Chapter 1 Cell structure

Organisms is the cell Cell division partially permeable freely permeable cell biology light microscope electron microscope plasma membrane chromatin DNA nucleolus cytoplasm function compartmentalisation mitochondria golgi apparatus centriole cell wall plasmodesmata central vacuole chloroplasts tonoplast grana stage micrometer magnification resolution wavelength radiation specimen electrons ultrastructure nuclear envelope

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ribosomes smooth ER rough ER cisternae RNA golgi vesicles matrix flagella (flagellum) cilia (cilium) prokaryotes bacteria eukaryotes fungi protocists histology organ system plan diagram

Chapter 2 Biological molecules

molecular biology metabolism macromolecule polymers polymerisation alpha glucose beta glucose isomers condensation disaccharide glycosidic bond hydrolysis glycogen hydrogen bond

microfibrils fibres triglyceride unsaturated non-polar hydrophobic polyunsaturated monounsaturated energy reserves insulator hydrophilic amino acids amine group carboxylic acid R group peptide bond dipeptide polypeptide protein primary structure a-helix beta pleated sheet tertiary structure hydrogen bond disulphide bond ionic bond hydrophobic interctions quaternary structure globular protein fiberous protein keratin collagen haem group prosthetic group

oxyhaemoglobin structural protein ions

Chapter 3 Enzymes
biological catalysts active site substrate enzyme-substrate complex product activation energy initial rate of reaction inhibit inhibitor competitive inhibition reversible irreversible non-competitive inhibitation end product inhibitation

Chapter 4:Cell membranes and transport

miscelles bilayers fluid mosaic model glycoproteins glycolipids phospholipids Proteins transport proteins enzymes receptor diffusion

concentration gradient solute solution solvent partially permeable membrane net osmosis solute potential turgid plasmolysis incipient plasmolysis active transport carrier protein endocytosis phagocytosis phagocytes phagocytic vacuoles pinocytosis exocytosis gaseous exchange surface alveoli root hairs epidermis

Chapter 5:Genetic control of proteins structure and function

deoxyribonucleic acid macromolecules polymers nucleotides polynucleotides adenine thymine guanine cytosine uracil ribose deoxyribose hydrogen bonds complementary base pairing semi-conservative replication triplet gene messenger RNA(mRNA) ribosome transfer RNA(tRNA) anticodon codon polyribosomes transcription transcribed

translation translated

Chapter 6:Nuclear division

homologous pairs sex chromosomes autosomes diploid haploid chromatids interphase centromere locus maternal chromosomes paternal chromosomes alleles mutant/mutated growth mitosis sexual reproduction nuclear division interphase cell division cytokinesis prophase metaphase

anaphase telophase tumour mutagenic carcinogen carcinogenic primary growth benign malignant secondary growth metastasis

Chapter 7 Energy and Ecosystems

Ecology Habitat Population Community Ecosystem Niche Metabolic Reactions Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Respiration Photosynthesis Producers Food chain Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Trophic levels Food web

Decomposers Detritus Detritivores Net primary productivity Nitrogen fixation Rhizobium Nitrogenase Mutualism Amino acid Deaminated Ammonification Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria

Chapter 8 The mammalian transport system

Diffusion Cardiovascular system Heart Blood Aorta Vena cava Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Double circulatory system Arteries Veins Capillaries Endothelium Tunica media Tunica externa Arterioles Venules Semilunar valves Plasma

Plasma proteins Tissue fluid Homeostasis Lymph vessels Lymphatics Oedema Lymph Subclavian veins Lymph nodes Antibodies Erythrocytes Haemoglobin Red blood cells (RBC) Phagocytes Lymphocytes Partial pressure Saturated Dissociation curve The bohr shift Carbonic anhydrase Haemoglobinic acid, HHb Buffer Bohr effect Carbamino-haemoglobin Higher affinity Oxygen store Carboxyhaemoglobin Altitude sickness Chapter 9 The mammalian heart Cardiac muscle Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Coronary arteries

Venae cavae Septum Atrium ( or sometime auricle) Ventricles Artrio-ventricular valves Mitral or bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve Cardiac cycle Atrial systole Ventricular systole Ventricular diastole Myogenic Sinoatrial node (SAN) Pacemaker Atrio-ventricular node Purkyne tissue Fibrillation

Chapter 10: Transport in multicellular plants

Carbon dioxide Oxygen Organic nutrients Inorganic ions and water Epidermis Root hairs Mycorrhizas Apoplast pathway Symplast pathway Endodermis Suberin Casparian strip Passage cells Vessel elements

Tracheids Fibres Parenchyma cells Vessel elements Lignin Lumen Xylem vessel Mesophyll Stomata Transpiration Mass flow Cohesion Adhesion Passive Potometer Assimilates Sieve elements Phloem tissue Companion cells Sieve tube Sieve plate Phloem sap Callose Mass flow Active loading Co-transporter

Chapter 11 Gaseous exchange

Trachea Bronchi Bronchus Cartilage Mucus Goblet cells

Mucin Macrophages Alveoli Elastic fibres Residual volume Ventilation rate Stroke volume Cardiac output Pulse Pulse rate Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Sphygmomanometer Hypertension Normal distribution

Chapter 12 Smoking and diseases

Passive smoking Tar Carbon monoxide Nicotine Allergens Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Multifactoral Risk factors Atheroma Atherosclerosis Lipoproteins Low density High density

Plaques Thrombus Thrombosis Coronary heart disease Angina pectoris Heart attack Myocardial infarction Heart failure Stroke Cerebral infarction By-pass operation

Chapter 13 Infectious disease

Carriers Transmission cycle Cholera Malaria AIDS HIV Tuberculosis (TB) Oral rehydration therapy Vector Immune Prophylactic T helper lymphocytes Immune system Opportunistic infections Contact tracing Broad spectrum Narrow spectrum Selective toxicity Inhibition zone

MRSA

Chapter 14 Immunity
Immunity Immune Immune system Antigen Immune response Antibodies Phagocytes Neutrophils Macrophages Monocytes Histamine B lymphocytes (B cells) T lymphocytes (T cells) Clone Receptor Plasma cells Memory cells Primary response Secondary response Immunological memory Immunoglobulins Variable region Antitoxins Mast cells T helper cells Killer T cells Cytokines Memory

Active Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Vaccination Antitoxin Passive immunity Artificial passive immunity Colostrum Natural passive immunity