Recommended Text
1. Digital Systems - Principles and Applications, Ronald J. Tocci., Neal S. Widmer & Gregory L. Moss. Prentice Hall International, 9th Edition 2. Digital Fundamentals, Thomas L. Floyd, Pearson, 10th Edition 3. Digital Design, M. Mano & Michael Cilettiee, Prentice Hall, 2007, 4th Edition 4. Digital Design: Principles and Practices, John F. Wakerly, Prentice Hall, 2007, 4th Edition 5. Digital Logic Circuit Analysis and Design, V.Nelson, H. Nagle, B. Carrol, D.Irwin, Prentice Hall, 1995
Numerical Representations
Physical systems use quantities which must be manipulated arithmetically. Quantities may be represented numerically in either analog or digital form. Analog Representationa continuously variable, proportional indicator.
Sound through a microphone causes voltage changes. Automobile speedometer changes with speed. Mercury thermometer varies over a range of values with temperature.
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Numerical Representations
In 1875, Alexander Graham Bell figured out how to change his voice into a continuously variable electrical signal, send it through a wire, and change it back to sound energy at the other end.
Today, the device that converts sound energy to an analog voltage signal is known as a microphone.
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Numerical Representations
Digital system:
A combination of devices that manipulate values represented in digital form.
Analog system:
A combination of devices that manipulate values represented in analog form.
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Most significant digit (MSD) & least significant digit (LSD). Positional value may be stated as a digit multiplied by a power of 10.
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Decimal Counting
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Binary Counting
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Analog signals can be converted to digital by taking measurements or samples of the continuously varying signal at regular intervals.
Appropriate time between samples depends on the maximum rate of change of the analog signal.
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A higher range of voltages represent a valid 1 and a lower range of voltages represent a valid 0. HIGH and LOW are often used to describe the states of a digital systeminstead of 1 and 0
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Another example:
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Hexadecimal to Decimal
Convert from hex to decimal by multiplying each hex digit by its positional weight.
In a 2nd example, the value 10 was substituted for A and 15 substituted for F.
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Decimal to Hexadecimal
Convert from decimal to hex by using the repeated division method used for decimal to binary conversion. Divide the decimal number by 16
The first remainder is the LSBthe last is the MSB.
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Decimal to Hexadecimal
Convert 42310 to hex:
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Decimal to Hexadecimal
Convert 21410 to hex:
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Hexadecimal to Binary
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Binary to Hexadecimal
Convert from binary to hex by grouping bits in four starting with the LSB.
Each group is then converted to the hex equivalent The binary number is grouped into groups of four bits & each is converted to its equivalent hex digit.
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To perform conversions between hex & binary, it is necessary to know the four-bit binary numbers (0000 - 1111), and their equivalent hex digits.
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Counting in Hex
When counting in hex, each digit position can be incremented (increased by 1) from 0 to F.
On reaching value F, it is reset to 0, and the next digit position is incremented.
Example: 38,39,3A,3B,3C,3D,3E,3F,40,41,42
When there is a 9 in a digit position, it becomes an A when it is incremented.
With three hex digits, we can count from 00016 to FFF16 which is 010 to 409510 a total of 4096 = 163 values.
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Octal to Decimal
Convert from octal to decimal by multiplying each octal digit by its positional weight.
3728 = 3 82 + 7 81 + 2 80 = 3 64 + 7 8 + 2 1 = 25010 24.68 = 2 81 + 4 80 + 6 8-1 = 20.7510
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Decimal to Octal
Convert 26610 to octal:
Steps: 1. Divide the decimal by 8 until the quotient is 0 2. The remainders are the coefficients 3. The octal number is the reverse order of the remainders
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Value Range
For 4-bit binary, the range is:
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BCD Code
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a widely used way to present decimal numbers in binary form.
Combines features of both decimal and binary systems.
Each digit is converted to a binary equivalent.
BCD Code
Convert the number 87410 to BCD:
Each decimal digit is represented using 4 bits.
Each 4-bit group can never be greater than 9.
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BCD Code
Convert 0110100000111001 (BCD) to its decimal equivalent.
Divide the BCD number into four-bit groups and convert each to decimal.
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BCD Code
Convert BCD 011111000001 to its decimal equivalent.
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Gray Code
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Gray Code
The Gray code is used in applications where numbers change rapidly.
Only one bit changes from each value to the next.
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Summary
Ch1 1.1 1.2 Understand Number Systems and Codes Distinguish between analogue and digital quantities. Explain how to convert from binary to decimal and vice Summary versa, and to express an integer value in any of the four numbering systems (binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal) Explain how integers are expressed using 1's complement, 2's complement. Describe the BCD and Gray Code formats
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1.3 1.4