be used bertitah baginda 'patek menari-lah pula, kita heudak melihat ' iJie tdng ordered Do you dance, for I would kata-uya ' segera-lah kita belayar ' said lie 'Let us quickly see you
'
'
THE VERB
(t )
69
the
In the case of
final clauses
where
end
in view is
an
actual result
found
baik-lah baginda
the
king
may be heard; jikalau anak-ku hendak pergi bermain-main beri tahu ayahanda supaya boleh ayahanda kerahkan segala rayat mengiringkan tuan ifyou wish to go and play, let me know so that all your folloivers may attend you.
id)
Similarly in conditional
is
and concessive
clauses,
where
the hypothesis
an
act, fact,
employment of
aku hendak serahkan dia mengaji, maalim pun tiada to school zcas ny desire, there ivas no teacher jikalau 'kau bunoh dia, bahwa negeri-mu
suppose his dispatch
;
binasa
tiada
your
orders, assuredly
it
means destruction
country
aku langgarkan gajah-ku ini di-balairong raja Melaka see if in the future there be not a shattering of the
palace ef the prince of I\lalacca by this elephant of mine (but
peri raja
itu
Pahang hendak melanggar balairong Melaka pun di-persembahkan information icas laid that the
ketahui oleh-mu
be
It
sail';
don'i
(2)
taiigti.
command denotes the activity of an agent and me, then by analogy the verb it governs also takes that prefix baginda menyuroh memanggil anakda Raja Muda ihe prince ordered tJtat tlie crown prince be called; akan yang menyurohkan kami sakalian Batara Maojapahit menyurohkan merompak katanah Palembang lalu naik ka-Bukit Seguntang di-suroh-nya rampas sa-kali the man ivtio gave us all our orders was the prince of Manjapahit ; he it was who bade us go to Palembang and rob and tlience ascend Mount Seguntang ; his order %vcis to take it by force.
Where
the verb of
70
prince of
attack the
Malacca palace
all
40. The use of di before the radical form of the verb. Not only is a passive sense inherent in the simple radical
it
also evocable
by the prefixing of
the
locative
di.
It
seems certain
an idiomatic
that
di
is
only
preposition in
Compare a sentence like segala raja dalam Imkuin-nya all rajas are under his rule with segala raja
context.
tences like
di-hukum-nya all rajas are ruled by him. Or take senbunga di-naung batu Jlowers in the shadow of a rock, mati di-rahang buaya dead in the jaws
of a
crocodile,
where even
in
its
character of preposition.
Then
take
it
in
conjunction with
nya
is
di-lihat-nya
di-dengar-nya
and
in his hearing
passive,
nya
its
a genitive).
way does
me derivatives,
act to
which are
'
adjectival
'
and attaching
do te'r)
the
an
agent
Nor
yet again
derivatives.
Moreover
i
or
kan,
di
is
41.
The
use of di
is
rule as that
It is
is
in the third
The noun
act
is
whom
an
verb incidentally as
were and
may
be said to be in the
THE VERB
genitive
;
71
its
or
if it
is
place in
the sentence
made
it.
of
oleh before
muka yang
musoh
;
sudah di-hambat-nya///(' cneniy had been chased by him ikan yang tiada boleh di-tangkap iincatchable fish tiada dapat di-katakan lagi indescribable; budak itu di-suroh
;
be pleonastic
:
itself
or introduce a pleonastic
noun or pronoun di-perbuat oleh segala utus itu sa-buah peti kaeha there ivas made by the envoys a glass case; oleh orang dalam negeri itu akan Raja Suran itu di-bawa-nya by the folk in that country Raja Suran
use of the
ivas conducted by them.
42.
The
:
are notable
{a)
The di
command,
entreaty,
second verb
is
person or thing.
ask thai
my
di-
may
be
married
titah
baginda hendak-lah
bade the prince
'
'
There
relative
biar di-lihat-nya
negeri
It will
or prohibition
particular.
quite general
any one
in
lei
ini,
maka
terimais
jangan di-terima
otherwise
let
let
it
ivhere there
a seal
di-
accept
it ;
be refused;
jangan
to
permission be given
play
far
aivay.
72
{3)
usual,
when
it,
the
subject
is
not
i.
e.
in co-ordinate
verbs
follow
the
word
verb but stands remote, stress falling on the act and not
on the agent
raja Melaka pun berdiri di-tepi balairong itu menyambut adinda baginda di-bawa dudok bersama-sama
the
Hanuman
the
Maharaja shouted
mace at Sang
Hanuman
baginda pun naik-lah ka-atas maligai itu lalu dilihat-nya ada sa-orang puteri the prince mounted the toiver,
when
the spectacle
(f a princess met
his eyes.
CHAPTER
VI
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
43. (I) The following table will illustrate the Malay modern system of affixation and show how difficult and improper it is to make strict divorce between parts of speech
:
I.
Simple prefixes
74
(II)
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
The
I
following
forms
which
I.
useful
(a)
(3)
(c)
Stems lengthened by
suffix i
{d)
II.
e.g.
peristerikan.
me
prefixed to a,
a, b of I.
a, b
b, c,
d of
I.
III.
be(r) to
IV. te(r) to
of
I.
V. di to
(III)
a, b, c,
of
I.
The
following will be
my
paradigm
for the
I
Malay
avoid
verb
the
use of tense
terms
not
strictly
applicable
to
Malay
grammar
The Verb
is
Active
and
Passive'^
ine(ng) denotes
the realizphenomenon. activity ed act or (The idiomatic process; a the reflexive, five verbs condition di use comes kind of reciprocal, under thishead- finite par- &c. (Active- and an and forms ingbut may best ticiple. middle and impera- a (non-
te(r)
denotes
(Usually
active.)
passive-
tive.
temporal)
perfect.
middle.)
infix.
me + nasal
44.
[a)
(I)
The
When the ground word begins with a nasal, or one of the semivowels w, y or with r and 1, then me simply is prefixed
^
i.e.
in this derivative as
well as in
its
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
ngada, mengada
hoasl
;
75
j///;'
;
nyanyi,
menyanyi
;
memakan eat
;
wakil,
to surge.
{b)
When
is
the
alif,
k, g, then
me + ng
hela,
prefixed
and ab/zw^
kepit,
are dropped:
menghela
;
drag; ambil,
mengambil
take; iring,
;
mengiring/t?/^zf'
gigit,
(c)
mengepit
menggigit
bite,
When
is
the
me + m
(d)
prefixed and
is
dropped':
balut,
membalut
7vra/>
palu,
memalu
:
strike.
j,
d, or
t,
then
me + n
prefixed and t
is
dropped
;
chari, menchari search jadi, menjadi become; dengar, mendengar hear tarek, menarek drag. (e) When the ground word begins with s, then me + ny is
;
prefixed
suroh, menyuroli
(II)
order.
These
Riau-Johor
;
Malay, and even there with some few vaiiants and exceptions
e.g.
from dengar,
chinta,
menengar
get
also
is
formed
from
chukur
as well as
and
menyukur
and menyinta;
from pinta,
pohon, pimpin we
minta, mohon,
mimpin
is
prefixed to
(^7)
i
But
this
76
SYSTEIM OF AFFIXATION
suffix i or
kan
pukul, memukul heat; tangis, menangis zf^t^/' nanti, menanti ivait lihat, melihat, melihati, melihatkan see memperisterikan take to rvi/c.
;
;
(d)
verbal
catching birds
ikan ajis/i, vaengikanjis/ii/ig; burong 5ird, memburong getah rubber, lime, menggetah liming [birds)
;
awan
sea
;
c/oud,
mengawan
tepi edge,
menepi
reach,
going along
the edge
laut
as
titi bridge,
meniti employing
traversing
tvith
merantau
river
reaches;
kail a hook,
throiving
;
vaengoil fishing
a cast-net;
stone,
a hook
jala
cast-net,
menjala
panah
arroiv,
memanah
shooting arroivs
;
batu
needle,
membatu
becoming
stone, petrifying
jarum
needle-like point;
putehzt'/z/A',memuteh
menyaberang crosstaking
on oneself,
aku
/,
me,
mengaku
acknoivledgiug.
46. Laying
stress
on
activity,
express the active voice, but there are exceptions, and the
prefix has not entirely extinguished the dual nature of the
root verb
baginda membawa teman the king was bringing a folloiver Pateh Kerma Wijaya pun sudah berlengkap akan persembahan tujoh-puloh orang membawa-nya Pateh Kerma Wijaya had prepared a present of seventy slaves who were being brought by him segala cheteria pun datang mengalu-ngalukan baginda all the ivarriors came welcoming the prince Raja Pahang pun hilir mengalu-ngalukan oleh Raja Ahmad //2^7?(7/a of Pahang came down stream being ivelcomed by Raja Ahmad; baik kita membacha hikayat perang it were well ive read a tale of war sa-telah. 'ku
; ;
;
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
77
jawab maka oleh imam atau khatib pun membachakan doa selamat as soon as I ansivercd, prayers for my safe/y
'cverc
made by
priests or readers.
which lays
tives
on
in
me
direction, the
movement towards an
act, fact
or event and
may
me
is
essentially
or
movement
or rather perhaps
participial,
derivatives in
at the
verbaP; and
deiiving person
finite participle if
such
finite participle
common
Raja memandang
It
surat
itu as soon as
saiu the
iter;
baginda pun
is
menugerahi persalin
not very
common
itu tiada
but
is
quite normal
marang
not slay.
membunoh
slashing, the
pulang dari So, too, its employment as a verbal noun, menchari makanan return from searching for food mudah juga membunoh dia easy is the hilling of him mengambil kayu api juga 'k.Qv'^Si-nja, getting firewood zvas his ivork.
;
me
derivative
may
special usages.
after
It is
very
common
datang
cofne
'
hendak
desirous of;
boleh
pandai
clever at,
to onr idiom
split
in
78
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
of,
hairan astonished
iveeping
at,
tempat
place for,
mendengar-nya
;
it bolehlah sudah menu lis Koran had the skill for ivnting the Koran tiada boleh hendak melalui dari-pada hukum you must not be desirous of transgressing the law tiada boleh
And so on, even in the imperative mood, pergi-lah membawa ayer utama jiwa menghidnpkan Sang Sambah
go and get
the ivater of Ife for restoring Sang Sambah pergilah membuangkan Si Tuah go about the business 0/ banishing Si Tuah mari-lah kita melihat yang bernyalanyala sa-malam come and see ivhat ivas blazing last night; kata Temenggong, ada pun di-tempat kayu Melaka ini-lah membangunkan astana dan balairong said the
; ;
'
'
Temenggong 'At
the place
of
this emblica
tree this
is
the place
me
in
form
42
is
employed
as
opposed
laid
down
if),
bah
the
merchant
Ifted his hands and did obeisance (ivith theju) segera mengambil kapak membelah
;
Hang Tuah
when
quickly picked up an
axe and
split the
Similarly,
there
is
the
and
use
principal sentence
memakai bau-bauan
of scent concluded
{c)
SYSTEIM OF AFFIXATION
tion
is
79
laid
on
Contrast
anakanda
lei
us he your sou's
hendak-lah kamu kedua jangan mengubahkan setia dan jangan kamu menyembah rajayang lainj/^w Iwo, doiil you be men to break failh andfollow another prince di-tangkapkan-nya baginda di-suroh-nya membawa imam he ivas captured by the prince and ordered {personally) Seri Pakrama Raja di-titahkan to embrace the faith baginda menjemput surat itu Sri Pakrama Raja ivas
couvoy
;
;
deputed
[d]
Where
the
object
is
comes
is
at
the
fall
beginning of the
equally on agent
a
required to
and
act,
repeated by
means of
pronoun
and the
titah
me
derivative
employed
Contrast
to
39
(a).
highness' s mandate
obey
it
baik-lah
Laksamana ini aku suroh pengawitan yang tujoh ribu itu membunoh dia as for the Laksamana it were ivell I bid
those 7,000
warriors proceed
slay him.
be(r)
49.
It
is
no sharp
dis-
That
distinction
be(r), as will be
voice, but this
many
cases
may be
called active
berkemas
or passive
bergantong
hatiging,
may be
active
rice
8o
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
scent on oneself;
bauan mh
folk
;
kuda
segala harta itu was met again apabila ia lari bunoh oleh 'mu, apabila ia bSrtahan, jangan sunggoh-sunggohi <<:'//;/ he runs, slay; tvhen he halts, don t persist berapa di-tahani oleh Bendahara, tiada luau makhdum bertahan however much the Bendahara sought to detain him, the Arab would not be detained.
;
;
bertemu dengan orang 7?ieet ivith telah bertemu balik all the property
It is
namely
in all
mood nor
tense.
Examples
Tendeloo
tives
will
in all
moods and
in
stands to derivatives in
]\Ialay,
me
when he wants
speaking of a phenomenon
'
is
midway between
is
which something
The subject is represented as acting on himself berchukur shave oneself; 'for himself bersimpan pack up for oneself; mari-lah kita bersimpan segala perkakas kita come let us pack up our belongings
done
to the subject.
:
:
or with reference to himself berpukul, bertumbok fight and take bloivs or for an object which belongs to himself :berbuat astana raja make a palace for one's prince. The
'
'
INIalay
ideas of reflexive
is
and reciprocal
where something
added
be noted that
Bi
berkata,
to
for
example,
may mean
man, speak
all together
bernyanyi
all together
;
to another,
singing
only an
artificial
way
can
The
prefix
is
reflexive
verbal.
It
;
attach nouns
and
an
entity
and
be
is
such of
its
It is to
remembered
parallel to the
me
system
when
its
deriva-
finite verbs.
51.
various nuances
may
heads
(i) Reflexive.
one's {countenance)
berdiri
;
raise
berbaring lay oneself down, lie doivn bergopoh hurry oneself; berlutut drop on one's knees beradu compose oneself to sleep; berpaling turn one's head aside; berhenti stop oneself; berbangkit raise oneself rise bersantap feed oneself; bersiram bathe oneself; berpindah remove oneself; berserabunyi conceal oneself; berjalan go on ones ivay, travel berbalik retrace ones course berpal tack {over one' course), sunggoh pun tidur tetapi ia beringat he slept but he remembered himself; patek sudah berlengkap / have
;
;
;
prepared
my equipment penjurit yang dua ratus itu berbahagi tiga the two hundred robbers divided themselves
;
yang laki-laki berkabong lagi berchukur dan segala perempuan bertokong rambut diinto three parties;
kerat
the
in
their
heads and all the ivomen had their hair cut; berjalan seperti
82
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
Chinamen
live
five
there are four or me and oceupy themselves iti rice planting; ia berfikir sa-bentar lalu kata-nya he thought to himself /or a moment and said. This reflexive usage is confirmed by the employment of the prefix in certain redundant constructions bersiap or bersiapkan diri prepare oneself; berdiam or berdiamkan
Where
the
action
if
affects
oneself viewed
its
as something
external (and
expressed by diri, in
primary sense of
:
me may
;
be employed
melinturn
dongkan
memaling muka
to the
Comparison between me and be where they are prefixed same root is fruitful. vciev&SB. feel {a thing), hGVB.so,
{oneself)
feel
berasa
mabok fel
drunk
menaung
memakai
(any-
or a thing,
bernaung
shelter oneself;
mendiri
don (a
thing),
erect
coat),
berpakai
travel
(lit.
memalit smear
berangkat
object) in the
berjemur dry
distinction has
Sometimes the
been nearly
lost, as in
the
menyuroh berbuat astana maka orang Ungaran berbuat astana besar dan orang Tunggal membuat astana kechil, and so on, membuat and berbuat being
.
used indifferently throughout a long paragraph; but evenhere probably, a distinction should be marked in translation
Sultan
palace
the
Bejidahara
to
order a
made for himself; the men of Ungaran built him his large palace and the men of Tutiggal built a small palace. Certainly berbuat negeri means make oneself a settlevmit;
and berbuat jahat behave wickedly
(lit.
make
oneself zvicked)
; ;
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
can never be changed into
:
83
Reciprocal
one ivith another
;
berkait
interlock
bersalin.
bergelut rival
berlaga
;
berantok
bergurau sport one with another; berjanji contract; berpinang plight oneself to another berkelahi fighting together bersual, bertanya put one's gnestions to another bergadai pawn {a thing for a consideration) berengkau nsi//g thou
;
'
'
in
berchinta
;
one another
denial to a person
;
bertitah
issue
another
bermohon
take
bertulis
correspond.
pelbagai cherita
;
Hang Tuah
tiada
did not eat
makan
;
his repertory of tales raja Cbina beras yang bertumbok the prince of China rice ivhich had been pounded {betiveen pestle and
mortar)
ada yang menjadi penchuri, ada yang bertikam some beca?ne thieves, others slabbers (lit. exchanging stabs
peoples^
ivith
or
making themselves
slabbers, practising
as
slabbers).
is
expended
in a pleonastic
con-
ombak berpalu
;
sendiri-nya
against another
another
;
one one
another.
Again, one
may
;
contrast derivatives in
me
and be(r).
barter
menaroh
bertaroh
stake,
against another
menjual
another)
;
sell {a thing),
berjual
to
memegang
hold,
berpegang
;
hold
ivith
84
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
front,
tang
bertentang
and
confronl
\
menangkap
;
seize,
ber\
tangkap
seize
be seized
memohon
bermohon
menyimpan
keep,
bersimpan Jiave in one's keeping. Compare saudara-nya kedua pun datang berpelok berchium saudara-bersaudara bertangis-tangisan
embraced each
the other the
two
relatives
came and
mother
with
jniitual tears
and
where
;
the child
is
a passive
Denoting
repetition or addition to
an
original.^
bertindeh
storey
;
bertingkat
tier
;
storey
;
upon
berlapis/b/d? on fold
;
ber-
susun
berbanjar tier on
bergantang measure
berganti
/;/
by measure
turn, one
after another;
berlingkar
;
coiled, coil
upon
coil;
berpusing
;
bergolek rolling {roll after roll) berpanjang long, length upon length, lain dari-pada anjing dua itu berpuloh anjing lain serta-nya besides these two
of dogs accompanied.
(4) Denoting connection. berdua two together bersama
;
dogs, tens
in
company with
;
bertravel
;
kampong, berhimpun
together
;
assemble together
bersaeng
berbichai'a, bermashuarat take counsel together bertemu, berjumpa encounter berchampur 7!iix together; berkahwin, bernikah many zvith bersanding sit together, cf bride a)id groom at a ivedding tiga beranak I and my ttvo children berapa hoiu many in all bermain kekaseh
;
;
berbini possessed of a
magic
*
;
wife,
married
berbulu
hairy
berguna useful
Most of the
adjectives.
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
berbangsa of good
(b) using
birth
;
85
a boat,
berperahu
(a) possessing
cloth.
ivas possessed
Here again
derivatives in
me and be(r)may be
;
menyarong placing in a sheath bersarong ensheathed menandok hutting ivith the horns bertandok horned menganak sungai making a streamlet; beranak bear
; ;
;
(^possess)
same nuances
berlarian running
together
{in
berterbanganyfy/;/^
;
together
berluroh.an falling
one another
;
numbers)
berpandangan facing
;
berputusan
from bepe-
kerjaan
another
s
possessed of ivork
acquaintance
berkeliling encircling
berkesudahan having an end, barang siapa yang memandang dia tiada berkesudahan puji-nya ivhoever saiv him praised him tvithout end; berkeputusan endowed ivith
ability to be broken.
te(r)
its
primary
terchabut
pergi-lah
mereka
itu
sa-orang
pun
;
tiada terchabut
could extract
terangkat
mari-lah
ini,
batu
'
S6
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
to
lift this rock, the to
man who
Sultan
Sultan
is
ivorstcd;
terjalan alle
travel;
tiada-lah
to
terjalan
\
lagi
unable
travel further
these examples
out of the classic Sejarah Melayu show that te(r) cannot be described with absolute correctness as a passive formative.
53.
(i)
The
realized condition.^
mengamok
the
itu
frenzied
keris itu
dagger xvas
;
left in
the palace
di-
dengar-nya oleh Hang Jebat suara Laksamana sayupsayup, maka Laksamana berseru-seru pula, maka suara itu terdengar-lah ka-pada Hang Jebat the Laksamana s voice 7vas heard faintly by Hang febat; the
Laksamana
by
kept calling
and
was heard
distinctly
akan hal dunia berubah he clean forgot the changing fortunes of this ivorld demi aku terpandang bapa 'ku as soon as I caught sight of vy father.
ia
;
absolutely
complete,
sometimes sudden
to conscious activity
stabbed
di-tikam lalu terdudok tiada dapat bangkit lagi were and forced to collapse unable to rise; penchuri itu' pun tersepak-lah pada tuboh Laksamana, kata-nya 'Sudah terjijak bangkai pula kaki chelaka ini' the
thief stumbled against the
in the
is.
exordium of
tales,
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
87
Hang Jebat tergelincliir kaki-nya dari atas talam itu maka Hang Jebat pun tertelut hendak bangkit tiada
;
slipped {aca'defifally)
oji
the tray ; he
to rise.
