Chapter 6.1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.
H)} 1

CH#6

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 2

PROBLEMS
Q#6.1: Show that i = ke
-2t
and i = ke
-t
are solutions of the differential equation
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 0
dt
2
dt
Characteristic equation:
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 3si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-3 \3
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-2t

Q#6.2: Show that i = Ke
-t
and i = Kte
-t
are solutions of the differential equation
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0

Here
1s
2
i + 2si + 1i = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 1 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 1

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-2 \2
2
4(1)(1)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

4
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 0
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
te
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
te
-1t

Q#6.3: Find the general solution of each of the following equations:
(a)
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 3si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-3 \3
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-2t

(b)
d
2
i di
+ 5 + 6i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 5si + 6i = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a


-5 \5
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -2, -3
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t

(c)
d
2
i di
+ 7 + 12i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 7si + 12i = 0
s
2
+ 7s + 12 = 0
a 1
b 7
c 12

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-7 \7
2
4(1)(12)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 \49

48
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)


-7 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-7 + 1)/2, (-7 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-6)/2, (-8)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -3, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-3t
+ K
2
e
-4t

(d)
d
2
i di
+ 5 + 4i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 5si + 4i = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 4

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-5 \5
2
4(1)(4)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \9
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 3
s
1
, s
2
=
2

s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 3)/2, (-5 - 3)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2)/2, (-8)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-4t

(e)
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 6i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 6i = 0
s
2
+ 1s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-1 \1
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \1

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \-23
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 i4.796
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i4.796)/2, (-1 - i4.796)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.5 + i2.398), (-0.5 - i2.398)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i2.398)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i2.398)t


(f)
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 2i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 1s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 1
C 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-1 \1
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \1

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \-7
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 i2.646
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 - i2.646)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 i1.323)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i1.323)t

(g)
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 2si + i = 0

s
2
+ 2s + 1 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 1
-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-2 \2
2
4(1)(1)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

4
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 0
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t

(h)

d
2
i di
+ 4 + 4i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 4si + 4i = 0
s
2
+ 4s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 4

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-4 \4
2
4(1)(4)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \16

16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 0
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4 + 0)/2, (-4 - 0)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-2)t
+ K
2
te
(-2)t

Q#6.4: Find the general solution of each of the following homogeneous differential
equations:
(a)
d
2
v dv
+ 2 + 2v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 2sv + 2v = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-2 \2
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)


-2 \4

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \-4
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 i2
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i2)/2, (-2 i2)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i1), (-1 i1)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1)t
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1)t

(b)
d
2
v dv
+ 2 + 4v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 2sv + 4v = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 4

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-2 \2
2
4(1)(4)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)


-2 \-12
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 i3.464
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i3.464)/2, (-2 i3.464)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i1.732), (-1 i1.732)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1.732)t
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1.732)t

(c)
d
2
v dv
+ 4 + 2v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 4sv + 2v = 0
s
2
+ 4s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-4 \4
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \16

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 2.828
s
1
, s
2
=
2

s
1
, s
2
= (-4 + 2.828)/2, (-4 2.828)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.586), (-3.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-0.586)t
+ K
2
e
(-3.414)t

(d)
d
2
v dv
2 + 8 + 16v = 0
dt
2
dt
After simplification
d
2
v dv
+ 4 + 8v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 4sv + 8v = 0
s
2
+ 4s + 8 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 8

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-4 \4
2
4(1)(8)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \16

32
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \-16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 i4
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4 + i4)/2, (-4 i4)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i2), (-2 i2)
General solution:

v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-2 + i2)t
+ K
2
e
(-2 i2)t

(e)
d
2
v dv
+ 2 + 3v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 2sv + 3v = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 3 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 3

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-2 \2
2
4(1)(3)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

12
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \-8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 i2.828
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i2.828)/2, (-2 i2.828)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i1.414), (-1 i1.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1.414)t
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1.414)t


(f)
d
2
v dv
+ 3 + 5v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 3sv + 5v = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 5 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 5

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-3 \3
2
4(1)(5)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

20
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \-11
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 i3.317
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + i3.317)/2, (-3 i3.317)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1.5 + i1.659), (-1.5 i1.659)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1.5 + i1.659)t
+ K
2
e
(-1.5 i1.659)t

Q#6.5: Find particular solutions for the differential equations of Prob. 6.3 subject to
the initial conditions:
di
i(0+) = 1, (0+) = 0
dt
(a)

d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 3si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-3 \3
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-2t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-1(0+)
+ K
2
e
-2(0+)

1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

Differentiating (i) with respect to t


di(t)
= -K
1
e
-1t
- 2K
2
e
-2t

dt
di(0+)
= -K
1
e
-1(0+)
- 2K
2
e
-2(0+)

dt
di(0+)
= -K
1
e
0
- 2K
2
e
0

dt
0 = -K
1
(1) - 2K
2
(1)
0 = -K
1
- 2K
2

K
1
= - 2K
2
Putting the value of K
1
in (ii)
1 = -2K
2
+ K
2
K
2
= -1
2
in (ii)
1 = K
1
+ (-1)
K
1
= 2
i(t) = 2e
-t
+ (-1)e
-2t

i(t) = 2e
-t
e
-2t

(b)
d
2
i di
+ 5 + 6i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 5si + 6i = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 6 = 0

A 1
B 5
C 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a


-5 \5
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -2, -3
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-2(0+)
+ K
2
e
-3(0+)

i(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

di(t)
= -2K
1
e
-2t
- 3K
2
e
-3t

dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
e
-2(0+)
- 3K
2
e
-3(0+)

dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
e
0
- 3K
2
e
0

dt

di(0+)
= -2K
1
(1) - 3K
2
(1)
dt
0 = -2K
1
- 3K
2

2K
1
= -3K
2

K
1
= -1.5K
2
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

1
in (ii)

