A conducter has free electrons which can move in parallel to an electric field. Insulators cannot.

Charge is always outside a conductor. In an isolated system, charge is conserved. All the drawings Treat electric force as vectors in calculations, adding x and y components.

A test charge is a small charge that does not disturb other charges in vicinity Electric field is force per unit charge on a test charge. In electrostatics, electric field inside a conductor is 0. Outside, it follows E=

Graph of electric field

Electric field lines:

Electric potential: Work done per unit charge in bringing a test charge from very far away to point of interest. Independent of route. Potential energy per unit charge. Q(Vb-Va) gives work that must be done in moving charge. E=(V/d). One electron volt is the work done when a charge equal to that of an electron is taken across a potential difference of 1V. The triangle thing from p299-300 When to spheres are connected by conducting wire, they have same potential. And there is also conservation of charge, and all charge is on surface of sphere. For parallel plates, we have formula V(x)=V1+(V2-V1)*X Equipotential surfaces: Points in space that have same electric potential. As potential and potential energies are scalar values, simply add them. Drawings of equipotential surfaces:

When moving electric charge between two positions of difference in potential energy dV, work done is q*dv. It is also q*E*delta r. Hence, e=delta v/delta r. Field lines are normal to conductor surface as well as equipotential surfaces. If not, there would be a component of field along equipotential surface, hence no longer electrostatic.

Electric current: The number of electrons that pass through a cross section of a wire per unit time interval. When there is an electric field in a conductor, electrons are accelerated in opposite direction to field, causing current. The electrons vibrate, and suffer inelastic collisions, transferring kinetic energy to electron right next to it. Hence, temperature increases, because lost energy is picked up by other atoms, causing vibrations. I= (e=charge of electron, n is number of electrons per volume, Avdeltat

is volume of cylinder that shows how many electrons have passed a given cross section) . This implies slow electron speeds, so why light in light bulb at once we turn on switch? Because the field is established almost at once through wire, so all electrons move at drift speed. The current is established with field. Other ways of producing electricity: Thermionic emission. And photoelectric effect. Remember that also positive ions accelerated by field. Low pressure makes it easy to ionize atoms. R=(V/I). But ohms law is that, when temperature of metallic conductor constant, the current that passes through it proportional to potential difference across it., implying constant resistance at constant temp. Graphs

Ohms law works when temp low. But when temp (for lamp current) increases R=p*(l/a), where p is resistivity

P= For bulbs that have, say, power of 60W at 220V, we say r is fixed when for example we have potential difference of 110V. For a water pump, if the net force done by gravity is 0. The work done by pump is the work needed to overcome the frictional forces. If mechanical work, like driving a turbine is done, the pump must allow for this as well. Same way, work done on electrons by electrical forces in a circuit is 0. EMF is total work done in moving electron completely around circuit. If internal resistance present, example shown on page 320-321. Basically, find current using EMF as potential difference, and internal resistance as normal resistor in series to the others. When we calculate power dissipated in circuit though, we take EMF*current (not (EMF-Ir)*current) When currents are split and travel through separate resistors, and the potential difference across the resistors is the same, we have a parallel connections.

Circuit diagram showing potential divider:

V=

Circuit diagram showing LDR:

When magnet, current or moving charge enters magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force.

A compass points towards geographic north pole, which is actually magnetic southpole. F=BIL*sin (theta), where theta is angle between current and field and l is length of wire. BIL=B* . Hence stationary as well as charges (not electrically neutral) particles moving parallel/anti-parallel to field direction experience no force.

Because magnetic force is always normal to acceleration, we have circular motion. qvB=m , which gives R= change with speed. , T= = x , we see period doesnt

Magnetic field from straight wire is For single, current carrying loop:

. and for solenoid it isB=

, where n is turns of solenoid, l is length of solenoid, and I is current through it. In side solenoid, field is uniform.