Accordingly words
;
like terlupa_/or^^/;
see
;
teringat remember
tersedeh-sedeh
uncontrollable
much
into a
man's head
his voice
Dewa
head]
come suara-nya terdengar ka-pada Siti reached Siti Deiva distinctly; sebab aku
the commission came into my ada pun orang yang bijaksana itu apabila ia masok ka-dalam taman itu, maka terlihat-lah ia kapada segala pohon buah-buahan itu, maka teringin-
lah ia
of
the
garden arrest
overtakes them
the attrition
;
of
ikan udang bernang-nang dan lompat-lompat seraya tertawa dan berpantun fish and pratvns swam about and gave repeated leaps while laughter overtook them and they sang verses to one
intelligent visitors
and a longing
another.
come
to
tiga kali ia hendak melangkah pintu itu tiada terlangkah juga thrice she ivished to cross the threshold but ivas unable; sedang sa-buah perahu tiada terlawan oleh
kita
since
we
aku tiada terlihat akan perbuatan-mu, geram rasa hati-ku / cannot bear the sight of your behaviour ; it angers me; usahkan ia terbelah, makin bertambah-tambah
keras tunggul itu so far from stump of wood greiv harder.
This use may be seen clearly
being able to be split, the
in derivatives
from foreign
88
SYSTEINI
OF AFFIXATION
jawab answer
\
hika-
yat
sfory
tiada terjawab kata Eangga itu the prince could not answer Rangga's argument; tiada terhikayatkan lagi
pun
te(r) derivatives
as intensatives.
adjectives,
in
is
connection te(r)
and adverbs, as well as verbs. dari-pada segala kerja itu apa kerja yang terbaik baik juga of all those works ivhich is pre-eminently good ? Hassan itu karna ia orang muda tetapi termanis hamba sedikit Hassan is handsome on acconnt of his youth, hulubalang besar lagi terhut I exceed a little in charm nama a great captain and of high fame. Common examples
\
bangy}///}' hloivn;
chengang
lalu,
utterly
terlampaUjterlangsong surpassingly; tersangat very. In the Federated Malay States Government Gazette, His Excellency the High Commissioner is styled terutama preemitient, a Sultan maha mulia, a Raja ]\Iuda or Bendahara teramat mulia, and rajas without office amat mulia.
Derivatives in te(r) preceded by the
auxiliaries
boleh,
dapat
able
to,
would appear
to
this section
and not
completely count
tiada
dapat terkatakan
pe
and per on the same principles under which me undergoes similar changes except that before 1 either pe or peng may
be used.
The
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
these
89
two euphonic
as
links, nasal
or r,
is
perkhabaran,pemberitaan navs; pebuatan, perbuatan, pembuatan 7nakc, construction; perburuan, pemburuan giTinc; pemburu, perburu hunter; and by words analogous in grammatical import like pelayaran
synonyms
voyaging; pelihatan or ^hn^ihaX^Xi sight, seeing
\
perta-
paan
asceticism
(lit.
a paddle
the
perekat gun (lit. the sticker) pengayoh paddlcr) pengaseh love-charm perindu
;
; ;
The
traced between
will
be
the
ber
in
one context,
will in
be noted that
there are
many
sunting -wearing
lute
in the hair;
;
per-
pe!^r)disso;
langkahanyi9//'/7;(y
;
pelampongy7(V^(7;;/
see
;
perlenteh
to
perlihatkan
persembahkan
the examples of
it
salute
and
so on.
its
forms
nouns and
with
it
is
also
prefixed
numerals.
We
will deal
first
as a verbal formative.
55. In
all
Indonesian languages
pa
or
pe
in
is
a formative
in
is
and
some, as
it
and
in
form an imperative.
Malay.^
(I)
The causative and denominative ^ force of the prefix may be seen in the following examples memperbaiki cause to be repaired; menyuroh meng:
Note
pe+ nasal
i.e. in
^
di-pengapakan from mengapa. i.e. power to make verbs from noun and
adjective stems.
90
syste:^!
segala
of affixation
himpunkan
rayat dan perbaiki kota bade and have Ihe fort put in repair jikalau
;
dapat baginda membunoh ular, baginda-lah kita perfcuan if your highness can kill ihe serpent, then ive tvill make your highness ruler) baik-lah kepala-ku percheraikan dengan badanku dari-pada hamba bercherai
dengan hamba punya tuan better have my head parted from my body than that I be parted from my lord oleh. baginda tiada di-pasong dan sangat di-permulia-nya he prince did not imprison him, but had him held in high honour mari kita suroh perbuat lang come let us get a kite juade
\ ;
perhamba
riage;
to take to
to
ask
to be
made a
to
mar-
minta pergunakan
wife;
make use
enslave;
of;
peristerikan
to
perhambakan to
to
perhatikan
get
by heart;
pertetapkan
common
done
jangan
engkan peringankan ibadat-mu let not your service to God be counted a light matter; penaik pelita turn up the lampwick (a Perak phrase); and the Bodleian Sri Rama has mari-
lah perjamti
kamu dahulu dengan barang ada nemat dalam negeri Birusaprua perjamu-lah kamu dahulu
come you entertain me first with ivhatever dainties exist in
pe
is
of
its
apa
and
apparent in
;
noun
derivatives,
e.g.
pemanis
;
a thing-giving-chartn
penabur
pemburu
szuallo7i'ed ;
something-
pevtelan something
persalin
the use of
SVSTEIM OF AFFIXATION
Anyhow it
or thing
;
; \
91
(i)
person
and
may be
may
orang
pengail a fishervian
Of a few the root is obsolete pengantin hridegroom pemuras blunderbuss of others it bears an obsolete meaning, e.g. lima now^-r formerly hand m penglima chief lain.
\
I.
pemadat opium-smoker
from malas
idle;
madat
opium
petengkar^;7/Wi5/<';-from
ivasp from sengat sting; penyamun robber samun rob pemburu hunter from buru ////;// pendiam a silent person from diam be silent; penyuroh, pe-
penyengat
from
suroh
to
order
love
love-charm
{causing
;
love)
from kaseh
from
sepit
pengayoh
a paddle from
pi7ich
;
kayoh
from
lo
paddle
penyepit forceps
from
; ;
pemukul hammer
pimpin
to
guide
use)
scattered, a passive
sicl<ness
pukul //// pemimpin a guide penabur bullets (lit. thai which is from tabur so7(j, scatter penyakit
;
from sakit
sicf;.
the
powers of a
cutting grass
transitive verb
;
penebas lalang a
knife for
penghalau itek
penglipur lara a
^
soother of cares;
batu pelotar
ayam
A^ote.
Sanskrit
pra
permata kwels
92
stones
(lit.
SYSTEI\I
for
pelling
OF AFFIXATION
penyudah kaseh
fnialHy in love
fowls
A
tive
:
gong pelaung the gong of call chanang pemanggil drum of summons peluru petunang a bullet pledged to take effect from tunang betroth kayu penuju a guiding-post.
the
\ ;
2.
pemelok
of a
7nan''s
man can
encircle in his
embrace
kayu
space
;
tree
of girth three
tiines the
perunjong
his head.
pelangkah the length of a person's stride length of a man ivith arms full stretch above
by sa.
;
These
sa-per-
tanak nasi t/ie time a man takes to boil rice sa-penjulat peluru meriam the distance a cannon-ball carries rambut sa-pelempap panjang-nya her hair was only as long as a ?nans hand is broad; sa-peludah the ti?fie it takes man to spit;
;
sa-peninggal
the time
it
sa-perpisang
takes to eat
a plantain.
ke^
is
of rare occurrence
formative
is
it
is
obsolete.
It
roots
when
the root
word
is
an
nuance according
See
2 for the
Indonesian prefix k.
;
kekaseh
a
'
is
loved (passive)
kechundang
con-
when
terangan, &c.
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
quest
;
'
93
ketua an
of
/;/
elder
kemudi
a rudder
;
ketageh
the
condition
a craving
;
kehendak
desire.
itii all
ketiga
three
the condition
of being three
the third
;
ketiga orang
men
yang ketiga
;
kesemua-nya
a complete
set, all.
in the condition
of knoiving or
desiring
;
of being knoivn
di-
kesopani
-an
58. This
suffix
is
the
Malay equivalent of
the Indonesian
which
in
often
not
mainly by context)
number and
extent.
Its derivatives
may
may sometimes
denote possibility
suffix.
these
Substantival.
starting-place
;
pangkalan
toran
rear.
dirt
kofrom
hadapan
position in front
hadap
fronting
buritan
from burit
There
is
no need
to multiply
stantival
illustrated
derivatives,
as this function
under
all
heads.
are
Adjectival
derivatives
larangan
the
forbidden earth
goyangan bantahan quarrelsome the sivaying plantain-tree sivaying, pliant, pisang goyangan junjong supporting, pinang junjongan the betel-palm prop sulongan tossing, main sulongan a game of pitch and toss
changan
counterfeit;
94
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
rautan cutting, smoothing, pisau rautan a trimming-knife. These words may also be used as substantives.
(2)
Denoting
daratan a
;
stretch
of land {as
sawahan a stretch of riceperkakasan an outfit of tools fields from sawah a r ice field from perkakas tool) dagangan _/^r^2^ goods from dagang foreign; manisan jzrif^/wifa/j from manis JzctY/; hukuman
from darat /and
\
laws from
hukum
suratan writing
plants
in
tanaman
to
from
tanam
Probably under
this
head are
to
them too
plurality
;
rambutan
rambut hair
to strengthen the
buah-buahan fruits of all kinds from "buaih fruit bau-bauan all kinds ofperfumery from bau smell; anak-anakan ///!/^/f/j- from anak child;
orang-orangan images on
person.
(3)
(a)
the pupil
of
the eye
from orang
aduan
for
a complaint from
adu
lid
complain
orang aduan)
complainant.
if) Active,
tutupan
from tutup
to
to
shut;
kukusan
a
coco-jiut
sfea?nit2g
pot from
kukus
steam;
kukuran
scraper from
{c)
carpet from
hampar
to
spread
out; kelian,
taking, profession from jawat (jabat) to grasp, hold; kumpulan a collection from kumpul collect; chagaran pledge from chagar to mortgage; (orang) surohan a messenger
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
from suroh order
\
95
pakaian
clothes or
ku
tion
wear.
)
(d) Active
and
passive,
timbangan
;
from timbang
iveigh, consider
ikatan
set
(i) a binding,
shaer ikatan a
(3) capable
bind;
buatan
for a
buatan baju
material
coat ;
of accomplishment,
bukan
letter
buatan.
{e)
Causal,
kenangan
a keepsake from
kenang
tance
to
remember
affectionately;
from sesal
repent.
(f) Denoting possibility. {iLain) hsisahan a zvashing-suit (kambing) perahan a milch goat harapan reliable bandingan/dvr, comparable: nyamok lurutan bukan-nya tamparan mosquitoes so many that they cannot be slapped but
;
;
can be iviped
off.
pe
an
root,
(
i
abstract
nouns denoting
and
faculties
and more
rarely
nouns
seeing,
;
range of
pertapaan asceticism pemandangan vieiv; pengetahuan knowledge penengaran se?ise, power of hearing peringatan remembrance perjanjian agreement pelayaran voyaging peperangan ivarfare
feeling
;
perasaan
perjalanan journeying
pergadohan
meeting
;
quarrelling
perbegin-
himpunan
teaching,
an assemblitig, a
;
permulaan
;
ning, commencement
pembunohan
;
slaughter
instruction
pelajaran
;
teaching,
charian
source
of livelihood
that
itu-lah asal
perawangan
cojnmon names
dan perdaraan
was
the origin
of
the
96
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
(2) peraduan sleeping-chamber; pebean customs' house', pelabuhan anchorage (balai) penghadapan a presence;
hall.
(3)
affinity
perempuan
;
zy^vwcz;/
peranakan
;/a//V^
pertemuan
perburuan game
ke
(Jinntcd).
an
found with substantival, adjectival,
60. These
affixes are
adverbial,
They denote
places.
state or
con-
dition of persons,
The
derivatives
Denote
state or condition:
kesenangan ease; kekayaan ivealth; kepandaian cleverness kebodohan folly keelokan beauty kedatangan arrival; kesedapan fl^(?//V?'c//j-;;f jj kelengkapan equipment; keterangan evidence kebanyakan, kesangatan number kejadian c/-^a//(? ketentuan (Ttv/a/^/y kesudahan ^;/(/; kenaikan that zvhich is ?iiountcd, a mount, carriage, vessel; kediaman a dwelling-place keinderaan a place where keyangan heaven keputusan limit, a Indra is, heaven breaking (t^ sampai mana keputusan sungai ini how far
;
is
the place
breaks off i^
like
these derivatives
assume an
adjectival character
kenaikan, perahu kenaikan : and so tempat keadilan or simply keadilan the seat of justice, Justice {the ruler of a Menangkabau country) and orang keturunan or simply
keturunan
2.
descendants.
The
derivatives
may
be verbal:
ia
from
pun keturunan diBxi-^aididiVa,^d,-Xdut^ he too is descended rajas bulan pun kesiangan the moon ivas eclipsed by
;
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
day;
;
97
kematian-lah angin Ihe ivind died down segala gajah ketakutan all the elephants ivere afraid; kenaikan itu keayeran the boat was filled with water beberapa lama Sri Tribuana kerajaan di-Singapura all the years Sri 2'ribiiana ruled at Singapore orang Melaka kekeringan seperti ikan jemur Malacca folk [fell into poverty) dried up
itu
; ;
like fish
in the sun.
combined with
have
orang itu pun, mati anak-anak-nya as for those folk they lost their children). So we get dia keputusan wang he has incurred loss of money sahaya kematian anak I have lost a child; sahaya kekurangan ayer lam short of -water; seperti orang buta yang kehilangan tongkat like a blind man who has lost his staff.
;
this
section
verbal,
one
substantive or attribute.
3. May haveacausal nuance kemaluan the pudenda and
derived from
ke-
'hidi\VtQXi livelihood;
causes destruction;
kerugian occasion of loss; chandu mendatangkan beberapa chelaka dan kebinasaan dan kerugian ivhat fatalities and occasions of destruction and loss come from opium k-e-papasin cause ofpoverty aniaya chelaka dan kepapaan
; ;
oppression, ill-doing,
4.
and beggaring.
:
Some
denote possibility
(orang) keharapan reliable kedengaran audible; kelihatan visible; sebab lidah itu kekenalan bukan-nya Inggeris one could tell from their accent they ivere Jiot English. (orang) keperehayaan,
(men);
5.
significance:
kerugian
loss;
kemaluan
destruction
98
(2) destruction
\
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
kepapaan
(i) cause
kebSsaran (i) greatness, (2) mark of greatness, regalia; kemuliaan (i) house, (2) mark of honour, ada suatu kemuliaan ka-pada raja it is a mark of honour for a prince; kehinaan {i)loivliness, {2) an occasion of disgrace; kelihatan
(i)
is
seen,
kelapa
(2) can
the
see,
no lo7tger
see
yang kelihatan
the
itu tanah
mana zvhat
the
'kan, -kan
61.
affix in
of
its
evolution.
is
akan
direction toivards
an
object,
or towards a
moment and so
ivith
respect
I.
to,
concerning,
in its use separate
towards an object
jika ada kaseh tuan akan kakanda if there is love in you toivards me di-chium di-pelok oleh baginda akan
;
menantu-nya
embracing by
the prince
e. the
Direction towards a
moment
in time
zuait
for
the coining
of
the
Concerning
akan pendua-nya di-sungkap-nya as for his dagger it temenggong tiada sedar akan hal zvas loosened by him
;
the matter.
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
II.
99
The
next stage
is
sedar akan, sedarkan harap akan, harapkan akan, rindukan khabar akan, khabarkan.
;
rindu
III.
((?)
Finally
we
As
a suffix
retains a trace of
its
prepositional force
which would be
akan immediately, if it were employed, must follow the kan derivative immediately. hantarkan sahaya wang setid [to) me money buatkan
;
dia
rumah
leave
kasut
me
shoes;
chichit-ku /
{V) It
and
adjectives.
raj akan
cover,
orang make
;
a ruler of a person
selimutkan
to
;
pinangkan
to,
;
propose marriage
sheathe {a
sarongkan (keris)
give a sheath
dagger)
sin
kandangkan make
account a sin
(c)
;
hesar^Sin enlarge
of
buat or buatkan rumah f?iake a house; panggil or panggilkan orang call a person pukul or pukulkan budak beat a boy; kirim or kirimkan surat dispatch a
;
letter.
[This
suffix
not to
;
had dried up
it
shall be got
sabar-lah dahulu
masakan
co?ne?^
ia tiada
datang
loo
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
-i
in i or
suffix.
With
other words
kan are sometimes used interchangeably. The form ke + stem + kan is never found, but ke + stem + i is not uncommon ke + tahu + i, ke + hendak + i.
and
:
The number of stems taking the suffix i is fewer than the number taking kan. The suffix i is almost certainly the Indonesian locative
preposition
(i)
i.
Derived
from
this
locative
preposition,
the
suffix
word denoting
coiiniry
place, especially
when the stem is verbal. diami negeri inhabit a astana so that I may ascend
ulang-ulangi
kubur make
travel
(2)
round a fort
When
the
ground word
noun or
by
it
to an
susu viilk, susui suckle, hujan rain, hujani rain on lembut soft, lembuti give softness to teman follower, temani tofollow a person "kxidit force, kuati to apply force to nama name, namai to give a na7ne to; kurnia, anugerah
; ;
(Skt.) gift,
kurniai, anugerahi
to
bestow upon
kipas afan,
compare
;
sama, sameness,
menyamai
baik good, membaiki to make good, to cause repair to panas hot, panasi to heat, apply heat to. In this context the suffix marks the verbal use of radicals which may be verb, adverb, noun or adjective, carrying on as it were to the object, just as in English when employed as verbs, words like dream, jump, hit, look are carried on by the prepositions of, on,
'
'
at, to.
(3)
The
derivative having
its
become
often loses
special force
intensative.
SYSTEM OF AFFIX mON
of the intransitive occur,
persist;
',
r.^
;: 'HI
(4) It forms mostly transitive verbs, but a few examples sunggoh-sunggohi he determined,
melaxLti traverse
is
mvilai degin.
(5)
built
There
of
i
and
kan
a distinction
the
original
functions
of
person
hampirkan orang
merajakan
approach
(lit,
REDUPLICATION
(2) Reduplication
of the
for its in
vowel'
the
of
the
vocalization
or
of consonants
dictionary provides a
number of
crystallized examples,
conjunctions
Malay.
Broadly
reduplication
always
implies
indefiniteness
whether of number, or degree or contingency or time or likeness. It is not used where a definite number is mentioned.
kedua pipi
common
kedua
pipi-pipi.
is
This,
it
it is
very
: ;
icfz
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
it
will
be convenient to classify
that redu-
all sorts
rumah
forms
mahkota segala
princes.)
raja-raja
the
croivn
of
all
kinds
of
comes the reduplication in the names of by going in flocks or shoals or having an abnormal complement of legs and wings suggest plurality; and also of things which by their nature suggest it. IMost of
this head,
Under
animals, which
these
form:
anai-anai
scorpion
ivhite
ant;
lumba-lumba
fiy
;
kupu-kupu, rama-rama
kala-kala
;
;
butter-
biri-biri
;
kura-kura
or
repetition,
tortoise
laba-Iaba spider
reduplication
to
kisi-kisi
trellisivork.
Also
express
:
plurality,
churan
bloiuing continually
;
ganti-ganti one
kili-kili (constantly
Reduplication denotes
indefinite
ascending and
:
de-
scending degree
jauh-jauh
far far
a
very
aivay
keehil-kechil
;
small child
//;/)' tiny budak-budak kanak-kanak very young children in the day, mula-mula at the very
;
indah-indah
very ivonderful
lekas-lekas
7'ery
astonished;
kelamaan
(c)
word
layang
fly,
layang-layang
kite
gunong
mountain.
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
gunong-gunong
a pyra?nidal design in arl\
\
103
ayam
foivl,
ayam-ayam
Jiorse;
watcr-foivl
kuda
horse,
kuda-kuda
;
doihes-
langit heavens,
;
sky,
eye,
langit-langit a
ceiling-cloth, the
mata
mata-mata /cV/'ct?
thieve,
orang man,
churi-churi
orang-orang
colours
the pupil
buat do, buat-buat pretend; also of hitam-hitam resembling black, blackish puteh;
puteh
whitish.
And
under
this
head comes
:
its
and conjunctions
mana
ivhcre,
mana-mana
ivherevcr
apa ivhat, apa-apa ivhatcver; bila when, bila-bila ivhenever kalau if, kalau-kalau ifperchance, (In Perak, the phrases orang besar-besar and orang kaya-kaya apply to the eight chiefs who are inferior to the four premier chiefs^ the orang besar or orang kaya, so that the reduplication does not
;
mere resemblance
chiefs.
to the
Similarly
anak
raja-raja
signifies a
more
anak
raja.)
rule of syntax,
it
As a
subject
may
and
attribute,
reduplicated,
rumah tuanthe
;
tuan
different
Europeans' houses,
rumah-rumah. tuan
to
;
different sorts
of houses belonging
a particular European
anak
anak-anak
other
negeri Iain-lain
countries}
my
words denoting
show
variety
(e. g.
pokok
tree,
many
104
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
COMPOUND WORDS
65.
The meaning
it
of a
Malay word
is
by compounding
afford examples.
(i)
Many
of further analysis,
((?)