1 = -1.5K
2
+ K
2

1 = -0.5K
2

K
2
= -2
K
1
= -1.5(-2)
K
1
= 3.0
i(t) = 3e
-2t
+ (-2)e
-3t

i(t) = 3e
-2t
- 2e
-3t

(c)
d
2
i di
+ 7 + 12i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 7si + 12i = 0
s
2
+ 7s + 12 = 0
a 1
b 7
c 12

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-7 \7
2
4(1)(12)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 \49

48
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-7 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-7 + 1)/2, (-7 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-6)/2, (-8)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -3, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t



i(t) = K
1
e
-3t
+ K
2
e
-4t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-3(0+)
+ K
2
e
-4(0+)

i(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

di(t)
= -3K
1
e
-3t
- 4K
2
e
-4t

dt
di(0+)
= -3K
1
e
-3(0+)
- 4K
2
e
-4(0+)

dt
di(0+)
= -3K
1
e
0
- 4K
2
e
0

dt
di(0+)
= -3K
1
(1) - 4K
2
(1)
dt
di(0+)
= -3K
1
- 4K
2

dt
0 = -3K
1
- 4K
2
3K
1
= - 4K
2

K
1
= -1.334K
2
1
in (ii)
1 = -1.334K
2
+ K
2
1 = -0.334K
2

K
2
= -2.994
K
1
= -1.334(-2.994) = 3.994
i(t) = (3.994)e
-3t
+ (-2.994)e
-4t

i(t) = 3.994e
-3t
- 2.994e
-4t

(d)
d
2
i di
+ 5 + 4i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 5si + 4i = 0

s
2
+ 5s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 4

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-5 \5
2
4(1)(4)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \9
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 3
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 3)/2, (-5 - 3)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2)/2, (-8)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-4t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-1(0+)
+ K
2
e
-4(0+)

i(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)
di(t)
= -1K
1
e
-1t
- 4K
2
e
-4t

dt
di(0+)
= -1K
1
e
-1(0+)
- 4K
2
e
-4(0+)

dt


di(0+)
= -1K
1
e
0
- 4K
2
e
0

dt
0 = -1K
1
(1) - 4K
2
(1)
0 = -K
1
- 4K
2

K
1
= -4K
2
1
in (ii)
1 = -4K
2
+ K
2
1 = -3K
2
K
2
= -0.334
K
1
= -4(-0.334)
K
1
= 1.336

i(t) = 1.336e
-1t
0.334e
-4t

(e)
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 6i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 6i = 0
s
2
+ 1s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 1
C 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-1 \1
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \1

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \-23
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)


-1 i4.796
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i4.796)/2, (-1 - i4.796)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.5 + i2.398), (-0.5 - i2.398)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i2.398)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i2.398)t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i2.398)0+
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i2.398)0+

i(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)
di(t)
= K
1
e
(-0.5 + i2.398)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i2.398)t

dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K
1
e
(-0.5 + i2.398)0+
+ (-0.5 - i2.398)K
2
e
(-0.5 - i2.398)0+

dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K
1
e
0
+ (-0.5 - i2.398)K
2
e
0

dt
0 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K
1
(1) + (-0.5 - i2.398)K
2
(1)
0 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K
1
+ (-0.5 - i2.398)K
2

0.5 + i2.398
K
1
= K
2

-0.5 + i2.398
K
1
= [0.917 i0.400]K
2
1
in (ii)
1 = [0.917 i0.400]K
2
+ K
2

1 = [[0.917 i0.400] + 1]K
2
1 = [0.917 i0.400 + 1]K
2
1 = [1.917 i0.400]K
2
K
2
= 0.5 + i0.104
1 = K
1
+ K
2
K
1
= 1 K
2
K
1
= 1 [0.5 + i0.104]
K
1
= 1 0.5 - i0.104
K
1
= 0.5 - i0.104

i(t) = [0.5 - i0.104]e
(-0.5 + i2.398)t
+ [0.5 + i0.104]e
(-0.5 - i2.398)t


(f)
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 2i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 1s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-1 \1
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \1

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \-7
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 i2.646
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 - i2.646)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 i1.323)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t

i(t) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i1.323)t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)0+
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i1.323)0+

i(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)


di(t)
= K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i1.323)t

dt

di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)0+
+ (-0.5 - i1.323)K
2
e
(-0.5 - i1.323)0+

dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
e
0
+ (-0.5 - i1.323)K
2
e
0

dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
(1) + (-0.5 - i1.323)K
2
(1)
dt
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
+ (-0.5 - i1.323)K
2

(-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
= (0.5 + i1.323)K
2

(0.5 + i1.323)
K
1
= K
2

(-0.5 + i1.323)
K
1
= (0.75 0.662i)K
2

1 = (0.75 0.662i)K
2
+ K
2
1 = [(0.75 0.662i) + 1]K
2
1 = [1.75 0.662i]K
2
K
2
= 0.5 + 0.189i
1 = K
1
+ 0.5 + 0.189i

K
1
= 1 - 0.5 - 0.189i
K
1
= 0.5 - 0.189i

i(t) = [0.5 - 0.189i]e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ [0.5 + 0.189i]e
(-0.5 - i1.323)t

(g)
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 2si + i = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 1 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 1


-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-2 \2
2
4(1)(1)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-2 \4

4
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 0
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t

i(0+) = K
1
e
(-1)0+
+ K
2
(0+)e
(-1)0+

i(0+) = K
1
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1)
1 = K
1
di(t)
= -K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
[-te
(-1)t
e
-t
]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K
1
e
(-1)0+
+ K
2
[-(0+)e
-(0+)
e
-(0+)
]
dt

di(0+)
= (-1)K
1
e
0
+ K
2
[e
0
]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K
1
(1) + K
2
[(1)]
dt
0 = -K
1
K
2