The one
stands
in
case relation to
\
ayer lebah
hoiiey
kepala susu
ibu rumah inain hdlding of a house; anak panah mata kaki anldc mata-hari sun mata kain kaki langit horizon tukang besi blacksjm't/i pattern wayang kulit shadow-play with leather puppets nyiur
cream
arroiv
;
;
gading ivory-coloured coco-nut. anak {!)) The first substantive is added to the second bini household, wife and children adek kakak relations rumah tangga zvfe] ibu bapa parents; hamba sahaya
:
servants.
(c)
The
first
a country
Per
hornhill bird-,
(2) Substantive
+ adjective,
the
by
arbitrarj'
words would ordinarily bear by juxtaposition. kereta sombong mail train orang besar a
;
chief;
raja
XQXidSicrflzan prince;
a dainty morsel,
viz.
kuching pekak
+ verb.
;
guru tenun weaving inistress tukang masak pisau chukur razor rumah pasong lock-up.
;
coot;;
(4) Adjective
+ substantive,
sea-sick;
forming an adjective.
plum-coloured;
mabok
laut
merah jambu
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
susah hati sad
;
105
insane
;
keras hati
ohsiinaic
bebal akal
masam
muka^/z-'w.
(5) Adjective
+ adjective.
red;
merah muda light red; merah tua dark kuning cream-coloured; hitam manis broivn.
(6)
puteh
substantive.
chochok sanggul hairpin; sepak va,^2t. football; ikat pinggang bell korek api matches gunting babi a kind
; ;
of
trap.
(7)
Pronoun + verb.
ruler (corrupted
yang di-pertuan
(colloquially (8)
yam
tuan)
apa
biiat
awat)
ivhy.
Compounding
place.
gajah
menyusu
adjunct;
membabi buta
have an
\
epileptic fit;
niembusutjantanyt^;7fl: high
ant-hill
menganak sungai
decline to evening;
;
make a streamlet;
merembang petang
iveave
the
menganyam
negeri
question
gila
mad
stitch
mendairah.
Maharaja Lela
in
bersual jawab
estate
;
berlaki-biui
married
berniat
clothes;
jahat have
evil intentions;
bertandok panjang
be long-horned.
CHAPTER
VII
PRONOUNS
two classes of personal
Pronouns.
in
^^lalay
One can
pronoun
distinguish
(I) the
pronoun proper,
(II) the
noun employed
in
place of a pronoun,
I.
The
Malay noun
and
adjective,
plural
though
are
and another
They
ist
kamu.
standing
in
As a pronominal
position
proclitic
an insignificant
verb
before
to
the
root
of the
transitive
to
aku
is
contracted
ku
and engkau
kau.
hai
Ruwana
'kau katakan-lah yang kehendak hati-mu itu, 'ku dengar tell, O Ravana, the desire of your heart, that one may
hear
it.
As pronominal enclitic without emphasis aku, engkau, kamu, ia become 'ku, 'kau, 'nau, and nya respectively.
n, and
akan and dengan prepositions ending in akan in the form of the verbal suffix kan, we find aku commonly changed to daku, engkau sometimes to dikau and ia always to dia.
In literature, afier
after
PRONOUNS
The
exact
significance
:
107
of these
pronouns
it
is
highly
important to understand
God
addressing man, by a
among
themselves.
:
Used
for
we
it
aku ketiga tve three aku sakalian all of us. It corresponds to engkau yang berkhabar itu bukan si aku si engkau my informant was not one whom you could address in familiar terms. kita ive, more common in the plural, except when spoken
often has a
word
to
denote plurality
by princes
In the plural,
it
is
not arrogant.
Unlike kami,
kami
and
his parly,
and excludes
sembah orang
itu
'
'
kami sakalian
tiada tahu
'
the
men did
obeisance saying
:
know
to
'.
It is
kita orang,
kamu
used sometimes
engkau you, an address to persons of no importance except that aku and engkau are forms of address in prayer It is common in literature and conversation. to the deity. pergi-lah engkau ketujoh It may be singular or plural
bersaudara do you seven brothers go. In Perak, Kedah, and in the RiauPenang hang is employed in conversation
;
Johor
States,
kau
is
preferred, as in literature.
It is just civil,
and
is
common
and conversation.
ia becomes dia as the object, and also
:
ia
for
is
he, she,
they,
emphasis as subject
is
him.
dia too
commoner
II.
than ia in conversation.
The
genitive suffix
form
nya will be noticed under possessive pronouns. The INIalay looks upon the personal pronoun
Rather than employ
if
it,
proper
he
will
of
io8
PARTS OF SPEECH
by some noun of
improper.
self-deprecia-
Many
The
following
show
the
Persoji speaking
PRONOUNS
common.
It
109
perhamba and di-perhamba. manteri China 'ya tuan-ku shah sembah perdana tlie alam yang di-perhamba-lah membicharakan
occurs also as
'
'
sovereign
of
the
zuorld,
of
commoners speaking
for
of them-
any
raja
;
and even of
of state
Europeans.
beta (Hind,
or ive; used
by
rajas
;
and gentry
but chiefly
person
in letters,
and corre-
on the East coast it is rude except for the raja writing to his chiefs, and that in Pahang it was formerly an expression
forbidden except for the ruler.)
tuan,
in
literally master, is
of birth
and breeding (and all Malays have breeding), descendants of the prophet and Hajis of either sex. A Malay will say tuan hamba to chiefs and tuan patek to rajas.
tuan puteri
and
the
title
is
in titles is
found seri
paduka tuan
(which in Perak
is
is
only
come now to be applied to the deity. tuan + the pronominal suffix of the tuan-ku It has come to have a very restricted first person, my lord. use and is reserved now for address to the deity and to Malay
simply
sovereigns.
In Perak,
it
may be
is
Muda
sometimes arrogated
to themselves
by important
tengku,
on both
of Pahang,^
1
in
:
rajas of full
blood
sides
tengku besar
In Perak,
it
is
the
title
of the
Crown Prince
is
Sejarah Melayu,
no
PARTS OF SPEECH
commoner chief tengku manteri, tengku temenggong and to the permaisuri or chief commoner wife of the Sultan. In Shellabear's edition of the
Hang
it is
not to
it
be found
Dutch
versions of the
work
and neither
nor
engku
It is
applied to Sayid,
engku
Perak
it
in
Riau-Johor
is
the
common
mothers.
In
more important rajas (below the three great officers, who are addressed as tuanku) and is so used in Maxwell's rhapsodist version of Sri Rama.
applied to the
datok,
literally
grandfather,
is
is
title
of big hereditary
commoner
chiefs,
but
headmen and of
and
specifically of grandfather or
enchek
Specifically proper
all.
The commoner
wife of a
'chek puan, of a chief 'tok puan. Other nouns so commonly employed as to deserve the name of improper pronouns but of more or less local range
are
teman
(lit.
mika
you,
in
forms rare in
Dutch
editions
of the
in
familiar
and
affectionate talk
among
for in
kawan
second
friend,
awak
the
talking
body)
humble forms
person
first
silakan
bentara dua, kita menanti diri dari-pada tadi be seated, you two officers, we have awaited you some while (cp. 68,
reflexive pronouns).
goa and
/ and
PRONOUNS
mereka
III.
III
common
for
they in literature.
many
of which have
become
commoner
to
noun
persons.
(i)
first,
:
Words denoting
Proper names,
and
(2)
and conventional.
Used by
tive.
words of the
last
two
of these classes are not usual and sound childish and asser-
Used
all
in place of
persons,
three
classes
common
as
modes
of
polite address.
(i)
(polite),
bapa (vulgar) y^Z/zr/-, emak mother, anak child, abang elder brother, kakak elder sister or rarely brother, adek younger brother or sister, chuchu grandchild of
either sex.
The
fiction,
relationship
may
emak ka-mana
any
woman whose years deserved the appellation. abang of the man and adek of the girl
expressions for one another between lovers,
tinggal-lah
I do not go for long. There are honorific forms ending in nda applicable
is
whom
;
writing,
112
PARTS OF SPEECH
from ibu
;
;
bonda
adek
from
;
kakanda from kakak adinda from anakanda, ananda from anak chuchunda, chunda from chuchu senda from sahaya mamanda
;
;
mamak
tincle
(a
nurse,
occur in literature
bonda
is
found
you{\.t.
Hassan ka-mana ? ivhere are Hassan) going ? Hassan sudah -pevgiBe [i.e. I/assan)
Where
the
has gone.
of
is
name
of the person
spoken to or spoken
unknown,
common
Awang
The
or in
Perak
Kulup
Sejarah
Melayu says
virgin.
use.
'
formerly corresponded to
dara
its
If
one of his
serfs
came up from
wearing a fine pink coat, buttons., and a bright handkerchief, then the Bendahara would say, '''Come up into the house, Awang!'
When
"
is
(namamu
/ am
"
Then
thefelloiv
would pay
(sahaya ini
myfather, and
si
grand-
father."
and-so's son
anu-kali)
So great
On
the
sulong
firstborn
is
similarly
used
in
case
of
girls.
own name and prefer to be called'pa A.vfB,ng father of Aivang or 'mak 'Ngah mother of'Ngah 'pa Awang indeed or whatever be the name of their child has become a conventional mode of address like Awang.
Parents often drop their
;
(3) Besides
tuanku, tengku,
engku,
to
datok, other
to suit the
in
the
third
PRONOUNS
person.
113
as a form of address to
(
So we
find
wan,^ 'chek
wan
= sharifah)
birth,
and
mek
North
penghulu or 'tok penghulu to minor headmen, 'chek guru to a pundit, tuan kadli to a priest, 'wa (= tuwa old) to old men, baba to a Straits-born Chinaman, tauki to a Chinese employer of labour, nonya to a Chinese or Eurasian married woman, nona to an unmarried Chinese girl.
Rhymesters frequently speak of themselves
as fakir
in the first
person
mendicant or
dagang yang
of address
titles
naturally never
;
seldom
contracted
mostly for the third, yang di-pertuan yam-tuan //^, his Highness shah alam sovereign world, aku di-panggil oleh shah alam / am sumfor the second, the sovereign
of
the
ivorld.
sembah ka-
bawah
from
it
not the
ka-bawah dull has been taken as a title (which is case with ka-bawah kaus and ka-bawah cherpu
^
and
superiors).
employed towards chiefs and Europeans Other honorifics meaning your highness
literally the
shah alam
ivorld.
is
baginda
(Skt.
common
term in the
mana titah ka-bawah duli as your highness orders ya tuanku shah alam you my lord, sovereign of the ivorld', payong naungan patek you my shade arid shelter are
;
in the
second person.
'
In Negri Sembilan,
wan
means
1554
H4
PARTS OF SPEECH
67. Possessive
Pronouns.
and
all
the
words used
noun and serve for possessive pronouns, precisely as one noun placed after another may do. kaki kuda a horses leg kaki sahaya, kaki hamba my leg kaki tuan your leg isteri teman
follow a
;
;
may
viy wife.
The
mu
(and sometimes in
house,
rumah-ku my
:
hidup-
xaviyour term of life, are employed, except when emphasis is not on the object but on its possessor bukan baju dia
baju aku
who owns the coat, it is I. Similarly ia and dia may be used, if emphasis falls on the possessor di-kenal-nya keris ia he recognized that the dagger was his siapa mengaseh dia who is his lover.
it is
not he
is
nya.
The
uses of
nya may
be summarized as follows
it has the same varied case signoun following another will have.
(i) Following a
noun,
I'umah-nya his house, atas-nya its top, ubat-nya the medicine for him, hala-nya the direction for him or of it. dalam sungai may (2) Often it makes for clearness, mean in a river or the depth of a river; dalam-nya sungai can only mean the depth of the river; an ak raja itu may mean that princeling or the child of that raja, but anak-nya
raja itu only
the child
of that raja.
In these cases
it
lends
word following it. So, too, oleh-nya mendengar khabar, itu-lah patek sakalian
datang
come.
fiezvs,
And
under
this
head
falls
the use
di-dengar-nya
of him, the prince, expanded from the equally correct di-dengar baginda in the hearing of the prince and sometimes into di-dengar-nya oleh baginda
in the hearing
it
baginda
the prince,
falls
on
baginda.
PRONOUNS
Moreover
will
is
if it
115
me
cannot
limit the
idiom
be that when
nya
contrary to
its
an accusative,
her
and
siapa mengaseh-nya we
Just so, unless there
shall
kaseh-nya who
is
mu
;
and nya
tion-c7/w-substantive forms,
atas-nya, oleh-nya
in the genitive.
Its
in all of
is
it
is
muka-nya Sang Ranjuna thefaceof Sang Ranjuna; pintu-nya peti itKx. the lid of the chest] pada esok harinya itu 07i the morrow of that day. (3) Also nya is used merely to accentuate that antithesis and balance which underlies the Malay sentence, anak
sufiixed
this child
may be
it
whose story
tama punya bahasa 'yang di-pertuan' dan 'patek' it ivas Demang Lebar Daun who first talked of ''yang di-perlembu punya susu sapi punya nama tuan and pate/i
' ' ' ;
the
cozv's
milk.
Used,
7nine,
punya
dia
its
punya rumah
his house)
it is
baik
punya kuda
a fine horse.
is
Another circumlocution
Finally antithesis
expressed by
that holding
repetition
milek
is in
is
marked by
is
common,
baju
aku
that coat
my
coat.
ri6
PARTS OF SPEECH
68.
Reflexivity
in
Malay by
the
awak
is
really a
noun used
idiomatically.
pronouns
well
in self,
baik-lah aku
I destroy
ia
pun pergi
diri
diri
;
membuang
In certain idioms
stands alone,
kakanda may
sahaya, diri
the blessings
of security
;
hamba vy person
one's one's leave.
sa-orang diri
alone
di-
slay oneself;
+ the
more
usual.
aku
self,
sendiri,
(2)
kami
sendiri,
sahaya sendiri
= (i)
I ?ny-
I of 7ny
I alone,
;
seperti harta-
as if it zvere his {her, their, your, viv or our according to context) oiim property tanah sendiri my [our,
nya sendiri
his,
your,
her or their)
own land the personal pronoun always the word sendiri if the context in itself
oivn accord;
not clear,
sendiri-nya of its
sama
sendiri-
nya
The
itu
in
lime and
space, ini
space.
(i)
this, these,
and
They
if
follow the
word they
its
qualify
and follow
all
the
;
orang itu that man orang besar yang orang besar itu that great tnan memerentah itu that great ruler, but orang itu besar that man is of great size and itu orang besar that man
words,
any, denoting
attributes,
;
is
sreat.
PRONOUNS
(2)
117
They can qualify a preceding verb or clause as well as patek datang ini / come noiv sa-telah itu after perahu itu melanchar-lah berapa lamathat (was done) nya belay ar itu the ship darted fonvanl and after some
a noun,
;
They can
stand
alone or
with
lah,
as
predicate
emphatic forefront of
is
he; itu-Iah
hal-nya
that
is the
of
ini-lah
yang kita
;
lihat
sa-malam
itu
ivhat that
(4)
is
itu-lah.
elok
that / that
beautiful.
may
be seen from
orang ini this man {here) negeri Perak ini this land of Perak here empat lima bulan ini patek tiada memegang keris this last four or five months I have not held a dagger.
;
orang itu
to,
yonder man
Singapura itu
;
Singapore yonder,
Singapore
the ivell-knoivn
tetekala itu
70.
Interrogative Pronouns.
following words serve for interrogative pronouns:
.^
The
apa what
mana
ivhieh ? ivhere ?
apa is not purely an interrogative pronoun cf. 86. As an interrogative apa is applied to things and the names pokok apa itu what is that tree apa namaof things,
.^
nya pokok
article si
itu zvhat
is
the
name of
is
that tree?
siapa
(the
and apa)
tvho ? ivhose ?
^xop^d^iXvuvhoisthat? anak siapa the names of persons. tertawa itu ivhose child laughed then ? siapa nam a orang itu what is the tiame of that person ?
mana
rogative pronoun,
pokok mana
itu which
is the
tree? or
ii8
PARTS OF SPEECH
you
refer to ?
is
whereas
pokok apa
itu
may mean
is
a thing
reference to place.
So
balai
mana
is
frequently accompanied
tree?
by
yang.
which
is
ivhich
ivhere is the
pada
antara, dari-pada.
out of these tools ?
ini ivhich
siapa (antara)
kamu
7vhich ofyou,
mana
pokok itu, mana (pada) antara pokok itu, mana daripada pokok itu which of these trees ? Derivative forms are berapa hoiv much? how many? mengapa why? definite reason why ? kenapa ivhy ? betapa how? %vhy ? bagai-
mana
is its
hoiv?
their use are berapa harga-nya hoiv much berapa umur-nya how old is he ? (also beberapa pun di-suroh panggil, tiada juga mau datang
Examples of
price ?
Ruwana ngapa engkau melakukan diri-mu demikian dan berapa lama-mu sekarang why,Ravana, doyou conduct yourself thus and how long now have you done so ? supaya aku ketahui betapa hal-nya that I may knoiv {inore or less) what is his condition also chukup lengkap betapa adat raja-raja yang besar sufficient preparation
hai
;
{jnore or
less')
like the
bagai-mana
menangkap landak
what way
is the
porcupine trapped ?
71.
The
pronoun
in
Malay
is
yang, an
omitted in
idiomatic
word which
if
is
conjunction,
may be
translation, rendered
that,
by
the,
and so on.
PRONOUNS
(i)
rig
yang
it
apabila
Laksamana
the
;
mati,
yang
is
mudah juga
Laksamana
dengan kuat yang mana hamba mem6the force with ivhich I may hold hi?n? pada masa ini-lali tuan hamba hamil yang akan peroleh anak yang amat bijaksana this time the important point
gang dia what
is
is
is
omit
the
two emphatic
bear a
relative conjunctions
'
this time
atid
ivill
clever son.
ada hikayat Melayu di-bawa oleh / hear there is a Malay romance it was
yang
would imply
hear there
is
that
Malay
Goa
the
yang
has a
Consonant with
introduced by
in
it
this
function of
yang,
word or clause
emphasis
will
occupy often
that position of
Malay composition,
yang behormat tuan Resident the respected Resident', yang maha mulia Sultan Alaidin Shah his highness Sultan Alaidin Shah. And in this case, sometimes yang will be used redundantly, yang kurnia baginda itu semua-nya beta junjong-lah the present froju his highness
zve all
humbly
accept.
will
Naturally
yang
accompanies the
merely
to
attributive adjective,
phrase following
is
attribute
Hang
Tuah yang amat bijaksana Hang Tuah noted for his wisdom budi yang baik sangat ?nost excellent discretion.
;
after
( 99).
120
PARTS OF SPEECH
ada pun yang hamba datang ini di-titahkan oleh Betara Guru lunv I have come here at the bidding of Siva ada pun yang kita datang ini bukan kita hendak bersuamikan Haja Melaka itu iiozv I have come here not ivith Ihe desire of marrying the Raja of Malacca bahwa yang dunia ini tiada akan kekal noiv of a truth this world is transitory; arti-nya yang arak itu ibu segala najis
;
;
the
meaning
is
that drink
is the
(3)
yang
just as
omitted
in
a braid
his
letter
and signed
it ivith
hand ;
A nd sent
or
it to
/ ivant
to
know a
butcher paints.
sa-orang puteh yang 'ku kaseh akan dia a zchite man, yes, I felt regardfor him; sarang lebah yang telah 'ku menunggu akan dia a bee's nest, one I had watched over ;
pesaka pada segala waris-mu yang tiada engkau kaseli ka-pada-nya pada masa hidup-mu an inheritance / mean the very relatives you felt dislike to all your relatives for in your lifetime tersebut-lah perkataan sa-orang raja yang terlalu amat besar kerajaan-nya the story is
told
In
in
translation.
And
in
jMalay
yang may
to
often-
grammar (though
the people
searching
segala
orang menghantarkan
were conveying
the
zvent to their
homes;
memegang
keris-nya sudah
PRONOUNS
terhunus
his
121
i.e.
dagger
holding
ivas draivn.
yang is omitted frequently after words denoting place and time tempat place, negeri land, bekas ti'ace of, ruin of, waktu, masa time, sahaya bertanya dari hal tempat keluar emas xXw. I inquired about Ihe place the gold camefrom.
:
(4)
yang
its
function
it
and
in this context,
said to correspond
definite articles.
empunya is used for the owner, tiada di-keempunya suara it was not knoivn ivho ivas the ozvner of the voice oleh yang empunya kedai by the shopkeeper; kata yang empunya hikayat says the author of the
So yang
tahui yang
tale.
Similarly
is the
what
ive
use
bertemu dengan
can meet
ivith
the object
of our quest
mari-lah kita melihat yang bernyala-nyala sa-malam come let us see ivhat zuas afire last nigh! yang buta datang
;
berpimpin
(5)
the blind
will
came guided.
serve
like
yang
not
our
relative
;
.pronoun
to
a fresh topic
ada pun akan baginda itu tahu akan diri-nya akan beroleh anak; maka anak baginda itu-lah menjadi raja di-Bukit Seguntang; dari-pada anak chuchu baginda itu-lah kelak menjadi raja besar-besar akhir
zaman
knew he luould
end of time
become prince at
ihe
72. Indefinite
Pronouns.
people,
orang any person, some persons, di-anak orang the tail of his ye
ekur mata-nya
;
122
PARTS OF SPEECH
people
ada suatu anak orang there was a daughter of certam orang berkhabar people say sa-orang kata bagini sa-orang kata bagitu one man says this, another that tiada
; ;
;
sa-orang terlindong lagi there ivas no one in hidi7Jg any more; sa-orang sa-orang berganti-ganti one person after
another in turn,
suatu
to persons,
may apply to things as orang datang suatu hal there comes some event.
:
apa can
expression.
It is generally reduplicated kalau jangan apa-apa gondala-nya provided there is no accident of any tidak apa it is no matter, it is nothiitg kind, but not always so too, apa-tah and even apa-lah : hai adinda definite apa-lah bichara kita akan anakaij.da ini sister mine, have we any plan at allfor this child of ours. barang so?}ie, ajiy (also a noun = chattels and a modal
:
word
it
qualifies
and
so
has
been
compared with
an
barang sedikit an indefinite small quantity barang orang, barang siapa a7jy one you like barang barang bila ivhenever barang apa anything suroh urut badan barang empat lima kali perhaps hari prescribed massage for some four or five days; barang yang terlintang di-tikam-nya ivhoever ivas in his path was stabbed barang apa ketiadaan belanja ambil-lah pada hamba 'whatever money is lacking take from me bukan-nya besi sa-barang besi it ivas not steel of any pedeh-nya asap itu bukan barangcommon sort barang the smarting caused by the smoke ivas not any ordinary
indefinite
;
numeral,
smarting
(i.e.
was something
extraordiyiary).
masing-masing each (singly) is used of persons. It can stand alone masing-masing dengan ragam-nya each ivith
:
temperament peculiar
to
himself
is
tiap-
PRONOUNS
tiap hari every day
Singh' chain.
;
123
a! every
sakalian,
semua
which
number
like
in
case, they
do not stand
after the
word
it
barang and
;
tiap-tiap.
mati-lah
kuman kena
pe-
lantek
(B)
I.
NUMERALS
suatu and esa)
6
7
73. Cardinal
I
Numbers.
(also sa-,
satu
dua
empat
lima
retiini) is
:
enam
tujoh
3 tiga
4 5
8 9
delapan sembilan
to the
belas (=balas
added
numbers
eleven to nineteen
11 sa-belas
16
enam-belas
12
dua-belas
17 tujoh-belas 18 delapan-belas
19 sembilan-belas
13 tiga-belas
14 empat-belas
15 lima-belas
puloh added
ten
;
to the first
:
for
example
10 sa-puloh
20 dua-puloh
30 tiga-puloh
To
21
enam
45 empat-puloh lima
93 sembilan-puloh tiga
124
PARTS OF SPEECH
hundreds are formed by adding ratus to the
:
The
first
nine units
100 sa-ratus
dua
The
1000 sa-ribu
3000 tiga-ribu
The
lens
The
(i)
kurang
less,
subtracting
is
numbers
9 kurang satu sa-puloh 97 kurang tiga sa-ratus 998 sa-ribu kurang dua
(2)
likur
is
used in
it
literature
for
20 especially
in dates,
to
21 sa-likur
some-
times with
kurang,
is
used for
otie.
Tuhan
the one only God sa-puloh kurang esa nitie. An old literary form of delapan is dua-lapan. di(4) bunoh-nya dengan tangan-nya sendiri sa-ribu empat-
yang esa
hand 1480
evil spirits.
(5)
to express multiples
of five see
below
NUMERALS
125
:
74.
The Arabic
0123456789
I
ciphers
i^
Thus 19
will
be
r,
18000
..
Rarely the
letters
.54
i
t^
]o
800
9
d
J
^
20
L_j
700 200
7
30
ciJ
400
500
]a
900
40
^3
8
^7
c
k__s
U 50
J 5
(^
60
1000 80
100
(^ 300
^jo
()0
56
(_^
^ 600
75.
^3
10
(i)
They
qualify, except
and
in
emphasis
falls
on
the numeral, then the other cardinals will stand before the
it
that
is,
both
in the
emas
(2)
satu,
No
;
enam
puloh
(3)
15 tr 16
a day or
tivo
40 or 50
empat lima
They express
pada dua-puloh hari bulan Jumad al-akhir ia-itu pada dua-belas hari bulan October on the tweniieih day
0/ Juinad-al-akhir, Ihat is on the tzvel/th day of October; satelah datang ka-pada tujoh hari, maka baginda pun
126
PARTS OF SPEECH
as soon as
it
berangkat-lah
set out.
came
to the
is
pertama
sometimes found;
o;;
pada
the first
day of the
suatu-suatu
severally;
one by
otie,
\\x<sx2^-\\vsi2i
of [us]
empat-empat
;
one by one,
penchuri
(5)
in
bahagi dua divide selang suatu every second; bongkok berlipat tiga belakangnya her back bent in three curves Laksaraana berjalan dua berbudak the Laksamana set out ivith his page sahaya tiga beranak / and my tivo children dua laki isteri the couple, husband and wife (where one would expect kedua) saudara dua kali pupu a cousin twice removed; dengan
following idioms are notable
i.e.
:
The
two;
every fourth
sa-ribu kemuliaan
zuith countless ?narks of honour pekerjaan-nya hendakmenyambut dull yang di-pertuan, suatu lagi hendak menyambut paduka adinda itu gerangan his business was to ivelcome his higlmess, and
;
further
(lit.
76. Fractions.
one-quarter
;
suku, sa-suku
share
;
tiga
suku
three-quarters
and
three-quarters.
half, one-half;
tengah, sa-tengah a
half a cubit; sa-tengah
midday.
jam
half
is
att
employed
i,
;
tengah tiga z\; tengah lima ratus tengah tiga puloh 2^x10= 25 tengah tujoh ribu 6^ x 1000 = 6500. 4^ X 100 = 450 It is used, too, to express an indefinite number some, mereka itu sa-tengah kafir, sa-tengah Islam half the people were infidels, and half of the Mohammedan faith) sa-tengah difrom the
precedes a ^ of
e.g.
;
NUMERALS
127
biinoh dan sa-tengah lari dan sa-tengah di-tawan-nya some 7vcre killed, some look flight and some were taken prisoners.
sa-paro
indefinite
{/(JV.) is
number,
(lit.
sa-belah ringgit
dollar).
is
fi/ty cents
half a
means of
lima three-fifths tujoh perpuloh seven-tenths. The suffix an is found occasionally with these derivatives sa-pertigaan
:
a third.
The
use of derivatives
to express
fractions
is
avoided
bahagian.
di-bahagi tiga, dua bahagi akan Laksamana, sa-bahagi akan orang yang empunya harta
a division of the property was made, two-thirds of
the
it
allotted to
Laksamana, one-third
to
the oivner
Temenggong me-
mileh orang-nya, di-dalam tiga-ribu itu dua-ratus juga di-bawa-nya the Temenggong took a picked body of
men, one-fiftecnih of his force of three thousand.
further
Without
;
bahagian = tivo-thirds lima bahagian = five-si.xths sembilan bahagian nine-tcnlhs, and so on tiga bahagian jiwa-nya sudah hilang he was
explanation
dua
;
three-quarters dead.
^11. ke
derivatives.
ke
yang
formed,
satu
the three
literature
and mainly
in
kesa
is
pertama from the Sanskrit is employed. The syntax of these derivative numerals
(i)
is
simple.
The
phrase
yang ke
it
.,
follows the
word
qualifies,
128
chapter
PARTS OF SPEECH
\
fasal
yang kelima
&c.
the
fifth
paragraph
never
noun they
complete
set, all.
;
kedua pipi
laki isteri the
both cheeks
couple,
kedua mata
ivife
;
both eyes
kedua
husband and
ketiga anak-nya
his
children^
of his (whereas tiga anak-nya = three of But these derivatives will follow and not
pronouns
sabaya ketiga / and tivo companions. The stem may be reduplicated kelima-lima all five.
: :
included
and
his
the prince
and
(4)
If the
ke
noun
(or
it
-nya
:
is
added
to
bunob
we
;
slay them, the ivholc forty of them ivill be dead afid done ivith
the eighth
which completed
the
period
had
arrived.
(5)
Standing alone
denote
at
the beginning
secondly,
of a
&c.
clause
:
these
derivatives
firstly,
thirdly,
di-surob
baginda bampir dari antara orang itu enam orang, pertama Bendabara, kedua Kadli, ketiga Paduka Tuan, keempat Pengbulu Bendabari, kelima Temenggong, keenam Laksamana the prince called six
officers to his presence, firstly the
Bendahara, secondly
the
the Kali,
thirdly the
Laksamana.
NUMERALS
78. hev
It
129
derivatives.
how
collective
(
ke
derivatives.
to the
except
that
ber
is
of course
neither
required
in
Like derivatives
ke, so
scores
of
79. Miscellaneous.
suatu one, as in pada suatu masa once upon a time; suatu alamat a certain sign banyak juany, sedikit few, lebeh more, kurang less, masing-masing each, tiap-tiap
;
every,
segala,
ganda
cation,
-fold; kali,
times, are
words used
in multipli-
ganda untong-nya he got one hundred per dua kali tinggi dari-pada kota itu tvoice as cent, profit high as the fort. The following words denote addition, viz. himpun, kumpul (literally collect together'), jumlah (Ar.) lagi as in tujoh lagi dua jadi sembilan seven with two added makes ni?ie; lebeh, e.g. dua lebeh dua-pertiga two and two-thirds ; subtraction is denoted by ambil, tolak, potong
lipat
;
division
by bahagi
?>iultiply
by pukul, tharab
(Ar.).
80.
Numeral
coeflacients.
in
many
three
cases descriptive
of
some obvious
is
quality'
of the
head of cattle.
of
The
following
list
of the
commoner:
batang bentok
of rings.
13
PARTS OF SPEECH
of ividihs of
cloth,
bidang
ricefields,
knives,
buah
butir oi
charek of scraps o{ paper, and linen, ekur of ajiimals^ birds, insects, and contemptuously
helai, 'lai of leaves, hair,
cloth,
of men,
paper,
kaki
kampoh
kayu
meat,
roe,
of
keping
of blocks of timber,
ttietal,
kuntum
o{flowers,
{curtains, necklace, &c.),
cloth,
laboh of hanging
laras oi gun-barrels,
mata
orang oi persons, patah of words, peranggu of sets of betel-boxes, buttons, perdu oi trees, pintu or tangga of houses, potong of slices of meat and bread,
letters, needles,
of
nets,
**-
rumpun
tandan
sikat of a layer
bunch of bananas,
of a bunch of bananas,
The numeral always stands immediately before its coAnd before a coefficient sa is used instead of
NUMERALS
suatu.
131
is
The
syntax of numeral-f/-coefficient
:
identical
it
emphasis
falls
laid
down
in {a)
and
(^) is reversed.
Instances are
orang my
:
anak-ku tiga anak-ku sa-orang my one and only son tiga orang anak-ku three persons, i.e. my sons and sa-orang budak hanyut berpegang pada sakeping papan a child afloat clinging to a plank, where the
sa-orang anak-ku
one (or
^7)
:
son cf mine;
but
Used with words denoting measures of length, time and no coefficient so that the following must be distinguished sa-ringgit one dollar (of price), sabuah ringgit a dollar piece sa-kaki a foot {in length), sabuah kaki a foot (of a pedestal) sa-pinggan a plateful, sa-biji pinggan a plate sa-jam one hour, sa-biji jam
value, the cardinals take
:
a ivatch.
(C)
81.
ADVERBS
less elliptic
Even
in
languages
and
elastic
than Malay
They
mostly express
in a short
tuan ada is the master here} pada pagi ini tuan sudah jalan ka (-kebun-nya itu) this morning he has gone to {his estate), boleh hantarkan dia surat dengan segera can you convey him a letter tvith dispatch? minta maaf-lah / beg to be excused: substitute adverbs and we get the shorter but not more explicit
and circumlocution,
I
132
sentences,
PARTS OF SPEECH
He
has jusi gone yonder.
Can you
it
convey Jujn
letter
quickly ?
No.
is
So even on Malay
nouns
in
is
not surin
prising to find, as
Marsden pointed
out,
'
few instances
which
their
less fixed
will suflice
siang daylight;
by daylight
malam
the top ;
7iight ;
by
?iight',
bawah
depth
J
the
bottom;
so too
deep ;
deeply ;
atas
above,
others.
(b) Also adjectives.
dekat
benar
true, truly
jarang
list
is
otiose, since
most adjectives
pandang tepat
walk
(c)
quickly.
Also verbs.
hsdek return
is
; behind;
hampir
to
approach;
nearly.
Very common
:
the
in
form ber +
;
re-
berganti-ganti
turn
berturut-
turut
repeatedly.
Especially close
is
it
the
conjunctions, so that
Many Malay
segera quickly
;
sahaja
;
ojily
saat
in a
moment
is
Arabic.
ADVERBS
133
83.
Formation of Adverbs.
like
(I)
amat
very,
belum
get
at
iioi
yet,
esok
time,
lama
lofig
{0/ Ume),
we
fixed
Ihe
sambil (= sa-ambil)
same
ke-mudi-an
thereafter.
(II)
By
hari-hari daily
;
kira-kira approxifuately
secretly
;
tiba-tiba
at
the
suddenly
least;
{p)
churi-churi
kurang-kurang
rintek-rintek
^f//}'
(0/ rain).
By
sa-belah on one
sa-kali at once
sa-lalu ahvays
sa-benar
sini
truly
sa-kian
here
;
so
much;
thus;
there.
(=
sa-ini)
situ (sa-itu)
{c)
By sa + reduplication
;
sa-hari-hari daily
kali
ever.
sa-lama-lama /or
sa-kali-
By sa + the root + nya. sa-benar-nya truly sa-sunggoh-nya kuat-nya ivith all vigour; sa-boleh-nya ability sa-harus-nya necessarily.
(d)
;
///
all reality
sa-
to the best
0/ one's
{e)
By sa + reduplication + nya.
ever
;
sa-lama-lama-nyay(>r
very best 0/ one's
ability.
sa-boleh-boleh-nya
to the
{/) By
it be.
the suffix
an
in a
;
taimba.'h&n/i/rther?nore
{g) Isolated
forms
are
;
perlahan-lahan
sloivly
thama) firstly.
(III)
words,
Some adverbs are formed by juxtaposition of two barang kali perhaps barang kala whenever
;
134
PARTS OF SPEECH
man a
;
bagai
is
///'?(';
itu therefore
ta'usah dont,
it
of no use;
mana
kala
ivhcn.
help of the
;
dengan
iviih
;
dengan
adil-nyay>/j//r
84.
The
time,
classification of
Malay adverbs
and
latter
is
as adverbs of
place,
degree,
affirmation
negation
This
II.
I.
To
the
first
kurang
less;
lebeh
lampau, sa-kali very bagini so, in this ivise bagitu so, in that wise; sedangyW/; dekat, hampir w^rrr/j' barang about, more or less belaka entirely sa-kian so far bukan
; ;
not;
makin
these
the more.
Of
kurang, lebeh,
terlalu,
sedang, belum,
and generally
bukan
bagitu and amat stand before the word they others after it. kurang dua tiga-puloh rial
;
twenty-eight dollars
terlalu
lebeh chantek more pretty kambing amat sangat chantek v\v^2L-nj2ia goat surpassingly, exceedingly beautiful; bagitu cherdek so clever; sedang masak y>/.y/ ripe; sedang bagitu gila juga even so, one is distraught; hampir mati nearly dead; kami ini lagi
;
muda-muda belaka we
demikian
while.
are
of us
sa-teliah
;
after
in
that
sa-belah sini
this
Many
bukan, makin,
belum) belong
ADVERBS
II.
13J
in
the
depends
on
the
emphasis
desired.
Raja Suran
tiada
mau
undur lagi did not wish to retreatfurther Raja dan Ratu Melayu lagi di-hadap oleh segala pegawai all the officers
were still in the presence of the Raja and the Javafiese chief; baginda belum lagi keluar tengah dudok di-balai the prince had 7iot yet gone forth and still sat in the hall\ tengah baginda berfikir itu ivhile still the prince thought over it to himself; gigi kami semua-nya habis tanggal our teeth have all of them entirely dropped out; sangat tahu or tahu
sangat know
thoroughly.
85. The following points require notice adverbs of place sini denotes
is
;
Of
where the
speaker
situ
;
strictly
addressed
strative
is
form
there,
where
some one
else
sana and
inside,
mana
7vhere,
bawah
distant,
beloiv,
balek
bchifui,
dalam
sa-belah. on this
side,
may
prefixed to
really
Many
adverbs
may be
;
qualified
by the demonstrative
;
sa-lama ini
all
sekarang ini 7iow sa-kali ini this time this ivhile demikian itu thus, in that way
bukan,
it
to
be
and should
that
be used where
is
understood.
;
kaya
that
man
is
not rich
136
matt rich or
is
PARTS OF SPEECH
he not P
that ruan
is
rich also
bukan
not
should
the
be affirmed;
to
tidak
it
qualifies
sentence,
bukan
word
is
which
is
wicked but he
something
else;
is
it is
who
dofi't
dia bukan jahat he is bukan dia (yang) jahat wicked dia jahat bukan
;
he
is
Surely
the
reverse
is
not true,
;
tidak-kah
bukan-kah benar is it not true ? (/ have heard it is true). The following transpositions show the force of bukan bukan sengaja beta ka-mari it is not offree-will but by compulsion I have come; sengaja bukan beta ka-mari offree-will not I but others would have come; sengaja beta bukan ka-mari of free-will I should have journeyed not here
benar
not true ? (/
know)
but elsewhere,
bukan
to
it.
suffix
nya
attached
this country is
the reverse
bukan-nya
ia tiada
tahu
tidak, tiada or
t'
not,
and
use.
ta'
comnion
ta'
in conversation
dapat tidak, ta' dapat tiada certainly ?jiust ta' boleh tidak or ta' boleh tiada 77iust ivithout fail; tidak apa or tiada apa never 7nind:
in literature,
usah dont;
;
ta'
akan musoh
itu
7itTer
is
buah perahu
Where
emphasis on presence or existence tiada should be preferred, but where that emphasis is great a redundant use
there
is
often found
present.
to
be
polite.
ADVERBS
ada-kah kamu dengar tuan sir (or enchek, (3) dengar or dengar-lah
(i)
137
you hear ? may be answered (2) ada / am {hearing), hearing, (4) sahaya / {do), and
do
&c.),
io,
yes.
entah / hiow
and
rarely
no.
jangan dahulu don't yet, is needless, ta' payah usah don't trouble to, ta' apa never inind. Prohibitives may be used even when prohibition is only indirect or implied, anak kita baik kita beri atau jangan is it ivell we give otir child or better that we don't?; jaga jangan ia masok ^//<?;7/ that he do not enter, jangan is the negative proper in final A very strong positive command is exclauses, 98 (y). pressed by jangan tidak or jangan tiada jangan tiada chuchu-ku pergi berguru ka-pada-nya go my grandchild
Prohibitives are
jangan
do not,
and the
/'/
withoutfail
to his lessons.
pernah
never;
ever
is
in interrogative
belum pernah
nya
ia
tidak pernah beberapa sudah lamamenjadi tua tiada pernah ia menyuroh bekerja
possible,
never yet.
ada-
and balance
often
it
may be
untranslated.
sick
and
he
is
sick still or
but he
is
ia
datang juga
to
others come
and
want
hari ini juga oti this day and not on another day; sama juga alike this and that; kalau mau pergi boleh juga if you xvant to go, you can go dengan mudah juga ia mengangkut // is not easy but with ease he lifts it apa juga maksud-nya ia datang he has a reason, hut what is his reason for coming ? di-pandang dari hadapan terlalu
;
;
138
PARTS OF SPEECH
dan dari belakang rendah juga in front il is and behind on the contrary loiv bunga harum
;
tinggi
very high
it
has
from
rang,
masa(-kan), remak.
be
sudah mati, masakan hidup pula he is dead and is it /ike/y he wilt come to life ?; jika ada Laksamana, masakan Si Jebat boleh perbuat derhaka demikian if the Laksa?nafia were here, is it likely Si Jebat ivould play the traitor in this fashion remak mati
perhaps
a prince's palace;
\
di-tanah Pasai
better to die in
Pasai.
nya,
apa-lah
kira-nya,
barang,
barang kira-nya,
a
mudah-mudahan, muga-muga
'
soften
command
isteri
or
kata
;
datok
Bendahara Datang ibu Hang Tuah mari apa-lah bermain-main pada kita said the zvifc of the Bendahara Here comes the mother of Hang Tuah ; please come and play ivith us jangan apa-lah anak-ku tekebur dan ria pray
'
'
'
dotit be arrogant
and proud
hati
pray do
87. There are certain particles, the enclitics lah, kah, and tah, and also pun, all of which emphasize just the word they follow, which is the emphatic word in the clause.
may
often
ADVERBS
hamba-lah raja segala manusia
;
139
//
?'s
I who am
pn'?ice
0/ all 7)1 orla Is chunda baginda Raja Suran-lah kerajaan Ihe King's g?'andson Raja Suran it zvas who became rider rata-lah segala
burgled
;
rumah keehurian
padang
'tok
bidan tujoh-lah pergi sembahkan it ivas the seven viidzvives zuho ivent and informed the prince sang api pun bermaharaja-lela-lah Mr. Fire played the Maharaja Lela.