0 = -(1) K
2

K
2
= -1
Putting corresponding values
i(t) = (1)e
(-1)t
+ (-1)te
(-1)t

i(t) = e
(-1)t
- te
(-1)t

(h)

d
2
i di
+ 4 + 4i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 4si + 4i = 0
s
2
+ 4s + 4 = 0
A 1
B 4
C 4

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-4 \4
2
4(1)(4)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \16

16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 0
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4 + 0)/2, (-4 - 0)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-2)t
+ K
2
te
(-2)t


At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-2)0+
+ K
2
(0+)e
(-2)0+

1 = K
1
e
0
1 = K
1
(1)
1 = K
1

di(t)
= -2K
1
e
(-2)t
+ K
2
[-0.5te
-2t
0.25e
-2t
]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
e
(-2)0+
+ K
2
[-0.5(0+)e
-2(0+)
0.25e
-2(0+)
]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
e
0
+ K
2
[0.25e
0
]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
(1)

+ K
2
[0.25(1)]
dt
0 = -2K
1

0.25K
2

2K
1
= -0.25K
2

K
1
= -0.125K
2
K
2
= -8
i(t) = (1)e
(-2)t
+ (-8)te
(-2)t

i(t) = e
(-2)t
- 8te
(-2)t

di
i(0+) = 2, (0+) = +1
dt
(a)
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 3si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2


-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-3 \3
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-2t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-1(0+)
+ K
2
e
-2(0+)

2 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

di(t)
= -K
1
e
-1t
- 2K
2
e
-2t

dt
di(0+)
= -K
1
e
-1(0+)
- 2K
2
e
-2(0+)

dt
di(0+)
= -K
1
e
0
- 2K
2
e
0

dt
1 = -K
1
(1) - 2K
2
(1)
1 = -K
1
- 2K
2

K
1
= -1 - 2K
2
1
in (ii)
2 = [-1 - 2K
2
] + K
2

2 = -1 - 2K
2
+ K
2
3 = -K
2
K
2
= -3
2
in (ii)
2 = K
1
+ (-3)
K
1
= 5
i(t) = 5e
-t
+ (-3)e
-2t

i(t) = 5e
-t
3e
-2t

(b)
d
2
i di
+ 5 + 6i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 5si + 6i = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-5 \5
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -2, -3
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t



i(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-2(0+)
+ K
2
e
-3(0+)

i(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

di(t)
= -2K
1
e
-2t
- 3K
2
e
-3t

dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
e
-2(0+)
- 3K
2
e
-3(0+)

dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
e
0
- 3K
2
e
0

dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
(1) - 3K
2
(1)
dt
1 = -2K
1
- 3K
2

2K
1
= -3K
2
- 1
K
1
= -1.5K
2
0.5

2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

1
in (ii)
2 = [-1.5K
2
0.5] + K
2

2 = -1.5K
2
0.5 + K
2
2 = -0.5K
2
0.5
K
2
= -5
2 = K
1
+ (-5)
K
1
= 7
i(t) = 7e
-2t
+ (-5)e
-3t

i(t) = 7e
-2t
- 5e
-3t

(c)
d
2
i di
+ 7 + 12i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 7si + 12i = 0

s
2
+ 7s + 12 = 0
a 1
b 7
c 12

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-7 \7
2
4(1)(12)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 \49

48
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-7 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-7 + 1)/2, (-7 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-6)/2, (-8)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -3, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-3t
+ K
2
e
-4t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-3(0+)
+ K
2
e
-4(0+)

i(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

di(t)
= -3K
1
e
-3t
- 4K
2
e
-4t

dt
di(0+)
= -3K
1
e
-3(0+)
- 4K
2
e
-4(0+)

dt


di(0+)
= -3K
1
e
0
- 4K
2
e
0

dt
di(0+)
= -3K
1
(1) - 4K
2
(1)
dt

di(0+)
= -3K
1
- 4K
2

dt
1 = -3K
1
- 4K
2
3K
1
= -4K
2
- 1
K
1
= -1.334K
2
0.334

1
in (ii)
2 = [-1.334K
2
0.334] + K
2
2 = -1.334K
2
0.334 + K
2
2.334 = -0.334K
2

K
2
= -6.988
2 = K
1
+ (-6.988)
8.988 = K
1

i(t) = (8.988)e
-3t
+ (-6.988)e
-4t

i(t) = 8.988e
-3t
6.988e
-4t

(d)
d
2
i di
+ 5 + 4i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 5si + 4i = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 4

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a


-5 \5
2
4(1)(4)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-5 \9
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 3
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 3)/2, (-5 - 3)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2)/2, (-8)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-4t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-1(0+)
+ K
2
e
-4(0+)

i(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)
di(t)
= -1K
1
e
-1t
- 4K
2
e
-4t

dt
di(0+)
= -1K
1
e
-1(0+)
- 4K
2
e
-4(0+)

dt
di(0+)
= -1K
1
e
0
- 4K
2
e
0

dt
0 = -1K
1
(1) - 4K
2
(1)
0 = -K
1
- 4K
2

K
1
= -4K
2
1
in (ii)
1 = -4K
2
+ K
2
1 = -3K
2
K
2
= -0.334
K
1
= -4(-0.334)

K
1
= 1.336

i(t) = 1.336e
-1t
0.334e
-4t

(e)
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 6i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 6i = 0
s
2
+ 1s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-1 \1
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \1