;
kah
sentence
is
the
particle
of interrogation
the
interrogative
being
distinguished
from
the
affirmative
;
often
by intonation
also
by the
very
kah
suffixed to the
interro;
Thus is he alive ? may be ia hidup ia hidup gerangan and hidup-kah ia or ia hidup-kah. anak jin atau peri-kah tuan hamba ini is it child of spirit or of fairy that you are ? engkau-kah nama Malim Dewa is it you who are named Malim Deiva ? alang-kah tinggi orang itu is it of slight height that the fellow is? kah is suffixed even to interrogative words apa-kah hajat kamari ivhat is it that has broughtyou hither ?
;
:
tah an
is
suffixed
only
to
interrogative
pronouns
and
adverbs.
dapat kita surohkan who in the world else besides the Laksamana is there whom 7ve can commission ? apa-tah bichara kita zvhat in the ivorld plan is there for us ? manatah dapat ivherc in the ivorld can it be got ? pun marks balance and antithesis, as may be seen by a
study of the idiomatic usages that replace copulative, adversative, alternative, proportional
I40
PARTS
that
it
-OF
its
SPEECH
mark
repetition,
its
Analogous with
refers
is
use to
when
it
qualifies
and balances
mention
in
a previous clause,
Adam
;
alaihi
maka al-salam berjalan-jalan pada waktu suboh tetekala itu nabi Adam alaihi al-salam pun bertemu dengan Ruwana bertapa itu ovce the prophet Adam on
whotJi be peace ivas ivalkifig hi the early moriiing.
the aforesaid prophet
And
then
Adam
it
on
whom
be peace
doing penance.
Often
may
that
be translated
;
even, too.
sekarang pun
any one at
7Homent
too.
siapa
pun
itu
pun
Sometimes these
particles
piala
pun di-peridarkan orang-lah cups ivere handed round by servants maka Ruwana pun di-turunkan-lah ka-pada
;
ivas
made
to
(D)
PREPOSITIONS
:
di
at,
ka
(2)
to,
dL'ax\fro7n,
ka-mana
dari-mana
top,
atas the
bela-
kang
bottom
;
back.,
e. g.
rear,
dalam
atop,
interior,
luar
of,
the outside,
bawah
of
last
di-atas
on the top
it is
ka-atas
dari-atas from
atop.
But
to
words are often used alone as prepositions and some especially, seldom take di even if in literature ka and dari are commonly
prefixed to them
cave,
sea, so, masok ka-dalam goa enter inside a keluar dari dalam laut issue from the depths of the but dudok dalam (or di-dalam) negeri dwell in a land.
;
PREPOSITIONS
(3)
141
prepositions
before
The
placing of these
locative
adjectives,
and
place,
not permissible,
to this
di-negeri ini
in this land,
ka-
negeri ini
land,
Hassan.
is
that there
is
latitude in
may be
south
to
north
dari daksina datang ka-paksina from turun dari kapal alightfrom a ship.
{b) temporal,
dari 6.dJa.u\xi from ofyore, kemudian dari patek dari keehil pergi ka-Manjapahit
to
:
from
boyhood
I went
Manjapahit.
;
anak dari jin a descenda^it of spirits (f) sa-orang dari anak China one of the Chinese. {d) denote comparison indah khabar dari rupa report
denote origin
;
is fairer {e)
than reality.
:
denote concerning
however remote
like
exists,
not di
at,
but
ka must
visit,
be used.
With words
to
sampai
arrive
singgah
datang come
and
ka
will
generally preferred.
and visited the fields lah we will greet at Tuban, we will go to Tuban and greet; pergi-lah aku tinggal ka-dalam kota / ivent and lived at the fort jika hendak menchuri ka-dalam astana raja
; \
ifyou
ivill
ka-pada
it
comes
I myself ivill keep guard; datang-Iah ka-pada tahunyangka-hadapan^c^w;/ to the year which is {for) coming.
night
142
PARTS OF SPEECH
89.
pada
is
invariably suffixed to
ka and
;
dari,
it
if
only
for
mu
and nya
and
lakes the
place of di and
style to
i.e.
suffixed to
ka and
generally in elegant
Of
its
use
will serve.
from
vie;
It will
be observed
ka-pada
time,
ka can
its
indicate possession
and
and
dari-pada while
inclines to
like those of
dari {supra)
be used
metaphorical
ka-pada
coming
to
a certain cave
letters
all
lands
mengutus ka-
sending an embassy
Southern India
to
our relations.
to
datang ka-pada hari itu ivhen it came (2) Temporal, the day. (N.B. Abdullah writes sampai ka-hari khamis
Thursday but
it is
////
not to be imitated.)
j-te'^;
(3) Possessive,
suatu
pun
tiada ka-pada
dari-pada
frojn the
of
vizier
from
sickness.
dari-pada zaman dahulu from (2) Temporal, kemudian dari-pada puji-pujian after co?nplif)ienis.
(3)
cloth
yore
Denoting
of gold;
origin, material, pakaian dari-pada emas gambar di-buat dari-pada kapur masak
;
laki
dan perempuan
PREPOSITIONS
(4)
143
to
Denoting cause,
;
great affection
(5) Comparative,
sa-laku ini
fashion
;
so that
I may
menang dari-pada aku conquer {over) me memerentahkan dari-pada segala makhlok rule over all
creatures.
pada may stand ka-pada and dari-pada as the case may be. terdengar pada raja // came to the prince's ears terlalu kaseh sayang pada raja muda very affectionate toivards the heir apparent; kemudian pada itu after that', pada
the context precludes confusion
When
alone for
pun
tiada
menyamai dia
pada and ka-pada is ordinarily employed where purpose is denoted. bab pada menyatakan a chapter for explaining; anjing baik pada menghambat a hound good at the chase terlalu bijaksana pada hal memanah itu very expert at archery. In honorific addresses to is expressed not by ka-pada but
of fairyland none tvas his peer,
not
;
feet;
ka-bawah duli (tuanku) beneath the dust ofyour highness' ka-bawah kaus (or cherpu) twa,ia.beneath your honour's shoes. When ka-bawah duli is mistaken for a title { 66 II), we find persembahkan pada ka-bawah duli lay in the
by
dust ofyour feet.
pada
(i) Locative.
Under
this
head di and
pada
can someor
singgah di-rumah
;
pada
pada)
rumah pay
tepi jalan
principle,
visits to
or at a house
dudok
di- (or
sit
by the wayside.
pada
in
spot
but
Keling he is renozvned in Southern India di-lihat-nya bangkai penggawa pada suatu pintu berpuloh-puloh
144
PARTS OF SPEECH
he
orang mati
saw
at
otie
gak
the bodies
of scores of
officers
nya Hang Jebat on the elephant's head the Laksamana and masing-masing pada taraf-nya at its tail Hang Jebat pada suatu riwayat in one version of the each in rank story pada bichara patek in 7ny opinion berfikir pada hati-nya thinking in his iniyid; pada bahasa Arab Omar nama-nya />/ Arabic his name is Omar. pada hari ahad on Sunday, pada (2) Temporal, akhir-nya finally pada tetekala menjadi raja muda at the time he became heir apparent pada sa-kali ini on this occasion di-dalam pada itu meanwhile.
;
;
less
90.
akan
is
a preposition, very
so in conversation.
Abbreviated to
It
common in kan
literature
but
it
has become
toivards,
to,
signifies
approach
to,
dudok mengadap akan seteru facing towards the foe di-ikutkan-nya akan kijang itu he followed after the deer menguehap shukur akan Allah utter thanks to God\
\
;
terkenang akan adinda yearning toivards her murka akan patek ajigry xvith 7ne; akan kain dan emas ini akan penolong hamba-lah akan Laksamana as for this cloth atid gold which are my contribution towards giving help akan bichara patek as for my opitiion to the Laksamana akan tuan sudah berchampur dunia akan sekarang ini siapa dap at menentang mata tuan as for your converse xvith earth ivho is there at the present time who canfaceyou
;
;
.''
akan
denotes
the patiens
as
opposed
to
oleh which
Denoting approach
takes
the
to
future time
it is
place
of an
auxiliary forming
that
future
tense
zvhich
;
is
toward]
tiada akan
enough
PREPOSITIONS
91.
145
with verbs,
is
still
it
oleh
41)
denotes
in
Its original
sense
:
to
be seen
beroleh
getting.
my parents a rare use taking the pada oleh sebab itu oti account of that reason oleh yang demikian itu on account of those circumstances', oleh apa maka bagitu why so? oleh itu-lah kita hendak
;
;
jaga baik-baik for thai reason we must oleh as a conjunction, see 98 (e).
be
careful.
For
92.
dengan
with,
is
a very
common
preposition denoting
close
close
companionship, close
relation
in time,
causal
act
relation
allied to
some
or circumstance.
{a)
the
bagai
kuku
dengan isi-nya as close as nail and quick serta dengan, bersama dengan along with dengan sa-orang diri by bergadoh quarrel ivith beperang fight with oneself berkaseh be in love with; bernikah, berkahwin marry,
;
;
and other
relation
verbal
derivatives
in
bulu mata dengan bulu kening sudah bertemu eyelashes had met bersahabat dengan raja friendly with a with eyebroivs prince berbichara-lah dengan kapitan kapal discussing
are
followed
by
this
Temporal,
dengan
ginda at that very moment the king divorced her; dengan tiada berapa lama-nya in a short while; dengan tiga hari habis-lah pekerjaanitu in three days the work was finished.
{c)
Proximity of place,
;
the house
dekat dengan rumah near bertentang dengan ^s.oVd. facing the fort.
to
potong dengan pisau cut dengan suatu kaki standing on with a knife; berdiri (literally by means of) one leg; belajar dengan bahasa
{d)
146
PARTS OF SPEECH
learfi
Keling
nilai
mata dengan intan assess the value of bright eyes beli dengan harga yang mahal buy at a in diamonds beranak dengan isteri-nya got a child by high price his ivife; dengan titah tuanku by royal co?7imand; dengan berkat tinggi tuan by the blessing of your luck; dengan takdir Allah by the will of God. masing-masing dengan ragam-nya each {e) Manner, with different temperament; datang serta dengan lelahnya came in a tired state dengan segera quickly sembah dengan tangis-nya did obeisance in tears mati dengan nama yang baik dead ivith fair fame jikalau patek mati ridla-lah dengan pekerjaan shah alam / am cotitent to die even, in your highnesses service dengan mudah-nya juga Pahang itu alah it was with ease Pahang was
;
conquered.
dengan
in
ivithout.
lihat-lah
Benda-
hara tiada dengan pereksa-nya membunoh Laksamana see how the Bendahara ivithout inquiry executes the Laksamatia who is without fault dengan tiada boleh tidak ivithout fail; tiada boleh membunoh dengan tiada bertanya may not slay without asking leave.
;
(f) In oaths
by.
above
prepositions, there
are
several
indeterminate
words
that
among
demi.
one
after
demi Allah
another;
by God; sa-orang
di-lihat
sa-bilah
And
see 98 (/").
dekat, hampir
peti itu the king
near,
slept
baginda pun tidur hampir near the chest. Both dekat and
PREPOSITIONS
147
hampir are also adverbs, so that we find dekat dengan, hampir dengan, hampir ka-pada for near. Similarly hingga and sampai up to, uniil may stand alone
or
before
knees;
ka-pada and pada. hingga lutut up to jangan lagi berputusan hingga hari kiamat
further severance
till
the
let
there be no
the
day of Judgement
dari
dahulu sampai sekarang //t?/// be/ore till now; hingga sampai kesudahan up till the ejid; hingga pada masa sekarang until the present tijne; umur sampai ka-pada dua-belas tahun having reached twelve years of age. datang is used for tmtil in the phrase datang sekarang till now di-sebut orang datang sekarang ini Patani it is
:
called
Patani doivn
is
to the
present time.
bagi
seen
in
the
him a boy;
tiada bagi
to to
me
otily
children
God.
94.
Among
;
words used
is
as prepositions, as
among words
bazaar Malay
as conjunctions,
fair
antara between
/(?)
;
sama
karna
is
and sebab
cause,
an Arabic
word,
karna Allah
in
God's name;
sebab mulut badan binasa // is because of the mouth the body is destroyed. Perhaps karna and sebab even in such
contexts remain substantives, and the
the last sentence
destruction.
literal
rendering
of
may be
the
mouth
is the
without
in
like
the
preposition are
is
found
the
ours a preposition
required,
and
Words
take
mengadap
phrases,
confront;
ganti
the place
of are ordinarily
there
is
followed by prepositions.
In
2
many
148
nothing
but
the
PARTS OF SPEECH
context to
signify case, naik gunong turun gunong descendfrom a mountain keluar padang issue from a plain dudok tanah sit on the ground; tinggal rumah stay at home menyembah kaki
ascaid a inoiintahi
penoh sampahyf/AY/
;
with rubbish;
bijak berchakap
clever at daJicifis'.
clever at conversation
pandai menari
(E)
CONJUNCTIONS
it
is
either in
its
literature or
II.
conversation.
the words so
employed
belong
III.
origin.
I. The Malay equivalent for the conjunction is antithesis, marked by the balanced juxtaposition of word and clause. So there are omitted conjunctions of all kinds:
{a) Copulative.
praiv?is;
ikan udang fish and serfs and servants tepok tari clap and dance; pergi balek go and return; tua muda old a?id young; ka-sini 'k.di-SB.na, hither and thither; beristeri beranak, beranak berchuchu wedding and getting children, by children getting grandchildren makin sangat ia lari jatoh bangun songsang balik lari juga the more he ran, falling ami getting up,
;
;
hamba sahay a
to
ru7i
again.
And
this
CONJUNCTIONS
were
all cheap.
149
will
Sometimes
the
antithesis
be between
saudara (Ski.) daging (Malay) nlalions; hairan (Ar.) terehengang amazed gagah perkasa (Skt.) valianl and strong selamat (Ar.) sempurna (Skt.) safety and security kaum (Ar.) keluarga (Skt.) friends and family kelam kabut dark and dim budi (Skt.) bahasa (Skt.) manners. turun-lah angin ribut tofan dan hujan petir kilat
;
;
halilintar
i.e.
sabong-menyabong
and
storm,
illustrates
It
antithesis,
is
where simultaneity
year
191
and
kissed.)
{b) Adversative.
di-tikam-nya tiada kena he 7vas stabbed at {but) not hit; bercherai kaseh bertalak tididik. parted {but) not divorced; hendak hinggap tidak berkaki tvanting to alight {but) lacking cIgzvs raja Siak membunoh orang tiada memberi tahu the raja of Siak was executing people {but) not
;
informing {Malacca).
{c)
Alternative.
dua
{or)
tiga hari
;
days
mau
I do
ta'
mau
;
ivilling
unwilling
alive or dead,
not knoiv
//
tiada
is
uncertain
good or
ill,
{d) Final.
{that)
{e)
itu,
That
'
of indirect narration.
I50
7ietvs
PARTS OF SPEECH
came
to
people.
hendak
boy
to
buy rny
datang 'ku
ini
I came
(//)
>io7v is
because
Temporal.
ka-pada masa itu Laksamana Hang Nadim diJohor menengar Sultan Abdul-j alii mangkat, ia balek
;
Ha fig
A\idim ivas
in
Johor, but
pun naik
of
mounted
the stalls.
many conjunctive
.
idioms, and
or particle,
is
often accentuated
.
bukan, pun
by an
consequence.
II.
baik, bukan entah, baik entah maka, or pun, pun lah, maka
. .
emphatic
alternative
or
the
Almost
other
all
words used
in
Malay
as conjunctions are
that
service or
'
either
parts
Con-
or phrases contracted.'
(rt)
A
like;
Also nouns.
to.'k.Vit
that.
-^
Also verbs.
did,
:
telah
was
; after
jadi
;
it
therefore
lalu
pass ; then
(c)
sampai
arrive
up
to, until.
sedang medium;
new, newly
;
just,
till
midway,
whilst,
baharu
not
then.
CONJUNCTIONS
{(/)
151
Also prepositions.
inside, in ;
dalam
III.
while
oleh
Ity ;
because
demi
[one^
great
number
as if\ tetapi
atau
or;
tetekala
;
time,
when;
karna
y^r, because;
;
sementara
example,
because
;
tvhile, before
supaya
;
in order that
umpama
;
like.
walau
even
;
if;
example,
meski
like
although,
is
Portuguese
Hindustani.
These
better
foreign
nouns,
adjectives
known foreign synonym placed alongside them dengan akan tetapi oleh karna oleh. sebab karna sebab jika lau agar supaya. Many of them
serta
; ; ; ;
like
Thus we
97.
prefix sa.
sa-belum
before
;
sa-Iagi as long as
sa-telah
after
sa-hingga
///////
sa-bagai, sa-rupa,
sa-umpama
152
like,
PARTS OF SPEECH
samp ai
//;////;
sambil
z'/;//.r/
'kan
is
found suffixed
affect
to several
them
and unlikelihood
98.
be conveniently arranged
and
into
illustrated
which
ordinarily divided.
{a) Copulative.
haji,
imam dan
and readers;
countries
Terengganu dan Kelantan Patani dan Singgora to the of Pahang and Trengganu a7id Kelanta^i, Patani and Singgora. The use of this copula is influenced by the
Malay fondness
So
in
for balance,
the sound
and the
fall
of the
strict rule
of order.
Tun Jebat dan Tun Tun Lekir dan Tun Lekiu Tun Jebat Tun Kasturi Tun Lekir Tun Lekiu Tun Jebat dan Tun Kasturi dan Tun Lekir dan Tun Lekiu Tun Jebat Tun Kasturi Tun Lekir dan Tun Lekiu. Its use
Hafig Ttiah occur variously
Kasturi,
between
last
is,
word is polysyllabic and balances the sentence bayan nuri tiong dan kakatua itu the parakeets, parrots, ?nynahs and the cockatoos. It is not used to connect sentences. dengan. suatu batu terlalu besar dengan tingginya a rock very large and high turun-lah ribut tofan
unless the last
;
kilat halilintar
thunder and rain
;
dengan hujan-nya
sampai-lah ka-tengah arongan dengan beberapa melalui kuala negeri arrived at mid-chaniiel and passed many estuaries.
serta implies close or simultaneous connection.
lagi
are
is
employed
especially
between adjectives
as
also
tuan hamba pahlawan lagi budiman dan lagi pun anak raja besar serta bangserta and dengan.
CONJUNCTIONS
sawan
seion
153
ia orang gagah dan perkasa dan penjurit agong lagi sakti he is a mighty man and valiant and a ivarrior not only great but possessed 0/
magic powers
servants of
ia
pun
is
mengaseh segala
hamba Allah he
serta
dengan adil-nya
is
murah
thereivith just,
moreover gracious.
leheh.=plus and
tiga
lebeh
dua-pertiga
3.
:
sambil denotes simultaneity of action berbangkit sambil berdiri serta menyebut nama Allah dan menguchap selamat got up and stood therewith invoking the name of Allah and calling dotvn a blessing; sambil menyelam sambil minum diving and drinking simultaneously..
lalu
denotes
transitional
action
menyembah
lalu
keluar did
obeisance
and
Some idiomadc
bukan .... bukan neither .... nor bukan ikan udang pun bukan neit/ier fish nor even praivn. pun pun berkelahi pun tiada, berdamai pun tiada tve are not Also ada yang melihat dari friends and tve are notfoes. balek pintu, ada yang menengok dari kisi-kisi, ada yang menengok dari tingkap, ada yang menyingkap atap, ada yang memasokkan dinding, ada yang memanjat dinding some stared from behind the doors, some
. . .
looked through
the
trellis-ivork,
some through
the
windows,
the ivalls,
some pushed up
the thatching,
For numerals
&c.,
see
tetapi lain
lagi
ivere
of
the
154
PARTS OF SPEECH
melainkan and hanya
is
penjurit
Melayu
Malay
tiada
berilmu
the
warriors possessed
tiada ia menger-
jakan suatu pekerjaan melainkan dengan mashuarat dengan chuchu-nya he utidertook nothing without consultation with his grandchildren berapa batang kisi-kisi yang di-kehendaki melainkan putus // did not matter hoiv many strips of trellis 'were desired, they were broken jikalau ada pelandok puteh melainkan tempat itu baik if there is a white mouse-deer, the spot cannot be but good. semua-nya ada hanya datok Bendahara dan Temenggong juga yang tiada all ivere present except the Daio Bendahara and Temenggo7ig ada pun yang kita harap hanya-lah Laksamana akan membawa anak kita
;
;
kedua
itu there
is
to
Laksamana
hanya yang
ground except
terdiri
Temenggong juga
:
the Ter/ienggong.
The
pun
tiada bertemu or
the king, but they
zvas
made by
crime
great,
let
them be
lauful according
to our religion; hanya-lah ilmu orang bertapa dan kesaktian juga yang tinggal ka-pada aku lagi, di-
dalam pada itu pun lamun anak-ku berkehendak akan dia 'ku beri juga / know nothing more except the arts
of
the ascetic
and
the
magician ; 7iotwithstanding
that,
if you
desire them,
{c)
Alternative.
or,
atau
atau
either
or,
whether
or.