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \-23
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 i4.796
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i4.796)/2, (-1 - i4.796)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.5 + i2.398), (-0.5 - i2.398)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i2.398)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i2.398)t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i2.398)0+
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i2.398)0+


i(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)
di(t)
= K
1
e
(-0.5 + i2.398)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i2.398)t

dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K
1
e
(-0.5 + i2.398)0+
+ (-0.5 - i2.398)K
2
e
(-0.5 - i2.398)0+

dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K
1
e
0
+ (-0.5 - i2.398)K
2
e
0

dt
1 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K
1
(1) + (-0.5 - i2.398)K
2
(1)
1 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K
1
+ (-0.5 - i2.398)K
2

K
1
= -0.084 i0.400 + [0.917 i0.4]K
2
2 = [-0.084 i0.400 + [0.917 i0.4]K
2
] + K
2
2 + 0.084 + i0.400 = [1.917 i0.4]K
2
2.084 + i0.400 = [1.917 i0.4]K
2
K
2
= 1 + i0.417
2 = K
1
+ 1 + i0.417
2 - 1 - i0.417 = K
1

1 - i0.417 = K
1


i(t) = [1 - i0.417]e
(-0.5 + i2.398)t
+ [1 + i0.417]e
(-0.5 - i2.398)t

(f)
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 2i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 1s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a


-1 \1
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \1

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \-7
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 i2.646
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 - i2.646)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 i1.323)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t

i(t) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i1.323)t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)0+
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i1.323)0+

i(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)
di(t)
= K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 - i1.323)t

dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)0+
+ (-0.5 - i1.323)K
2
e
(-0.5 - i1.323)0+

dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
e
0
+ (-0.5 - i1.323)K
2
e
0

dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
(1) + (-0.5 - i1.323)K
2
(1)
dt
1 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
+ (-0.5 - i1.323)K
2

K
1
= -0.25 i0.662 + [0.75 i0.662]K
2

2 = -0.25 i0.662 + [0.75 i0.662]K
2
+ K
2
2 + 0.25 + i0.662 = [0.75 i0.662]K
2
+ K
2
2.25 + i0.662 = [1.75 i0.662]K
2
K
2
= 1 + i0.757
2 = K
1
+ 1 + i0.757

K
1
= 2 1 - i0.757
K
1
= 1 - i0.757

i(t) = [1 - i0.757]e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ [1 + i0.757]e
(-0.5 - i1.323)t

(g)
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 2si + i = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 1 = 0
A 1
B 2
C 1
-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-2 \2
2
4(1)(1)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-2 \4

4
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 0
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t

i(0+) = K
1
e
(-1)0+
+ K
2
(0+)e
(-1)0+


i(0+) = K
1
e
0

i(0+) = K
1
(1)
2 = K
1
di(t)
= -K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
[-te
(-1)t
e
-t
]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K
1
e
(-1)0+
+ K
2
[-(0+)e
-(0+)
e
-(0+)
]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K
1
e
0
+ K
2
[e
0
]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K
1
(1) + K
2
[(1)]
dt
1 = -K
1
K
2

1 = -(2) K
2

K
2
= -3
i(t) = (2)e
(-1)t
+ (-3)te
(-1)t

i(t) = 2e
(-1)t
- 3te
(-1)t

(h)
d
2
i di
+ 4 + 4i = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
i + 4si + 4i = 0
s
2
+ 4s + 4 = 0
A 1
B 4
C 4

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-4 \4
2
4(1)(4)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)


-4 \16

16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 0
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4 + 0)/2, (-4 - 0)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-2)t
+ K
2
te
(-2)t

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-2)0+
+ K
2
(0+)e
(-2)0+

2 = K
1
e
0
2 = K
1
(1)
2 = K
1

di(t)
= -2K
1
e
(-2)t
+ K
2
[-0.5te
-2t
0.25e
-2t
]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
e
(-2)0+
+ K
2
[-0.5(0+)e
-2(0+)
0.25e
-2(0+)
]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
e
0
+ K
2
[0.25e
0
]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K
1
(1)

+ K
2
[0.25(1)]
dt
1 = -2K
1

0.25K
2

1 = -2(2)

0.25K
2

-5 = 0.25K
2
K
2
= -20
i(t) = (2)e
(-2)t
+ (-20)te
(-2)t

i(t) = 2e
(-2)t
- 20te
(-2)t


dv
v(0+) = 1, (0+) = -1
dt
(a)
d
2
v dv
+ 2 + 2v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 2sv + 2v = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-2 \2
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \-4
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 i2
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i2)/2, (-2 i2)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i1), (-1 i1)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1)t
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1)t
(i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1)0+
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1)0+

v(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0


1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1)K
1
e
(-1 + i1)t
+ (-1 i1)K
2
e
(-1 i1)t

dt

dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K
1
e
(-1 + i1)0+
+ (-1 i1)K
2
e
(-1 i1)0+

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K
1
e
0
+ (-1 i1)K
2
e
0

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K
1
(1) + (-1 i1)K
2
(1)
dt
-1 = (-1 + i1)K
1
+ (-1 i1)K
2

K
1
= -iK
2
+ 0.5 + 0.5i
1 = [-iK
2
+ 0.5 + 0.5i] + K
2
1 = -iK
2
+ 0.5 + 0.5i + K
2

K
2
= 0.5
1 = K
1
+ 0.5
K
1
= 0.5

v(t) = 0.5e
(-1 + i1)t
+ 0.5e
(-1 i1)t

(b)
d
2
v dv
+ 2 + 4v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 2sv + 4v = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 4

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-2 \2
2
4(1)(4)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-2 \4

16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-2 \-12
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 i3.464
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i3.464)/2, (-2 i3.464)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i1.732), (-1 i1.732)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1.732)t
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1.732)t
(i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1.732)0+
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1.732)0+

1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2

dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.732)K
1
e
(-1 + i1.732)t
+ (-1 i1.732)K
2
e
(-1 i1.732)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.732)K
1
e
(-1 + i1.732)0+
+ (-1 i1.732)K
2
e
(-1 i1.732)0+

dt
-1 = (-1 + i1.732)K
1
e
0
+ (-1 i1.732)K
2
e
0

-1 = (-1 + i1.732)K
1
(1) + (-1 i1.732)K
2
(1)
-1 = (-1 + i1.732)K
1
+ (-1 i1.732)K
2

(-1 + i1.732)K
1
=

(1 + i1.732)K
2
- 1
K
1
= [0.5 i0.866]K
2
+ 0.25 + i0.433
1 = [[0.5 i0.866]K
2
+ 0.25 + i0.433] + K
2

1 = [0.5 i0.866]K
2
+ 0.25 + i0.433 + K
2

1 - 0.25 - i0.433 = [0.5 i0.866]K
2
+ K
2

0.75 - i0.433 = [0.5 i0.866 + 1]K
2

0.75 - i0.433 = [1.5 i0.866]K
2

K
2
= 0.5
1 = K
1
+ 0.5
K
1
= 0.5

v(t) = 0.5e
(-1 + i1.732)t
+ 0.5e
(-1 i1.732)t


(c)
d
2
v dv
+ 4 + 2v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 4sv + 2v = 0
s
2
+ 4s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-4 \4
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \16

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 2.828
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4 + 2.828)/2, (-4 2.828)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.586), (-3.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-0.586)t
+ K
2
e
(-3.414)t
(i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-0.586)0+
+ K
2
e
(-3.414)0+

1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)


dv(t)
= (-0.586)K
1
e
(-0.586)t
+ (-3.414)K
2
e
(-3.414)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-0.586)K
1
e
(-0.586)0+
+ (-3.414)K
2
e
(-3.414)0+

dt
-1 = (-0.586)K
1
e
0
+ (-3.414)K
2
e
0
-1 = (-0.586)K
1
(1) + (-3.414)K
2
(1)
-1 = -0.586K
1
- 3.414K
2

K
1
= 1.706 5.826K
2
1 = 1.706 5.826K
2
+ K
2
0.706 = 4.826K
2
K
2
= 0.146
K
1
= 1.706 5.826(0.146)
K
1
= 1.706 0.851
K
1
= 0.855

v(t) = 0.855e
(-0.586)t
+ 0.146e
(-3.414)t

(d)
d
2
v dv
2 + 8 + 16v = 0
dt
2
dt
d
2
v dv
+ 4 + 8v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 4sv + 8v = 0
s
2
+ 4s + 8 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 8

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-4 \4
2
4(1)(8)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)


-4 \16

32
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \-16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 i4
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4 + i4)/2, (-4 i4)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i2), (-2 i2)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-2 + i2)t
+ K
2
e
(-2 i2)t
(i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-2 + i2)0+
+ K
2
e
(-2 i2)0+
1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

dv(t)
= (-2 + i2)K
1
e
(-2 + i2)t
+ (-2 i2)K
2
e
(-2 i2)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-2 + i2)K
1
e
(-2 + i2)0+
+ (-2 i2)K
2
e
(-2 i2)0+

dt
-1 = (-2 + i2)K
1
e
0
+ (-2 i2)K
2
e
0

-1 = (-2 + i2)K
1
(1) + (-2 i2)K
2
(1)
-1 = (-2 + i2)K
1
+ (-2 i2)K
2

K
1
= -1i + 0.25 + i0.25
K
1
= -0.75i + 0.25
1 = [-0.75i + 0.25] + K
2
1 + 0.75i 0.25 = K
2
0.75 + 0.75i = K
2

v(t) = [-0.75i + 0.25]e
(-2 + i2)t
+ [0.75 + 0.75i]e
(-2 i2)t

(e)
d
2
v dv
+ 2 + 3v = 0
dt
2
dt

as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 2sv + 3v = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 3 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 3

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-2 \2
2
4(1)(3)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

12
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \-8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 i2.828
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i2.828)/2, (-2 i2.828)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i1.414), (-1 i1.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1.414)t
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1.414)t

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1.414)0+
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1.414)0+
1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.414)K
1
e
(-1 + i1.414)t
+ (-1 i1.414)K
2
e
(-1 i1.414)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K
1
e
(-1 + i1.414)0+
+ (-1 i1.414)K
2
e
(-1 i1.414)0+

dt

dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K
1
e
0
+ (-1 i1.414)K
2
e
0

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K
1
(1) + (-1 i1.414)K
2
(1)
dt
-1 = (-1 + i1.414)K
1
+ (-1 i1.414)K
2

K
1
= [0.334 i0.943]K
2
+ 0.334 + i0.471
1 = [0.334 i0.943]K
2
+ 0.334 + i0.471 + K
2

1 - 0.334 - i0.471 = [1.334 i0.943]K
2
(0.666 - i0.471) = [1.334 i0.943]K
2
K
2
= 0.499
1 = K
1
+ 0.499

0.501 = K
1


v(t) = 0.501e
(-1 + i1.414)t
+ 0.499e
(-1 i1.414)t

(f)
d
2
v dv
+ 3 + 5v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 3sv + 5v = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 5 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 5

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-3 \3
2
4(1)(5)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

20
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \-11
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-3 i3.317
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + i3.317)/2, (-3 i3.317)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1.5 + i1.659), (-1.5 i1.659)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1.5 + i1.659)t
+ K
2
e
(-1.5 i1.659)t
(i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-1.5 + i1.659)0+
+ K
2
e
(-1.5 i1.659)0+

1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

dv(t)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K
1
e
(-1.5 + i1.659)t
+ (-1.5 i1.659)K
2
e
(-1.5 i1.659)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K
1
e
(-1.5 + i1.659)0+
+ (-1.5 i1.659)K
2
e
(-1.5 i1.659)0+