CONJUNCTIONS
oleh
lliem
;
155
fi?ie
'mu
if there
is
a fine elephanl or a
horse, ask
for
ada-kah adek beroleh anak atau tidak do you possess children or not ? tiada ketahuan lagi khabar-nya atau sampai-kah atau tiada sampai-kah atau masok hutan di-makan binatang-kah no neivs can he got yet,
whether he arrived or did not arrive, or entering the jungle
ivild
.
beasts,
or.
balek juga ivhether released or not, zve zvill return nevertheless; empat baik lima pun baik, tiada 'ku indahkan whether
four or five, I do not
care.
The
si
common
it
aku-kah 'pa or not bendul ? engkau-kah 'pa si bendul am I oldfathersit-at-the-door, or is it you ? pereksa sudah-kali ia sampai inquire whether he has arrived entah 'kan ia entah 'kan alah, tiada tidak / do not know whether it be true or false alah pun, kita kembali ivhether ivorsted or not worsted, 7i'e
do
mau-kah tidak
you ivant
.^
will return.
(d) Explanatory.
common,
misal-nya,
umpama-nya
amat bijak memanah, umpama-nya membelah kayu dapat ia dengan panah an expert archer, for instance he could split a stick ivith an arrow; jikalau datang dua pekerjaan,
that is to say.
terlalu
if tivo
duly
to
kerajaan di-
Causal.
karna are most tiga hari tiada di-tegur oleh tiada commonly used, mau kembali ka-Pasai three days he zvas not greeted because he zvould not return to Pasai; sukachita sebab peroleh
oleh, sebab, karna, oleh sebab, oleh
156
PARTS OF SPEECH
the dagger; karna engkau sudah di-bunoh oleh Bendahara, sebab itulah maka aku hair an because you have been slain by Ihe Bendahara, that is the reason of my astonishment; dengan karna Manjapahit itu negeri besar because JSlanjapahit is
a great kingdom.
Laksamana
Laksamana
courage;
is
Hang
Jebat
the
absent
and
that
is
the reason
of Hang Jebat'
di-lihat-nya
bapa tiri-nya
;
maka
is the
ia
berani
the
tiada
is
mau
a loyal
dari-pada ia hamba Melayu derhaka, demikian-lah laku-nya because he Malay ser7'ant opposed to treachery, he acts thus.
itu
clever
Laksamana
Laksamana was
orang bijaksana, jadi tiada mabok the and therefore he did not beco7ne drunk.
when
;
{f) Temporal.
bila, apa-bila
as often
as.
apa-bila
you
dispatch a letter
to
stamp
to
be impressed,
tetekala
ivhen.
tempat
where)
terkenangkan tetekala
the time ivhen he sat in
ive
remembering
down
to
the river.
variously expressed
itu while the conversation was going permaisuri pun berpaling seraya berselubang the princess turned aside, whilst drawing her veil. tengah baginda berfikir itu while the king debated in his rnind. sedang baginda bernegeri di-Pasai, dewasa itu-lah datang Raja Dewa Sayid while the prince was at Pasai, that was the time Raja Deiva Sayid came, baik juga tuan berangkat samentara ada musim lagi were well you
on
;
dalam berkata-kata
/'/
set out
lasts.
CONJUNCTIONS
sa-lama, sa-lagi as long
long asyour slave
lives,
157
as.
sa-lagi
/'//
as
sa-peninggal
sa-peninggal ayah kita menyaberang, maka datang dua orang after our father crossed the river, tiuo nun came. demi as soon as (cp. serta, 96 III), demi di-lihat oleh baginda as soon as the prince sazv. baharu 7iot till then. sudah itu, baharu di-lekat dian dengan api not till sa-telah, sudah after, telah after that ivas the candle lit. beberapa lama-nya di-laut sampai-lah ka-Malaka
after they had been some ivhile sa-belum, or belum before,
belum
di-panggil, sudah
datang coming
(g)
before sununoned.
Compaialive.
sa-akan-akan, sa-olah-olah, seperti, sa-bagai, saumpama lih, as if. mimpi sa-olah-olah datang kahim
pada-nya melaikat a dream as if an angel appeared to bunyi peluru seperti kumbang kena jolok
;
the bullets
buzzed
like beetles
stick.
{h) Proportional.
makin
makin, bertambah
.
bertambah, kian
more
dudok, makin baik feel-nya the longer he lived, the better his conduct sedang .... istime wa, lagi .... istimewa since usahkan, so much the more jangankan so far from, sedang gajah liar lagi dapat berapa lama-nya
ia
;
.
. . ;
we
jahat lagi
berapa lagi seeijig that a knave acts so, how much more a good man usahkan gemala hikamat itu sedangkan nyawa badan patek lagi sudah terserah ka-bawah duli not merely that magic stone but my very life is placed at your highness' s service usahkan ia turun, lagi bertambah suka ria-nya so far from descending he waxed in mirth;
; ;
158
PARTS OF SPEECH
good, one
usahkan baik, sa-orang pun jadi-lah so long as he is man ivill do; jangankan sa-bahara emas, tiga bahara pun kita beri so far from giving one iveighl 0/ gold, we will bestow three; jangankan berkurang makin sangat galak-nya orang menchuri so far from abating jangankan sa-orang jikalau empattheft increased; puloh orang sa-kali pun mengamok itu, tiada aku indahkan so far from one madman frightening me forty are
to
powerless
do
so.
There
sin,
are
many
him
idiomatic
phrases,
bagaimana pun
however great his
kamu bunoh
tiada juga
to
mau
come.
(/)
jika, jikalau,
if,
kalau
if,
although, in case
kalau-kalau
for fear that, jikalau tuan mati dahulu, nantikan sahaya di-pintu sorga if you die first, await me
in
case,
at
the
gate
of Iicaven
jikalau
anak-mu
sa-kali
pun
oum child, do not punish him tiada kami sebutkan semua-nya, kalau jemu orang mendengar dia / do not fuention eveiythitig in case people may tire at hearing it; mari-lah kita iutai kalau-kalau orang bertanya cotne let us spy if perchance there are folk cooking rice arak ini kalau-kalau engkau buboh rachun minum-lah engkau dahulu do you taste this spirit first in case you have put poison into it. asal, asalkan, sukat provided that, if asal hidup bertemu juga we shall meet if ive live; mati pun patek suka juga, asalkan jangan bercherai dengan adinda / care not for
;
death, provided
I am
sukat
supposirig,
negeri Melaka itu sukat binasa puas hati-ku if if. Malacca is destroyed, I shall be satisfied, lamun provided if.
ka-dalam laut api sa-kali pun patek ikut juga lamun mau kakanda membawa patek even into a sea of fire
CONJUNCTIONS
;
159
/ tvoidd foUoiv, ifyou tvishcd to take tnc tiga bahara emas pun kita beri, lamun segera sudah-nya three lumps of gold will I give, provided the work be soon finished, meski pun sampai ka-Pahang, sahaya ikut juga even if it be as
far as Pahang, still I ivillfollow. There are idiomatic usages,
memberi
reason
beri pergi
the
you was for fear you should not let me go. hendak pun kakanda lawan, neschaya banyak mati suppose I wanted to fight, assuredly many would lose their lives. baginda pun menitahkan biduanda pergi melihat
I did
an
official
offairies.
{j) Final.
supaya, agar, agar supaya in order that; supaya jangan lest, cheritrai oleh ayahanda supaya sedap rasa hati hamba continue the story, father, so that my heart may be glad; baik-lah aku chari tempat yang jauh
dari
keyangan
ini,
itu
supaya ia jangan boleh kembali // were well I cast away my child in a place far from fairy-land, so that he may be
unable
to return.
An
is
ia
datang itu
duli
yang
di-
'That.'
yang
akan
peri
hal
also
mengatakan
babwa and ada pun. tiada sah-kah yang maha mulia hendak kurnia nam a akan patek is there fiot yang hamba proof that your highness will ennoble me ? membuangkan orang kaya itu bahwa sa-kali-kali
;
i6o
tiada
PARTS OF SPEECH
hamba mau
/ had not the slightest zvish that I should berhikayatkan akan perbuatan Seri Betara dan Pati Gajah Ma da hendak membunoh Laksamana itu relating of Sri Betara and moreover of how di-cheritraPati Gajah Mada 7vould slay the Laksamana kan akan hal ahual ia hendak di-bunoh oleh Laksabanish the chief,
;
mana
by the
Laksamana kedengaran pada Batara Majapahit mengatakan Raja Champa datang nezvs came to the Batara of Majapahit announcing that the Raja of Champa ivas coming kamu suratkan segala hikayat kita masok ka-da1am laut itu do you ivrite the whole story that ive entered the
;
sea.
which serve
to
introduce the
INIalay
story
is
introduced by sa-bermula.
bermula
the
kesah
(2)
al-
fresh topic or
paragraph
Skt.
will
be opened by hata
next;
sahadan (=:saha
moreover
again
+ dan),
maka.
kalakian, arakian
{Note.
all
followed by
sahadan
ami:
is
maharaja Ruwana karar-lah dengan adil-nya sahadan dengan murahan Maharaja Ravana was established with and ivith graciousness; terlalu luas huma-nya justice sahadan terlalu jadi padi-nya the jield ivas very large and
sometimes used
in old literature for the copula
the crop bountiful^
by sahadan lagi
lagi.
sa-bagai lagi
tambahan pula
dan
'
CONJUNCTIONS
(3) Sentences are
i6i
ada
ex-
or a parenthetical
adinda
'
tiada tahu,
Negara
'
hear me
the story
my
sister,
name of my country is Astana Pura Negara baginda berjalan-lah masok hutan, maka sampai-lah
Noiv
the
ka-tepi sungai.
depa.
river
maka baginda
the
ada pun luas sungai itu tiga ribu berhenti di-bawah pohon the
of
the
now fathoms
(also
style,
bahwa
the story is
and often commences a strong positive assertion or kita dengar a statement founded on positive knowledge,
tahu-lah
bahwa penjurit
itu
the
LaJisamana had sure launvJedge of the sivashconung ya tuanku bahwa raja Melaka telah
;
demi Allah dan rasul Allah bahwa aku tiada mau bertikam dengan engkau by God and the Apostle of God, of a truth I do not wish to fight ivith thee hai Tun Kasturi bahwa sa-nya engkaulah hamba-ku yang bersetiawan Tun Kasturi, assuredly
Tuhan
; ;
to
me.
ada-lah, see
(4)
I.
36
{iiote^.
maka.
is
and
or
(2) above.
II.
marks
the
temporal
causal,
other
antithetical
belum habis
ia
berkata-kata
itu,
maka
di-lompat
i62
PARTS OF SPEECH
Hanuman before the convcrsaiioji was finished^ Smig Ha7tu7nan leapt aivay sa-lama anak-ku tiada itu, xaaka negeri Melaka haru-hara so long as my son has
oleh Sang
;
bee7i absent,
Malacea has
broke, the
been in confusion
siang-lah,
maka saudagar
itu
when
the
day
merchant entered
into
the presence.
cheh 'ku sangka berani Seri Bija 'di raja itu, maka aku naik perahu-nya Bah I it was because I thought Sri Bija 'di Raja was brave, that I came aboard this ship manatah diri berkawal, maka saudagar ini kena kechurian
;
where in
the
merchant
maka
reason
apa sebab-nya maka tuan hamba mengapa reason that you have come ? dari-atas kuda itu zvhat is the Laksamana turun barang kala ular that the Laksamana dismounts ?
; ;
itu
menghembuskan
nafas,
maka
itu
whenever the serpent snorted forth his breath, then all the
jive armfuls in girth are utterly dead,
kalau-kalau
mata-ku bekas tidur gerangan, maka salah pemandangan-ku/^v'/w/j my eyes are sleepy that I cannot see properly] sa-telah hari hendak malam, maka raja Melaka pun bermohon kembali ka-astana, maka Patih pun bermohon kembali ka-rumah-nya ivhen flightfell, the raja of
Malacca
III.
It
and
and Patih
staccato
and
connects
principal
sentences
in
rapid
narrative,
maka
dengan sa-saat itu juga, maka Betara Kala menjadilah katak maka ia pun hendak lari maka di-lihat diri-nya telah menjadi katak; maka lalu terlompatlompat, maka serta berbunyi geruk-geruk at that very
; ;
instant Betara
his
to
j-un,
noticed
leap,
;
at the
maka
isteri-nya hamil-lah
maka
CONJUNCTIONS
genap-lah bulan;
lah
IV.
It
163
his wife became pregnant, her tirne came, she bore a child.
100.
The Conjunction
is
of Co-ordinate Clauses.
The
or subordinate,
same punctuation
akan berkuda maka baginda memakai, maka bergosok bau-bauan, maka pergi-lah baginda berkuda 7vhen raja Zainal would ride, he dressed
apa-bila raja Zainal
and
scented himself
and
this
is
the con-
maka
maka segala binatang belum keluar menehari makanan-nya, maka baginda itu pun keluar dari astana when dawn was nigh and the beasts had not yet gone forth in quest offood, [theii) the prince went forth from the palace maka jikalau ia tiada bayar utang maka ia hendak berlayar, hendak-lah tegahkan if he has not paid his debt and he ivanfs to sail, he must be restraified. mari kita suroh chari sa-orang penjurit kita suroh churi kain baju Laksamana itu maka kita tarohkan kain bajunya itu di-dalam astana, maka kita kata Laksamana
;
itu
bermukah
come,
let
let
us
then
is
let
Laksamana
party
an
intrigue.
Hang Tuah
tiada
masok
berbiehara, tiada-lah putus bichara itu if there arose any discussion and Hang Tuah did not take part in it, it could
not be decided; adat hulubalang Melayu tiada dapat berguraukan keris-nya itu di-hadapan majlis jikalau sudah terhunus keris-nya jikalau tiada mati, luka it ivas a custom of Malay ivarriors that no 07ie could play ivith
their daggers
informal company
no one was
killed, at
i64
PARTS OF SPEECH
telah Maharaja Baladewa dan Maharaja Sali melihat Betara Indera datang, sa-telah bertemu, maka ia pun menyembah whai Maharaja Baladcva and Maharaja Sali saw Betara Indra coming and met him, they did obeisance.
This juxtaposition of clauses
is,
Malay sentence.
(P)
INTEBJECTIONS
interjections proper are
101.
I.
The commonest
hai a vocative
inferior,
interjection addressed
by a superior
to
an
to youths,
hai kanak-kanak ho
exclamation
there,
you
boys.
wah
an
of surprise,
,
datok di-samun
ftose
get broken ?
ambohi an exclamation of astonishment common in the ambohi emak hullo ! ivell, I never ! adoh or more emphatically adohai oh t alas! adoh sakit 'mak Awang alas ! how it hurts mother = wife). cheh (Jav. chis) bah, Jie. cheh si chelaka ini bah, the
(
knave.
ya
mine;
ya Allah ya
rasul Allah
ya.
hara
O
;
Bendahara.
jum
chup
be off;
nah
take
it
away;
nu
yonder
chus
silence !
would
II.
recall a
move.
The
following words
may be used
:
alike as interjections
pity !
!
INTERJECTIONS
tobat
(Ar.) never
165
agam
(t'l
haram
(Ar.)
/lo
ivere
an
offe^ice
against religion
had
or
muntahkan
die
:
a violent death.
Common
alhamdu
Of commands
dik
;
to dogs,
to ducks,
kur
to chicken,
'ching
to cats,
doh nah to
buffaloes
calls to frighten,
bok
to ducks,
siuh
lo chicken,
kus
to cats,
heh
to buffaloes.
;
(b) Of words imitating sounds bap the sound of a fall, bak bok of a slap, sar sir sur various hissing sounds, chir chur of frizzling and frying, ching of jingling, chak of a smack of the lips, chit of the twitter of birds, gap gup of
dull
heavy
falls,
das of
a shot.
CHAPTER
102.
VIII
NOTES ON SYNTAX
The
INIalay
language
is
characterized not so
much
notes
I.
'
There
no copula
in
may
e.
noun
:
(or
pronoun) + noun or
Ali penghulu
AU
[is)
aku penghulu / {ani) chief; aku dia 1 {am) he; Ali sakit Ali {is) sick aku sakit / {am) sick Ali jatoh Alifalls; belum ketika not yet {is) it time.
;
II.
The normal
order
is
subject
itself
+ verb +
to the
object
verb.
the
direct
on
Ali
order
is
beating
me.
Never
is
the
found.
Ali
is
aku pukul=^//'
the
I am
heating, never
in the
Ali
beating me.
as
Malay sentence is a very subtle matter, may be seen by transposing words and marking the result,
But order
anak orang itu mati the child of those people is dead; orang itu anak-nya mati those people have lost their child by death mati-lah anak orang itu death has overtaken the child of those people orang itu, mati anak-nya those people have
;
their child's.
at are
:
The
{a)
(b)
{c)
chief points
aimed
Emphasis.
Balance.
Brevity or
ellipsis.
NOTES ON SYNTAX
(a)
167
Emphasis
falls
103. I. A principle of Malay construction is that emphasis on the first of two words it will denote subject not
:
attribute,
baginda
sleeps
;
Ihe
mata anak lidah uvuia, lidah anak a child's tongue. II. A common artifice is to bring any word it is
often to attach to
it
of a prince, baginda tidur the prince ayer ihe source of a stream, ayer mata tears
sleep
desired to
The word
may be
(a) Subject.
ini-lah
these in
former days were the privileges of Malay pri7ices bagindalah yang pertama raeletakkan kekuningan larangaa this prince it was who first made yellow a royal privileged
colour.
{h)
Object.
;
bunch // ivere him we had better kill mengapa aku engkau ikat ivhy is it me you bind; pada siapa baik aku minta tolong from whom were it ivell I ask help.
baik-lah ia kita
(c)
Predicate.
Melaka
Malacca
men
Singapura broken ifi battle zvere the 77ien of Singapore Melaka-Iah nama negeri ini Malacca shall be the name of this country, menchari kakak Galoh rata-lah sudah tanah Jawa searching for Galoh ive have been all over fava. id) Any subordinate part of the sentence like an adverb of time, a qualifying noun or adjective, an auxiliary verb upon
which
it is
a-shore P
sekarang
;
our
tni?id
made up
terlalu
i68
NOTES ON SYNTAX
got
banyak ia beroleh rampasan very great was the spoil he budak itu terlalu besar akal-nya that child's ciaumig is very great; Sang Ranjuna terlalu amat marah-nya Sang Rattjiina's anger zvas very great; Laksamana pada masa itu tiada-lah dua banding-nya the Laksamana at segala senjata kita suatu pun that time had not his peer boleh bunoh akan dia of all our iveapons not one can tiada
; ;
slay
him
to etidure;
pada siang hari-nya di-dirikan orang kota itu, serta malam. burok day saiv the erection of the fort and night
its
mill.
{e)
Sometimes
repetition.
this
principle
involves what
to
us seems
clumsy
oleh si-penyadap itu di-titekkan-nya ayer kanji dy that toddy-dealer gruel zvas poured
part of a sentence.
tuan hamba, itu-lah hamba ikut zvill I folloiv ada pun yang membinasakan Langkapuri ini kera dan manusia the
bichara
ivhatever
mana
you
advise
that
destroyers of Lafigkapuri were apes a?id men mana yang tiada dapat di-kerjakan oleh segala raja-raja ia-lah
;
(b)
Balance
in
104. Balance
is
an elementary principle
its
the
Malay
It
complex
and
for
sentence with
its
has brought
much
when
on
INIalay
literary
style
caused
it
to
be blamed
tedious repetition
and
trailing
redundancies,
really
makes
for
lucidity
and
emphasis.
; :
NOTES ON SYNTAX
Its
169
stress of the
in the
form and
penghulu dia
itvL
he {is) a chief;
he.
chantek 'Long
often
tlie
'/(?;/^ (/.v)//Y//y;
is
dm ihat {is)
It lies at
And
balance
hari
pun malam-lah
;
the
bottom
keluarga hiih kechil besar great {and) small; tua muda young {a?id) old tuak dan arak wine and spirits merampas dan merebut rob and snatch; di-tikam-nya dan di-bunoh-nya they ivere stabbed and they ivere killed.
;
kaum
{and) shout;
It
may
be detected in the
|
fall
|
orang mati kena peluru batang leher-nya a man dead from a bullet in the neck; baginda berputera sa-orang laki-laki terlalu elok paras-ny a the prince had a son one child a boy very handsome in feature; mari-lah anak-ku dudok dekat ayahanda di-sini hither, my child, sit near your another here. From such beginnings antithesis has come to be a distinct literary device often bound up with the
\
| | \
\ |
must be
near
its
at the
may need
to
be
verb.
find repetition of
So we
((/)
The subject, baginda tersenyum titah baginda the prince smiled, said the prince tuan puteri itu pun makin sangat ia menangis that princess, the 7nore bitterly she ivept; ada pun bapa-ku itu besar-lah ia di-dalam Melaka noiv juy father, he grew up in Malacca; karna Laksamana itu sa-lama ia dudok di-gunong itu tiada ia tidur dan
;
makan
because the
Laksamana
atid
eat; tersebut-lah perkataan pulau Langkapuri itu sa-lama peninggal perang Seri Rama dan Hanuman, jadi sunyi-lah pulau itu
the story is
told
of
the island
of Langkapuri,
170
NOTES ON SYNTAX
Rama and Hanmnaji
The words
for
'
of Sri
island.
(V)
had
ceased,
solitaiy
was
that
all
'.
every prince.,
all
of
thevi
segala yang
memandang
dia itu
pun sakalian-nya
all beholders,
and broken and crushed were their hearts kata Maharisi akan segala peri hal ahwal itu, sakalian-nya di-katakan-nya ka-pada Dasarata Maharaja the sayi?igs of Maharishi about all the viatter were all
said
to
Dasarata Maharaja.
The verb. titah baginda ka-pada anak murid baginda raja Chendera empat orang itu, titah-nya noiv the king
(<:)
ordered the king's son raja Chendera and his three brothers,
raja
the
keempat
itu
pun menyembah,
obeisance, their
(d)
word
in
occurred
especially
and
refers
This
is
common in the case of the demonstrative itu and of maka. But it may be seen also in paragraphs of which the following is a common type, maka Bendahara pun menyembah lalu keluar berlengkap dan mengerahkan segala pegawai dan pertuanan akan menyambut surat itu maka pegawai dan pertuanan itu pun berjalan-lah menyambut surat dan bingkisan itu the Bendahara did
obeisance
and went
out to prepare,
and summoned
offering.
all officers
and
henchnen
(^)
Laksamana and
his
four
brothers
NOTES ON SYNTAX
jaran banyak akan engkau
to
171
that
I may
Rangga dan Barat Ketika menSngar kata Laksamana demikian itu, maka Hangga dan Barat Ketika memandang pada Laksamana as soon as
you; sa-telah
Rangga and Barat Ketika heard that speech of the Laksamana, then Rangga and Barat Ketika stared at the Laksamana.
becomes a literary artifice, at times draw a line down the balanced clauses of a paragraph and see the halves, which are thus
{/)
Finally antithesis
till it
exaggerated
is
possible to
distinguished,
make
sense in themselves.
ada pun
patek,
pada
bichara
yang hina
ini,
mengembari
jikalau orang berani
dia,
berhadapan
akan
mengembari
In
the opinion
dia,
slave,
ofyour
aye, or tivo
thousand men,
slave
ca?i
your
easily
your
match
them
^provided they are brave men,
as for cowards,
to face ;
in secret,
hard
it
is
for your
slave to
and much
to
plotting
is
needed
match them,
In that example, the
in the following, both
first
encompass them.
columns are
sufficient in themselves.
melayu demikian
belari
sifat-nya
172
NOTES ON SYNTAX
oleh
maka
kan
turut
kamu kepong-
ketujoh-puloh ini
Melayu
itu
mati
Seri
di-anugerahi
Betara.
oleh
W/ien there
co?nes
running,
thus
you,
is
and
thus
his presence
the seventy
that
Malay ;
surround him
of
let
you
pursue,
slay
;
wheresoever he goes ;
kill
doyoufolloiv him ;
him dead
if he
dies,
the gift
of Sri Betara.
wahai adek-ku nyawa beradukan apakah ini ? anakanda sudah mengidari hutan
jiwa-ku belum juga sedar
sedar-lah
nyawa
my
is it
love,
my
embrace.
in
the
darling I
is it
'"
"
-^
what Our
you
zvhat
you hug ?
I
child
waiiders
forest.
Andyou, my life,
Arise,
kneiv
it
not
you,
my
souVs
love,
had
7iot
awakened,
my
7?iis tress;
NOTES ON SYNTAX
173
vanished
child
is
Our
lost
from your
has
from
lap,
sight.
These passages are taken from prose classics, the Hang Tuah and the romance Indra I\Iengindra but when we meet such exaggerated cases, we may remember that all Malay
;
literature
is
{c)
ELLIPSIS
plays in
ellipsis
foreshadowed
96.
It is carried, It
much
box ofpaints
toy ;
Licked his
would be verbose
and not
for effect,
to a
Malay who,
it
own
natural idiom
would cut
shorter
; joitied saints.
The
subject
may
be omitted
by a preceding word.
akan nama baginda, Sang Pertala Dewa as for the prince s name, {it) was Sang Pertala Dewa akan pesan paduka ayahanda, suroh patek segera kembali as for my royalfather s instructions, (he) ordered me to return speedily;
;
titah
the royal
mandate was
if
suggested by a
word
lalu gementar segala sendi Betara Brahma matanya kelam-lah lalu pengsan all the limbs of Betara Brahma trembled, his eyes gretv di?n and (he) fell faint dipalu oleh Sang Sambah kena rusok-nya lalu mati
;
174
struck by
NOTES ON SYNTAX
;
Sang Samhah in his side {he) fell dead kelima-nya berraohon-lah lalu berjalan ; dua hari berjalan, pun maka sampai-lah ihe ivhole five took leave and started on the journey ; after {they) had journeyed two days, (Jhey) arrived;
di-belah-nya pagar rumah Laksamana itu lalu masok ka-bawah rumah. the/efice round the Laksamana s house was mau beta split by them and {they) entered beneath the house
;
nenek, minta ka-mari I ivant him, grannie, {you) ask hiin di-pertimba orang, tiada tertimba ayer to come here; lagi {the water) was bailed out, but the water could not be bailed
more.
{c)
In a principal clause,
if
suggested in a subordinate, or
vice versa.
telah baginda masok ka-dalam astana, lalu bertitah ka-pada permaisuri as soon as the prince entered the palace, jangankan ia hampir {he) sfraightivay ordered the princess ka-pada patek, memandang lekat pun tiada so far zvas he from approaching me, {he) did not even fix his gaze tipon me; jikalau lain dari-pada baginda, neschaya tiada mau kembali if it ivere another person and not the prince, hai anak-ku jangan assuredly {he) zvould not return makan pada hidangan di-bawah itu, karna sudah beroleh martebat dari-pada paduka betara cat not, my
;
;
the
prince.
{d)
Even though
the reference
is
indirect,
and not
to the
grammatical subject,
orang Pasai jikalau bersurat, tiada dapat tiada dialeh-nya as for the men of Pasai, if {one) takes {them) a letter, the letter ivill certainly be misread; segala orang yang beremas, jikalau tiada di-anugerahi raja, tiada boleh
di-pakai as for
the prince's leave
;
were obtained,
{the
be
worn jikalau tiada di-lihat-nya aku pergi, tentu kena rotan if he did not see me go, assuredly (/) was beaten.
NOTES ON SYNTAX
[e)
175
there
is
The
subject
may
also be omitted
it.
when
no word
in the
sentence to suggest
no doubt as
to the subject.
sudah habis, jangan dudok kalau tidak, pergi buat if {such mid such a work you knotv of) u finished, dont (j'ou) sil doivn ; if {the zvork) is not {firiished), {you) go and
;
do
{it).
all
the circumstances
enumerated
above, even
if
there
is
no word
suggest
it,
the first in
.
precedence
is
the
court
raja
Kedah makan
telah sudah
makan
datang sireh dan bau-bauan the raja of Kedah dined. ... As soon as {he) had dined, betel and scettt ivere brought; titah baginda apa sebab-nya maka Bendahara mati? Maka sembah Tun Indera Segera Sebab makan rachun tuanku the prince asked Why Tun Indra Segera replied Because did the Bendahara die ? {he) ate poison, your highness sa-lama bercherai muda bangsawan bagai bakat di-tumpu harus so long as
' '
'
'
beeii like
drift in the
eddy of the
tide.
(3) If the
remark
is
general,
and no
special
subject
is
in the
mind of
the speaker.
{one)
must
let
be
wary
iti
{one) be slow,
provided {one)
11.
The object may be omitted. jangan bunch do7it slay {him, her, or //, as circumstances make clear) sahut orang Emas-nya hilang.* maka kata Bendahara Biar aku ganti ^folk cried, Their gold
;
'
'
'
is
lost.'
Said
the
Bendahara,
'
Let me replace
{it)
'
seka-
mem-
176
NOTES ON SYNTAX
is
not siraigh!,
it itk're
ini ?
mana
tajam-nya
{folk)?
III.
maka
membunoh
is
ivhat
is the
name of these
their sharpness
The
if
and
verb)
may be
omitted,
hendak ka-mana tvhither azvay ? hai budak-budak mau-kah memandang emas ? maka sahut anak buahnya mau datok Boys, do you ivant to see some gold ? And
'
'
'
'
(We) 7vant
;
{to
see
it),
grandfather';
ia di-Pasai
long
berapa lama-nya
Pasai
;
time
he {stayed) at
kita
menyuroh
to
;
(scihcet
ive
go)
to
Pasai;
jikalau
it
a small work,
is
not
a large,
still less
{will
it be done).
IV,
The whole
of a clause
may be
in
omitted and
left for
the
context to supply
especially
umpan
the
to its loss)
and
CHAPTER
STYLE
IX
106. There
will
is
in
Malay as
krama)
Javanese.
(bahasa dalam), the conversation of gentry (bahasa halus or bahasa bangsawan), the talk
court style
The
bahasa pasar)
dagang, bahasa kachauan or Malay pedants represent no mysterious or radical types, but summarize broadly differences which may be found in any
of the
bazaar (bahasa
:
litterateur
and
the
man
of
of
breeding
and
the
is
education,
the
polyglot
streets.
vocabulary
commerce and
this
slang
of
mean
that
it
Misconception in
matter
so
common
will
be
dia punya baik his sahaya punya dekat in my or possession, kaseh sama sahaya give to ?ne from Indians like the employment of ada (an emphatic word denoting existence) as a mere copula, kalau tuan ada suka if you are liking or like bagi naik and kaseh naik make to go up for naikkan: idioms which are alien to Malay, ugly,
(a) It accepts foreign idioms like
perverts
to
corrupt meanings
banyak
tell,
much, an adverb of
mau
is
an auxiliary
will, shall
10B4
bilang count
used for
inform
dekat mar
; ;
178
STYLE
alike,
like for io
;
and sama
here.
(f)
mari
here as a verb
coming
It
in
addressing a
;
foreigner,
Chinese lu
Malay
or
the
{d) It introduces
foreign
towel,
words
like
katil (Tamil)
tale, lie,
bed,
tuala (Portuguese)
tSbel
constable,
setori (English)
;
bikin make some of them long since part of the language as names for foreign things which have come to stay; others perhaps doomed to die out and never to
classical.
konsebecome
become
(<?)
For the
it
derivatives.
place of the
slice,
divide,
jatoh
for /all o^
man, a house,
stick, stone,
trees, fruit;
pukul
for hit
fist,
or whip
rumah
pechah
{g)
pinggan
gasak, bongkar,
;
pusing cheat lichin stony broke berkeredak in a pickle kapal sapu roue'; kenchang swell, dapper galak lascivious bagi give it any one, beat kelam kabut surprised, confused.
; ;
; ;
'
'
{h) It
male,
will
of persons as well
as of animals
number
style (a) to
(/)
to
if
the
Malay
is
talking purposely
down
a foreigner, or
will
STYLE
real
179
Malay, which
is
monosyllables like
awat
tvhy
pi'
hang
for
engkauj'(?;
for hendak wish, will; ta' for tidak 7io\ 'ku for engku your highness jum (Perak) be off; and of pro-
'nak
way
for
into literature,
all in
sahaya-ma, kita-ma
for
all
0/
us,
kamu-ma you
Perak,
langsongy^^rMAgain, idiomatic
in
ellipse.
wiih,
talk
sampang
for
sempat
all
able to do.
between Malays of
classes
will
abound
It will
in woodcraft,
husbandry,
and domestic
life
talking
among
lists
sepak
;
terajang kick ivith of the foot; tendang kick zvith the toes the heel, bungkus tie in a bundle balut tie in a ivrapper
; ;
berkas
tie,
of recalcitrant
articles
like
antlers
;
or
spears.
potong
gal
cut ;
belah
kerat
chinehang pang;
pencil)
a fine point
inoiv
;
(e. g.
a
;
tetak notch
raut
cut,
trim
chukur
cut hair or
parang
clear scrub
to
;
sabre,
cleave;
tehang
tebas
r^ntas cut a
Ift
trace or track,
ambil
car/y
away away
angkat
carry,
up
angkut
carry, lift up
;
ambin
;
bawa
;
bring, fetch
and bebat
carry
i?i
a wrapper
the hip
pikul carty on
tatang carry on the palms tanggong carry, support a heavy burden julang carry with arm upraised kepit carry pressed under arm kelek carry
the shoulder
;
loosely
under artn
stick
;
the shoulder or
o?i
the
end of a
kandar
carry on both
ejids
of a
stick over
i8o
the shoulder
\
STYLE
junjong earry
on the head
\
usong
carry in
Utter.
109. Polite
It
is
Malay (bahasa
careful
in
halus).
the
((?)
especially
choice
of
personal
pronouns.
little
knowledge of the
he
linguistic ability, if
It
perempuan
\
for
suami (Skt.) instead of lakiyi?;- husband pulang ka-rahmatu 'llah (Ar.) for die.
(f)
mati
or
To
greater
degree
the
talk,
it
employs
degree
affixes with
verbs, especially
;
me,
be(r), and
less
also,
though in a
-kan and
uses,
-i.
{d) It
adopts
many Arabic
words,
when
talking of religion
and
literature.
110.
Court Malay.
polite style, except that
it
uses
your
slave for
putera
bathe;
die
;
semayam
;
enthroned)-,
travel;
siram
be borne aloft;
;
(Ar.) countenance
wajah
111.
Literary Malay.
words such
ta' for
as
is
usual in
in a
all
colloquial Malay, e. g.
it
employs
tidak only
few
phrases
( 85).
STYLE
[It)
i8i
It
been
fixed in
known now
{c) It
It
[d)
'punctuation'
words (86,
{/)
It
large,
'
Sanskrit
and
segara
vehicle
;
kendaraan
;
steed,
clouds
rupawan beautiful sentosa tranquillity mega merdu soft, sweet pekerti character perwara
;
;
;
warrior
angkasa
/tfj'i'
;
heavens
aneka
kinds
asa hope
\
asmara
soul;
bahtera
;
ewi'i?/;
chakera-
vfolQ, firjnament
derma
;
al/us;
sentiasa always;
sokma
sarwa (now corrupted seru) all; perkasa valiant; saksama inquiry papa poverty anugerah, kurnia gift
;
{from
superior
;
to
inferior')
puteri princess
paksi bird
pahala^r?/;/
suaka
From
aflat health
arwah
bahar
sea
feel conduct;
;
hebat
;
terrible
ibarat
;
ihtiar choice
ijtihad zeal
;
isharat sign
istiadat custom
kadamy^f?/;
trance;
'k.a.dar ability;
khalayak
layak
mankind;
khayal
;
khuatir
thesis
consciousness;
martebat rank
masaalah
pdrlu
muslihat stratagem
Persian, loo, has
inti
mustaed
^
ready
obligatory.
o-
The
82
STYLE
bahaduri
discourtesy
gallant
;
bahari
noble
;
bena
biadab
biaperi merchant
the
ocean, river;
diwan
cakes
;
court
jahan
lance
juadah
lashkar
soldiery
In-
Is^esovcidi, flower
the floiver
of the bed-chamber has faded; meaning _yM/;" bride is dead; and bunga di-sering kumbang the floiver at which the
bee
romance, and
many
others
may be
garnered.
APPENDIX
NOTES ON MALAY LETTER-WRITING
By R.
I.
J.
Wilkinson, C.M.G.
Surai).
Near
on which a Malay
is
kamar
(the sun
usually impossible to
why
this
formula
it
used or what
it
really
is
But there
its
significance both
and
in
position
on
the page.
it
If
the formula
is
signifies
corit
respond as equals.
is
addressing.
If the
is
formula
is
slightly to
an
inferior addressing
:
a superior.
The formula
itself also
varies
the
words used
same
penghulu.
The
O Commander
This expression,
in
of the Faithful.
former times, was the correct heading to a letter addressed to a powerful ruling prince by a subject. It is out of date at
present.
i84
APPENDIX
The Saying
rulers to the
is
the
:
Truth
common on
letters
from native
Governor and
vice versa.
And
the Writing
is
most sincere
is
It is
:
used under
the truth.'
similar circumstances.
Another variant
al-mttstahakk
'
O God
This heading
is
O Muhammad
sometimes used when native princes correspond, but is, of course, inapplicable to correspondence between a Christian governor and a Moslem prince.
O
This expression
raja
light
is
a quasi-compliment meaning
'.
shining brilliantly
It is
when addressing an
'
infidel
'
potentate.
O
This formula
Officers
is
Merciful Pardoner.
letters or petitions
very
common on
to
addressed to District
their
by penghulus, and
subordinates.
by one of
petitioner.
The 'Merciful Pardoner' is, of course, God (described His attributes), and the Head of Department is reminded of
in
the
hope that he
will
be indulgent to the
O
is
Unlocker of Hearts.
reminded of his no secrets
some matter. Here, again, the ruler or administrator duty as the representative of a divine power from
'
whom
are hid'.
185
UJJ
^b
O
This
(rare)
sort.
Judge of Wishes.
formula
is
some
O
for information
Ocean
is
on some point.
O
A
Lord of Loveliness.
official
addressed have
made a deep
O
Used as a heading
Precious One.
Syed or Kathi, or any
to letters to a teacher, or to a
This formula
is
O
The heading
Belauded Power.
i\^\ ij^
b
Heart.
O
The proper heading
to a wife.
Blossom of
my
own age
or
86
APPENDIX
O
This formula
girl of
is
Comfort of
sister,
my
Eyes.
to letters
really a
addressed to a younger
any
sort.
The heading j^
Ya n^riCl-ain
may
is
a love-letter.
the same sort.
(light of
my
eyes)
another formula of
Absolute Truth.
Used when addressing any one
in
whom
;u4iji
j>.>ij
jXii
The Decree
A
heading to a
letter
is
announcing a death.
God A
heading to a
letter of
is
condolence.
heading to
II.
The
letter
'
CoiMPLiMENTs
'
{Puji-pujian).
Malay
'
known
as the puji-
ptijian or
compliments
We may
divide the
187
nine
essential
parts
separately
This Letter
From me
May
To
You
it be
conveyed
By God
(or
Man)
Who live At X
Amen.
1.
This Letter.
This
is
expression
is
usually
much
:
ex-
panded.
The
following
IVarkatti 'l-ikhlas
wa
yang tiada
sa-lagi
varied gift, issues from a pure heart, from and transparent candour that can harbour no suspicion or mistrust and that knows no neglect or forgetfulness not even for one instantso long as the firmament revolves and the sun and the moon
This sincere
letter, this
feelings of a limpid
The
rank.
full
minor
mere bahwa
ini sural
would
suffice.
A
full
formula
Malay
would
2.
in
From
The
should describe
he emphasizes
his title in
any way
it
If
88
hina
it is
APPENDIX
an admission of extreme
is
yang
inferiority.
The
use
not used.
The The
address
will
is
usually given
such cases
be found further on
is
who
live
'.
following
:
ihe. pitjt'-pujtan
The
following
is
humble
variant
yang
a da
pada
tnasa ini
May
it
be conveyed.
If the letter is
'
a letter to a ruler
'
or
man of royal
convey
is
waslkan.
Love-letters
amatory
be either
di-
Barang
The
a letter
letter to
to reach
its
destination
But,
it
if
is
the letter
is
addressed to a person of no
express the hope that the post
importance,
sufficient to
affairs,
is
convention
insists that
the
romances as the bearers of messages from a lover to his lass. The expression for convey in such cases is, therefore,
'
'
; ;
'
189
used
is
some long
is
But
if
employed the
letter is
Another
'perhaps', such as
jua hra-nya).
portance for the
letter.
list
The
(fl)
following gives a
of expressions in a descending
scale of formality
Barang di-waslkan Tuhan maliku'l-hianan wa'1-mannan Barang di-sampaikan Allah ar-rahman ar-rahim (t) Barang di-sampaikan Tuhan rabbu'l-alamin; {d) Barang di-sampaikan Tuhan sera sakalian alam (^) Barang di-sampaikan Allah subhana wa taala (_/) Barang di-sampaikan Allah azza wa jalla; ig) Barang di-sampaikan AU.ah taala (A) Barang di-sampaikan Allah (?) Mudah-mudahan barang di-sampaikan Allah (7) Apa-lah jua kira-nya datang; Minta tolong enchek-enchek dan tuan-tuan yang berjumpa surat (/<)
{b)
; ;
ini
sampaikan.
5.
To.
in
intended
privilege of
face
'
'
presence
(Jiadzrat)
of royalty, while
In addressing a
or
commoner
duli;
or hadzrat
ka-hawah
he
'
presence
but he should
man
of
little
to
{kapada) be used.
; ;
I90
APPENDIX
Malay kapada, and
'
by qualifying
'
face
'
or
presence
e. g.,
'
or
'
'.
The
:
following
ali ;
.'
To
exalted countenance of
in a letter
Ala ivajahiCl-karitmi l-kamal To the majestic and illustrious face of This expression might be used by a prince of the royal house addressing his
' . '
sovereign,
(c)
Ka-hadapan
'
seri
wajah
;
.'
Down
This form of
Ka-bawah
hadzrat, or ka-hadzrat.
less
These are
(_/)
'
Ka-hadapan medan
official
To
a very high
such as a Resident.
majlis,
.'
(^)
Ka-hadapan
'
To
the presence of
To
an
official
such as a Magistrate
or District Officer.