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K
1
e
0
+ (-1.5 i1.659)K
2
e
0

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K
1
(1) + (-1.5 i1.659)K
2
(1)
dt
-1 = (-1.5 + i1.659)K
1
+ (-1.5 i1.659)K
2

K
1
= 0.401 i0.664
1 = 0.401 i0.664 + K
2
K
2
= 0.599 + i0.664

v(t) = (0.401 i0.664)e
(-1.5 + i1.659)t
+ (0.599 + i0.664)e
(-1.5 i1.659)t

Q#6.8: Find particular solutions to the differential equations given in Prob. 6.4,
given the initial conditions:
dv
v(0+) = 2, (0+) = 1
dt
(a)
d
2
v dv
+ 2 + 2v = 0
dt
2
dt

as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 2sv + 2v = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-2 \2
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \-4
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 i2
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i2)/2, (-2 i2)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i1), (-1 i1)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1)t
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1)t
(i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1)0+
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1)0+

v(0+) = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1)K
1
e
(-1 + i1)t
+ (-1 i1)K
2
e
(-1 i1)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K
1
e
(-1 + i1)0+
+ (-1 i1)K
2
e
(-1 i1)0+

dt

dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K
1
e
0
+ (-1 i1)K
2
e
0

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K
1
(1) + (-1 i1)K
2
(1)
dt
1 = (-1 + i1)K
1
+ (-1 i1)K
2

K
1
= -iK
2
0.5 i0.5
2 = -iK
2
0.5 i0.5 + K
2
2 + 0.5 + i0.5 = -iK
2
+ K
2
2.5 + i0.5 = [-i + 1]K
2
K
2
= 1 + i1.5
2 = K
1
+ 1 + i1.5
1 = K
1
+ i1.5
K
1
= 1 i1.5

v(t) = (1 i1.5)e
(-1 + i1)t
+ (1 + i1.5)e
(-1 i1)t

(b)
d
2
v dv
+ 2 + 4v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 2sv + 4v = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 4

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-2 \2
2
4(1)(4)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)


-2 \-12
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 i3.464
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i3.464)/2, (-2 i3.464)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i1.732), (-1 i1.732)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1.732)t
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1.732)t
(i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1.732)0+
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1.732)0+

2 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2

dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.732)K
1
e
(-1 + i1.732)t
+ (-1 i1.732)K
2
e
(-1 i1.732)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.732)K
1
e
(-1 + i1.732)0+
+ (-1 i1.732)K
2
e
(-1 i1.732)0+

dt
1 = (-1 + i1.732)K
1
e
0
+ (-1 i1.732)K
2
e
0

1 = (-1 + i1.732)K
1
(1) + (-1 i1.732)K
2
(1)
1 = (-1 + i1.732)K
1
+ (-1 i1.732)K
2

(-1 + i1.732)K
1
=

(1 + i1.732)K
2
+ 1
K
1
= [0.5 i0.866]K
2
- 0.25 - i0.433
2 = [0.5 i0.866]K
2
- 0.25 - i0.433 + K
2
2 + 0.25 + i0.433 = [0.5 i0.866]K
2
+ K
2
2.25 + i0.433 = [0.5 i0.866 + 1]K
2
2.25 + i0.433 = [1.5 i0.866]K
2
K
2
= 1 + i0.867
2 = K
1
+ 1 + i0.867
1 i0.867 = K
1


v(t) = (1 i0.867)e
(-1 + i1.732)t
+ (1 + i0.867)e
(-1 i1.732)t

(c)


d
2
v dv
+ 4 + 2v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 4sv + 2v = 0
s
2
+ 4s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-4 \4
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \16

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 2.828
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4 + 2.828)/2, (-4 2.828)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.586), (-3.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-0.586)t
+ K
2
e
(-3.414)t
(i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-0.586)0+
+ K
2
e
(-3.414)0+

2 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)



dv(t)
= (-0.586)K
1
e
(-0.586)t
+ (-3.414)K
2
e
(-3.414)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-0.586)K
1
e
(-0.586)0+
+ (-3.414)K
2
e
(-3.414)0+

dt
1 = (-0.586)K
1
e
0
+ (-3.414)K
2
e
0
1 = (-0.586)K
1
(1) + (-3.414)K
2
(1)
1 = -0.586K
1
- 3.414K
2

K
1
= -1.706 5.826K
2

2 = [-1.706 5.826K
2
] + K
2
2 = -1.706 5.826K
2
+ K
2
2 + 1.706 = [5.826 + 1]K
2
3.706 = [4.826]K
2
K
2
= -0.768
2 = K
1
+ (-0.768)
2.768 = K
1


v(t) = 2.768e
(-0.586)t
0.768e
(-3.414)t

(d)
d
2
v dv
2 + 8 + 16v = 0
dt
2
dt

d
2
v dv
+ 4 + 8v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 4sv + 8v = 0
s
2
+ 4s + 8 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 8

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a


-4 \4
2
4(1)(8)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \16

32
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 \-16
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-4 i4
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4 + i4)/2, (-4 i4)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i2), (-2 i2)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-2 + i2)t
+ K
2
e
(-2 i2)t

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-2 + i2)0+
+ K
2
e
(-2 i2)0+
2 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

dv(t)
= (-2 + i2)K
1
e
(-2 + i2)t
+ (-2 i2)K
2
e
(-2 i2)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-2 + i2)K
1
e
(-2 + i2)0+
+ (-2 i2)K
2
e
(-2 i2)0+

dt
1 = (-2 + i2)K
1
e
0
+ (-2 i2)K
2
e
0

1 = (-2 + i2)K
1
(1) + (-2 i2)K
2
(1)
1 = (-2 + i2)K
1
+ (-2 i2)K
2

K
1
= -i 0.25 i0.25
K
1
= -i1.25 0.25
2 = -i1.25 0.25 + K
2
2 + i1.25 + 0.25 = K
2
2.25 + i1.25 = K
2

v(t) = [-i1.25 0.25]e
(-2 + i2)t
+ [2.25 + i1.25]e
(-2 i2)t

(e)


d
2
v dv
+ 2 + 3v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 2sv + 3v = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 3 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 3

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-2 \2
2
4(1)(3)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

12
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \-8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 i2.828
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + i2.828)/2, (-2 i2.828)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i1.414), (-1 i1.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1.414)t
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1.414)t

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-1 + i1.414)0+
+ K
2
e
(-1 i1.414)0+
2 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2


dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.414)K
1
e
(-1 + i1.414)t
+ (-1 i1.414)K
2
e
(-1 i1.414)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K
1
e
(-1 + i1.414)0+
+ (-1 i1.414)K
2
e
(-1 i1.414)0+

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K
1
e
0
+ (-1 i1.414)K
2
e
0

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K
1
(1) + (-1 i1.414)K
2
(1)
dt
1 = (-1 + i1.414)K
1
+ (-1 i1.414)K
2

K
1
= [0.334 i0.943]K
2
0.334 i0.471
2 = [0.334 i0.943]K
2
0.334 i0.471 + K
2
2

+ 0.334 + i0.471 = [1.334 i0.943]K
2
2.334 + i0.471 = [1.334 i0.943]K
2
K
2
= 1 + i1.060
2 = K
1
+ 1 + i1.060
1 - i1.060 = K
1


v(t) = (1 - i1.060)e
(-1 + i1.414)t
+ (1 + i1.060)e
(-1 i1.414)t

(f)
d
2
v dv
+ 3 + 5v = 0
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ bs + c = 0
Here
s
2
v + 3sv + 5v = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 5 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 5

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-3 \3
2
4(1)(5)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)


-3 \9

20
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \-11
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 i3.317
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + i3.317)/2, (-3 i3.317)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1.5 + i1.659), (-1.5 i1.659)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


v(t) = K
1
e
(-1.5 + i1.659)t
+ K
2
e
(-1.5 i1.659)t
(i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K
1
e
(-1.5 + i1.659)0+
+ K
2
e
(-1.5 i1.659)0+

2 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(ii)

dv(t)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K
1
e
(-1.5 + i1.659)t
+ (-1.5 i1.659)K
2
e
(-1.5 i1.659)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K
1
e
(-1.5 + i1.659)0+
+ (-1.5 i1.659)K
2
e
(-1.5 i1.659)0+

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K
1
e
0
+ (-1.5 i1.659)K
2
e
0

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K
1
(1) + (-1.5 i1.659)K
2
(1)
dt
1 = (-1.5 + i1.659)K
1
+ (-1.5 i1.659)K
2

K
1
= 0.101 i0.996 0.300 i0.332
K
1
= -0.199 i1.328
2 = -0.199 i1.328 + K
2

2 + 0.199 + i1.328 = K
2

2.199 + i1.328 = K
2


v(t) = (-0.199 i1.328)e
(-1.5 + i1.659)t
+ (2.199 + i1.328)e
(-1.5 i1.659)t


Q#6.9: Solve the differential equation
d
3
i d
2
i di
3 + 8 + 10 + 3i = 0
dt dt dt
3s
3
i + 8s
2
i + 10si + 3i = 0
X-TICS EQUATION:
3s
3
+ 8s
2
+ 10s + 3 = 0
We can find roots using synthetic division

1 8 10 3

-1 -1 -07 -3

1 7 3 0 Remainder is zero.

s = -1
So s + 1 is a factor.
(s + 1)(s
2
+ 7s + 3) = 0
s
2
+ 7s + 3 = 0
A 1
B 7
C 3

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-7 \7
2
4(1)(3)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 \49

12
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 \37
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 6.083
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-7 + 6.083)/2, (-7 6.083)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.917)/2, (-13.083)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -0.459, -6.542
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t



i(t) = K
1
e
-0.459t
+ K
2
e
-6.542t

So 1, -0.459, -6.542 are roots of the X-TICS equation.
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-0.459t
+ K
3
e
-6.542t

d
3
i d
2
i di
2 + 9 + 13 + 6i = 0
dt dt dt
2s
3
i + 9s
2
i + 13si + 6i = 0
X-TICS EQUATION:
2s
3
+ 9s
2
+ 13s + 6 = 0

2 9 13 6

-1 -2 -07 -6


s = -1
(s + 1)(2s
2
+ 7s + 6) = 0
2s
2
+ 7s + 6 = 0
A 2
B 7
C 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-7 \7
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 \49

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 \25
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)


-7 5
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-7 + 5)/2, (-7 5)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2)/2, (-12)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -6
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-6t

So 1, -1, -6 are roots of the X-TICS equation.
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-1t
+ K
3
e
-6t
(i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-1(0+)
+ K
2
e
-1(0+)
+ K
3
e
-6(0+)
0 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
+ K
3
e
0
0 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1) + K
3
(1)

0 = K
1
+ K
2
+ K
3

di
= -K
1
e
-t
- K
2
e
-1t
- 6K
3
e
-6t

dt
di(0+)
= -K
1
e
-(0+)
- K
2
e
-1(0+)
- 6K
3
e
-6(0+)

dt
1 = -K
1
e
0
- K
2
e
0
- 6K
3
e
0

1 = -K
1
(1)

- K
2
(1) - 6K
3
(1)