{h)
Kapada.
'
To
.'
Only used
to persons of
no
position.
6.
You.
The
person addressed
is
described in several
often use
ways.
prince writing
adinda, anakanda
according
beta,
such
:
as ayahanda, kakanda,
paduka sahabat
Strictly,
beta,
first
paduka sahabat
'
and sahabat
('laid
beta.
the
down
before
',
'
submitted to')
may
be
191
beta,
and an
little
unofficial
European of
would be
only.
good
beta;
position
beta.
or a
man
of
official
is
status
sahabat
On
used in place of
to
inferiors
used
Yang terutama : to the Governor Yang muha-mulia : to a Sultan Yang teramat mulia : to a Regent, Raja Muda,
independent chief
like the
or semi-
Datok of Jelebu
to a
Resident-General or Resident
chief or
Malay
European
of high
rank.
Who
live.
This
is
the
non-reigning
is
member
often
sitting in state
upon
often
a throne of
sovereignty
'
{bersemayam
di-atas
sniggasana
is
takhta kerajaati).
This
is
is
to use.
sit
in state
upon
a royal throne',
an administrator,
'
at all
A
is
better expression
melakulian tadbiru'l-
ihsan,
A
',
non-
reigning prince
may be
said to
it
'
'
sit
in state
'
[bersemayam),
on a throne of royalty
'
nor can
he be said to
'
{f/iempimyai'
takhta kerajaan) or
ment
'.
He
192
APPENDIX
'
and importance
District Officer
may
'
hyperbolically be described as
',
'
munisitting
ficently carrying
on
the administration
but not as
'
in state
',
nor as
'.
The
correct
expression
'
bermakavi or bertnastautin,
residing
'.
'
officially
presiding
'exists
or
'
officially
An honoured
unofficial
in
peace
istirahat
the simple
Allah
iaala.
person of no importance
{ada\
To
{a)
summarize
The proper
Yang bcrsemayam di-atas singgasana takJita kerajaan ; Yang viHakiikan tadbiru'l-ihsan ; and (less dignified) yang mhnpunya'i takhta kerajaan dan
kebesaran.
[5)
The
Yang bersemayam.
(c)
of a Governor
of a District Officer
Yang bermakam ; Yang bermastautin ; Yang melakukan jalan berhaseh-kasehan ; Yang mempunyai jawalan pegawaijajahan
"*"
{/) of an
official,
generally
;
193
Yang ada dengan kcsempornaan ; Yang ada dengan s^lamat Yang ada di-dalani pclihara Allah
{Ji)
taala.
of a person of no importance
Yang ada.
It
by a simpler
when held by
the person he
is
writing
to.
Furthermore, in
may be
bijak-
&c.
At
is
X.
lives
often the
of honorifics.
Perak
is
daru'r-
Kedah is daru'l-aman, Selangor is darii l-ihsati, Acheen is dam' s-salam these titles are conventional, but, where no conventional name exists, an honorific can be
rtdzivati,
viiilia
is
or balduU-aadzam, 'the
august
It is
city'.
Daru' sh-shahadah
little
common
to
:
names
abode
the
hamlets in which
is
thus, Bukit
Chandan
a
These
person addressed
9.
is
man
Amen.
It is
Moslems of high
position to end
up the puji-pujimi with some pious expression, sometimes the actual word a7nin and sometimes a longer
like
expression
salam Allah
to
taala.
When
writing
Europeans
expression
is
altered
to
specimen
APPENDIX
of a Letter.
194
III.
At the close of a
effect that
'
is
there
is
no more
to our friend'.
when addressing
The
{a) to a Sultan
dan
'ajial,
mudah-
di-atas takhta
kerajaati
sa-lama-
to a Chief:
laifi
Tainat.
to
an equal
Demikiati-ldh di-maahimkan hanya iva' s-salam.
IV.
The
Address.
ptiji-piijian in
The
the
address on a
letter
first
This
The
following
is
an example
di-sat?tpatkan
Allah stibhana
wa
taala kaY.,
di-dalam negeri
darul-
V.
The
'
The
more
seal or
'
chop
on a
imprinted on the
margin of the
pliments.
letter to the
com-
The
signature
is
The name
letter-writers)
letter
would be written
in a short sentence
below the
e. g.
195
man
of rank,
groups of
to wit:
letters
(y^\
groups.
VI.
Petitions.
The
would write
ampun, t^rsembah ka-bawah duH lebu Paduka yang maha-viulia yang-di-pcrtuan yaiig
A'.,
petitioner of higher
alter the
tone but
to
would
words
show
that he
literary taste
and refinement,
:
in the
world
Ampun
singgasana takhta
danil-ihsan.
The
the puji-piijian
thus,
ampun, &c.
VIL
The puji-pujian
or
'
Love-Letters.
their conventional
affection, are
only preliminary
196
letter.
APPENDIX
In a love-letter, however, they are the very gist of the
communication, and
may
constitute the
whole of the
epistle
to the end.
The
ordinary rules of
Malay
and these modifications have been the subject of a good deal of study on the part of native writers or theorists on the
subject.
is
to lover.
This theory
will
be
remembered that native girls are secluded and are not allowed to communicate directly with the outer world, so that in Malay romance a lover usually entrusts his message to a bird gifted with the power of speech
is
or else sends
flower or a
it
leaf.
A
'
love-letter
is
not posted
'
it
is
some
bird
it
of wise utterance
it
is
is
Words
'
like
sural or
the proper
word
is
'
in its train
(salam
yang
face
'
di-iringi
to the
'
presence
'
or to the
he lays
his
floral
offering meta-
phorically
upon her
And, of
course, a letter of this type does not concern itself with the
question of a
the
upon
charms and
The
is
which the
'
gist
of the letter
197
ini-lah salam yang di-iringi dengan rindu sayang di-champur dengan dendam taadzim, yang di-sertakan dengan kaseh takrim, yang di-hiasi dengan sayang yang tiada berkeputusan pada siang dan malam, ya-itu datang daripada kakanda X., yang sangat menanggong duka-chita sa-hari-hari, ada-nya; mudah-mudahan barang di-layangkan apalah kira-nya datang ka-atas ribaan adinda, Y., yang mulia lagi arif bijaksana serta amat mengasehani segala handai
The
letter that is
dengan beberapa hormat yang maha-mulia, dendam yang tiada berkeputusan sentiasa pada tiap-tiap siang dan malam pagi dan petang dan sa-bilang vvaktu tiada-lah sa-kali-kali lupa dan lalai barang sa-ketika juga sa-lagi ada p^ridaran chakeravvala bulan dan
di-iringi
maka di-champuri
Maka ada-lah laksana punggok merindukan bulan dan seperti chentayu menantikan hujan dan laksana Zulaikha berahikan Yusuf dan seperti Laili berahikan Mejnun, maka demikian-lah kakanda teringatkan tuan. Jika tidur terigau-igau dan
matahari.
jika
karim
dudok terbayang-bayang m^lainkan terasoh-asoh sifat wajahu'litu terdiri pada orang-orangan mata kakanda yang amat dzaif lagi liina papah serta pula dengan miskin daripada segala hamba Allah di-dalam dunia ini lagi bebal serta d^iigan bodoh yatim piatu yang tiada menaroh sanak dan saudara lagi tiada menaroh daya dan upaya melainkan di-harapkan jua belas kasehan
Ada-lah di-umpamakan seperti ayer di-dalam telaga
kakanda.
dan berbagai-bagai chinta neemat rasa-nya yang tiada tepermenai Di-s^rta-kan pula dengan suatu isharat dan ibarat orang tua-tua ada-lah laksana sa-pohon kayu yang tumboh di-tengah padang serta dengan rendang-nya dan harum bau bunganya dan lemah maiiis rupa buah-nya maka banyak-lah hamba Allah yang bernaung berhenti di-bavvah pohon kayu maka bertiuplah angin yang lemah lembut dari udara yang keluar dari-dalam shurga jannatu'n-nai'm maka terkibar-lah bau-nya bunga kayu yang amat harum sa-ketika jua lalu terlalai-lah hamba Allah yang di-bawah pohon itu seperti laku orang pengsan juga sebab menchium bau-nya itu. Maka sekarang ini ada-lah kakanda yang bernama X. sudah terkena mabok-nya itu dengan tiada terkira-kira lagi, melainkan harap-lah juga kakanda kapada adinda dengan sabanyak-banyak harap seperti anak ayam harapkan ibu-nya. Bahwa
lagi di-dalam itu.
:
198
ada-lah kakanda
ibu-nya,
ini
APPENDIX
sa-umpama anak burong
;
Allah
maka di-mana-lah anak burong itu mahu pergi. Allah Ya adinda, sa-kali-kali kakanda tiada membuat dusta
melainkan dahulu Allah, baada-hu rasul, dan pada k^mudian tnanlah yang kakanda harap. Dan jikalau kiia-nya kakanda ada menaroh sayap seperti burong neschaya sekarang ini juga kakanda terbang hinggap ka-bawah hadzrat majlis paduka adinda chahaya nur ini. Dan sekarang apa-lah boleh buat, dan apa-lah daya kakanda? Badan seperti anak merpati terkepak-kepak ka-?ana
sini lalu
jadi.
Ya
kakanda ini ? Ada-lah laksana pantun orang Enchek Amat membawa suloh, Hendak menyuloh sarang tebuan Sembah di-angkat jari sa-puloh,
;
tua:
And
so on.
three or (our
love-letter usually
The
quoted
following
letter just
wishes and of loving thoughts that have never yet ceased to attend
me
can
either
I forget
by night or day, evening or morn no, not for one instant you so long as the sun and the moon pursue their
love
is
courses.
My
;
when
it
moon
heaven
when
;
it
dew
of
my
love
is
it breaks on my slumbers Mejnun my waking hours with wandering thoughts, for at no time can my eyes image anything except the glorious beauty of your form. I may be humble and weak and
with anxious
fears,
it
distracts
may
lack every
may have no
?
what of that
put
my
trust
and confidence
in
in the sincerity of
your heart, oh, most desired of lovers! For you are as the waters of the River of Life, pure and calm and lustrous, whose sweetness no man can measure or, if I may quote a metaphor used by men of old, you are like some tree of over-arching verdure
fruit in the
plain
beauty and that the zephyrs from some heaven of bliss should play about you till the fragrance of your beauty should lull the thoughts of your lovers and lead them to be dead to everything except the
199
too,
am
under the
charm
my
trust is in you,
it, where poor fledgeling turn ? O God Most High for I swear to you I mean no untruth I have faith in God and the Prophet, and, next to them, in you. Yes, had I the wings of a bird,
a nestling in
moment would I fly to your presence, O Light of Glory But of what avail are these thoughts ? What power is left me ? but a dove of fettered wings, whose struggles I am like a dove can only cause it to fall more helpless than ever on the ground
this very
should
of
it
!
attempt to
fly.
O God
my
my
Prophet of
in the
God
Love
old,
Mine
What
is
to be
fate?
As
words of the
old song
To
her I
lift
suppliant hands,
I
A
&c.
simple boon
crave
stands
VIII.
Typical Letters.
The
written
1.
' :
From
a
'
Datok of Johol
only are given
:
to
a District Officer.
The
compliments
Bahwa
ini surat daripada beta Datok Johol, Johan Pahlawan Lela Perkasa Setiavvan, yang memerentah di-dalam jajahan Nfigeri Johol dengan sejahteraan-nya ya-itu akan datang ka-hadapan majlis sahabat beta tuan X., Magistrate di-tanah Melayu, dengan selamat
lagi sejahtera-nya.
offensive,
is
man
very
much
are
length
is
that portion in
which the
writer's
own
titles
enumerated.
The
of the
Compliments
an educated
This
work of
man
specially interested in
custom
terbit
Warkatu'l-ikhlas wa-tuhfatu'1-ajnas
yang
daripada fuadu'z-
zakiah ya-itu hati yang puteh lagi hening dan jerneh yang tiada
200
menaroh
APPENDIX
shale dan waham di-dalam-nya sa-lagi ada peridaran chakerawala matahari dan bulan ya-itu datang daripada beta Datok P. yang ada pada masa ini di-dalam daerah Negeri Kembau, mudahmudahan barang di-sanipaikan oleh Tuhan seru sakalian alam
mengadap ka-hadapan majlis sen paduka sahabat beta tuan X., Magistrate, yang maha-mulia pada melakukan jalan berkaseh-kasehan dan mengambil hati sakalian sahabat handai taulan-nya karib dan bai'd, yang ada bersemayam pada masa ini di-dalam negeri Tampin dengan beberapa selamat
apa-lah jua kira-nya akan datang
sejaht^ra, ada-nya.
chief) to a Magistrate.
Surat dengan beberapa tulus dan ikhlas serta suchi hati yang puteh
dan jerneh yang tiada menaroh shak dan waham sa-lagi ada peridaran chakerawala ya-itu matahari dan bulan daripada beta Raja X. yang ada terhenti pada masa ini di-dalam negSri M.
lagi hening
dengan minta mudah-mudahan barang di-sampaikan oleh Tuhan Seru Sakalian Alam apa-lah jua kira-nya datang ka-hadapan majlis seri paduka sahabat beta tuan R. yang menjadi Magistrate di-dalam B. dengan kemuliaan serta pula mendapat selamat dengan sejahtera-nya.
4.
From
Compliments only
Bahwa
dan ikhlas kaseh sayang daripada beta Raja Muda X., wakilu's-Sultan Negeri Perak, Daru'r-ridzwan, bersemayam di-Bukit Chandan Seri Andalan, mudah-mudahan baiang di-waslkan oleh Tuhan Seru Sakalian Alam datang ka-hadapan majlis paduka sahabat beta tuan Y., Magistrate Kinta daerah Batu Gajah dengan
surat tulus
sejahtera-nya.
IX.
It will
Malay
to approxi-
mate
been
a
to certain forms.
definitely established
chief,
how
be
lay
Malay penghulu,
rules
if
prince
it
should
is
properly
to
addressed by a European
official,
not
difficult
down such
we
when
201
We may
take as a basis
territory
governed.
certain
allowance has to be
made
between hereditary
is
and mere
official position,
largely titular.
expressions such as mempunya'i takhta kerajaan, but he certainly could claim the administrative descriptions of a Sultan
more or
the
less,
based
it
on
expressions,
would be
easy to find
formulae that are apposite and do not jar on the ear like
the present confused system by which District Officers claim
royal thrones and otherwise
official letters.
make themselves
ridiculous in
from
Malay
It
chief of
is
any
s-siddik.
true that
they presuppose
a comparatively minor
official
oflicials.
The
The
for native
for
English
officials
jc?//a/5'(?/ (^f/a
would be
enough
in other cases.
official,
however
terms limited
in
words such
kerajaan
202
APPENDIX
following forms
The
may
be
suggested
as
suitable
to
From a Junior
Europeatt
Official.
(a) to a peasant:
Daripada kita tuan X., kepala mata-mata di-dalam daerah Y., disampaikan kapada AI. bin N'. yang ada sekarang ini di-dalam
daerah Z.
Ahual
((5)
di-taarifkan
to
a penghulu
Surat tulus ikhlas daripada beta tuan X., kepala mata-mata di-dalam
daerah
}'., barang di-sampaikan kapada sahabat beta Datok Penghulu M. di-dalam daerah Z., dengan selamat-nya.
.
. .
a chief:
ini
Surat tulus ikhlas serta dengan hati yang puteh daripada beta tuan
di-dalam
daerah Y.,
khairu'l-'afiat.
Surat tulus ikhlas serta dengan hati yang puteh lagi hening dan jerneh
sa-lama-lama-nya daripada beta tuan A'., kepala mataniata yang ada terhenti sekarang ini di-dalam daerah J'., mudah-mudahan barang di-waslkan oleh Tuhan Seru Sakalian Alam datang ter-
hampar ka-hadapan majlis padnka sahabat beta yang mulia Raja M. yang ada bSrsSmayam pada masa ini di-dalam negeri Z., dengan
selamat dan kesejahteraan-nya.
to
a reigning Sultan
bel^a ini
di-dalam daerah Y. mudah-mudahan barang di-waslkan oleh Tuhan Seru Sakalian Alam datang mengadap yang maha-mulia paduka
Seri Sultan
M.
ibni
203
From
a Senior Official.
(a) to a peasant
Daripada kita tuan A', pegawai kSrajaan di-dalam daerah Y., n^geri Perak, di-sampaikan kapada M. bin N'. yang ada pada masa ini di-dalam Kampong Z.
Ahual di-nyatakan
{h) to a
minor penghulu
maka barang di-sampaikan oleh Tuhan Seru Sakalian Alam datang ka-hadapan majlis sahabat beta yang mulia Datok M.
daerah Y.
yang ada beristirahat-ul-khair kapada masa dengan sSlamat-nya. Ahual beta maalumkan ...
{d) to a chief of importajice
ini
Surat tulus ikhlas serta kaseh sayang yang terbit daripada hati yang
puteh lagi hening dan jerneh serta tiada menaroh lupa dan lalai barang sa-ketika jua pun sa-Iagi ada peridaran chakerawala matahari dan bulan ya-itu datang daripada beta tuan X. pegawai
kerajaan di-dalam daerah Y. barang di-sampaikan Allah azza
jalla
wa
ka-hadapan majlis paduka sahabat beta yang mulia Datok M. bin N'. yang ada beristirahatu'l-khair pada masa ini di-dalam negeri Z., dengan sehat dan afiat.
itu
Surat tulus ikhlas serta kaseh sayang yang terbit daripada hati yang
puteh lagi hening dan jerneh serta tiada menaroh lupa dan
lalai
barang
chakerawala matahari dan bulan ya-itu datang daripada beta tuan X. pegawai kerajaan di-dalam daerah Y. barang di-waslkan Allah subhana wa taala ka-hadapan wajah paduka sahabat beta Raja ISI. ibni alsa-ketika
jua
pun
sa-lagi
ada
peridaran
ini
di-dalam
204
APPENDIX
to
{/)
a reigning Sultaji:
Warkatu'l-ikhlas
wa
tuhfatu'l-ajnas
yang
terbit
daripada fuadu'z-
zakiah ya-itu hati yang puteh lagi hening dan jerneh sa-lagi ada
Y.
mudah-mudahan
subhana vva taala apa-lah kira-nya mengadap yang maha-mnlia paduka Seri Sultan Af. ibni al-marhum Sultan Y. yang-di-pertuan negCri Z. daru sh-shahadah yang bersedi-waslkan
barang
Allah
mayam
itu
III.
From
a Resident or Resident-General.
(a) to a peasa7ii
Y.
di-sampaikan kapada
M.
kampong
.
Z.
Ahual di-nyatakan
{b) to
a juinor penghulii
di-sam-
M.
bin
(c) to
7iiinor chief:
barang di-sampaikan oleh Tuhan Sera Sakalian Alam ka-hadnpan majlis sahabat beta Datok M. yang mulia pada masa ini di-dalam
daerah Z. dengan selamat sejahtera-nya.
{d) to
an important chief:
waham
daripada beta
Tuhan Seru Sakalian Alam Datok M. yang mulia yang ada pada masa
. .
di-dalam negeri
to
a no7i-reigning raja
waham
sa-lama-
lama-nya ya-ilu daripada beta tuan X. Resident di-dalam negeri K barang di-vvaslkan oleh Tuhan azza wa jalla ka-hadapan wajah
NOTES ON MALAY LETTER-WRITING
padiika sahabat beta J\aja
205
M. ibni al-marhum Raja N. yang ada pada masa ini bersemayam di-bandar Z. dengan beberapa selamat dan sejahtera-nya. Ahual beta maalumkan
.
(_/")
lo
a reigning Siiltan
Warkatu'l-ikhlas
wa
tiihfatu'I-ajnas
yang
tgrbit
daripada fuadu'z-
zakiah ya-itu hati yang puteh lagi hening sa-lagi ada peridaran
chakerawala matahari dan bulan ya-itu daripada beta tuan A'. Resident negeri Y. mndah-mudahan barang di-waslkan Allah subhana wa taala ka-hadzrat al-mukarram seri paduka sahabat
beta yang maha-mulia
paduka
seri
Sultan
M.
ibni
al-marhum
Raja
N'.
mayam
Kuala
itu
beta
maalumkan
to
IV.
From
the
High
Commissiotier
a reigmng Sultan.
daripada fuadu'z-
Warkatu'l-ikhlas
wa
tuhfatu'l-ajnas
yang
terbit
zakiah ya-itu hati yang puteh lagi hening dan jerneh yang tiada mSnaroh shak dan wahani sa-lagi ada peridaran chakSrawala
Jll. TV. Governor buah negeri Singapura, Pulau Pinang dan Melaka barang di-waslkan oleh Tuhan maliku'l-hinnan wa'1-mannan apa-lah jua kira-nya ala wajahu'l-karimu'sh-sharif seri paduka sahabat beta as-Sultan M. ibni al-marhum Raja TV. yang-di-pertuan negeri Z. dam' sh-shahadah yang bersemayam pada masa ini di-atas singgasana takhta kerajaan dan kebesaran di-dalam istana bandar Kuala L. baldu'l-aadzam, dengan istirahat dan sehat serta khairu'l-'afiat
sSlamat sjahtera-nya.
itu
maka
ada-lah beta
maalum-
TTTTCS itAyv...
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