1 = -K
1

- K
2
- 6K
3

d
2
i
= K
1
e
-t
+ K
2
e
-1t
+ 6K
3
e
-6t

dt
2

d
2
i(0+)
= K
1
e
-(0+)
+ K
2
e
-1(0+)
+ 6K
3
e
-6(0+)

dt
2

-1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
+ 6K
3
e
0

-1 = K
1
(1)

+ K
2
(1) + 6K
3
(1)

-1 = K
1

+ K
2
+ 6K
3

Q#6.11: The response of a network is found to be

i = K
1
te
-ot
, t > 0

where o is real and positive. Find the time at which i(t) attains a maximum value.
o = 4 K = 1
t = 0 i(0) = 0
t = 1 i(1) = 0.018
t = 2 i(2) = 0.001
t = 3 i(3) = 0


0
1
2
3
0
0.018
0.001 0 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
time
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 1 2 3
Series2 0 0.018 0.001 0
1 2 3 4

Q#6.12: In a certain network, it is found that the current is given by the expression
i = K
1
e
-o1t

K
2
e
-o2t
, t > 0, o
1
> o
2

Show that i(t) reaches a maximum value at time
1 o
1
K
1

t = ln
o
1
- o
2
o
2
K
2

1 o
1
K
1

t = ln
o
1
K
2

Solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
-o1t

K
2
e
-o2t

t = 1
i(1) = K
1
e
-o1(1)

K
2
e
-o2(1)
i(1) = K
1
e
-o1

K
2
e
-o2

t = 2
i(2) = K
1
e
-o1(2)

K
2
e
-o2(2)
i(2) = K
1
e
-2o1

K
2
e
-2o2

t = 3
i(3) = K
1
e
-o1(3)

K
2
e
-o2(3)
i(3) = K
1
e
-3o1

K
2
e
-3o2

t = (1/o
1
)ln(o
1
K
1
/K
2
)
i((1/o
1
)ln(o
1
K
1
/K
2
)) = K
1
e
-o1((1/o1)ln(o1K1/K2))

K
2
e
-o2((1/o1)ln(o1K1/K2))

1 o
1
K
1

t = ln
o
1
K
2

Q#6.13: The graph shows a damped sinusoidal waveform having the general form
Ke
-ot
sin(et + |)
From the graph, determine numerical values for K, o, e, and |.
t = 1 sec
1
f =
t
f = 1 Hz
e = 2tf
e = 2t(1)
e = 2t
e = 6.28 rad/sec
t V(t)
0 0
0.4 0
0.8 0
Q#6.14: Repeat Prob. 6.13 for the waveform of the accompanying figure.
t = 4 msec
1
f =
t

f = 250 Hz
e = 2tf
e = 2t(250)
e = 1570 rad/sec
| = 0
0

Q#6.15: In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed and a steady state is
reached in the network. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Find an expression for the
current in the inductor, i
2
(t).
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

K 10 O i
2

+

100 V 1 H
- 20 F

Equivalent circuit before switching:

At t = 0-
100
i
2
(0-) =
10
i
2
(0-) = 10 A = i
2
(0+)
V
C
(0-) = V
C
(0+) = 0
Equivalent circuit after switching:


i
2

Using KVL we have
di
2
1
L + }i
2
dt = 0 (i)
dt C
Differentiating we have
d
2
i
2
i
2

L + = 0
dt
2
C
The characteristic equation is
i
2

Ls
2
i
2
+ = 0
C
1
Ls
2
+ = 0
C
1
s
2
= -
LC

-1
s =
LC

1
s = j
LC

Roots are pure imaginary so from table 6-1
Form of solution
i = K
1
cos et + K
2
sin et
Here


1
e =
LC

i = i
2
(t)
i
2
(t) = K
1
cos (1/LC)
1/2
t + K
2
sin (1/LC)
1/2
t (ii)
From equation (i) at t = 0+
di
2
(0+)

L + V
C
(0+) = 0
dt

di
2
(0+)

= 0 Amp./sec
dt

From (ii) at t = 0+
i
2
(0+) = K
1
cos (1/LC)
1/2
(0+) + K
2
sin (1/LC)
1/2
(0+)
i
2
(0+) = K
1
(1) + 0
K
1
= 10
di
2
(t)

= -(1/LC)
1/2
K
1
sin (1/LC)
1/2
t + (1/LC)
1/2
K
2
cos (1/LC)
1/2
t
dt
At t = 0+
di
2
(0+)

= -(1/LC)
1/2
K
1
sin (1/LC)
1/2
(0+) + (1/LC)
1/2
K
2
cos (1/LC)
1/2
(0+)
dt
di
2
(0+)

= -(1/LC)
1/2
K
1
sin (1/LC)
1/2
(0+) + (1/LC)
1/2
K
2
cos (1/LC)
1/2
(0+)
dt
0 = (1/LC)
1/2
K
2
0 = K
2

i
2
(t) = (10)cos (1/LC)
1/2
(t) + (0)

sin (1/LC)
1/2
(t)
i
2
(t) = (10)cos (1/(1)(20(10
-6
)))
1/2
(t)

i
2
(t) = 10cos 223.607t

Q#6.16: The capacitor of the figure has an initial voltage V
C
(0-) = V
1
, and at the
same time the current in the inductor is zero. At t = 0, the switch K is closed.
Determine an expression for the voltage V
2
(t).
Solution:


V
1
V
2

C R L

Here
V
C
(0-) = V
C
(0+) = 0 = V
2
(0+)
i
L
(0-) = i
L
(0+) = 0
After switching
dV
2
V
2
1
C + + }V
2
dt = 0 (i)
dt R L
Differentiating with respect to t
d
2
V
2
dV
2
V
2

C + + = 0
dt
2
Rdt L
d
2
V
2
dV
2
V
2

+ + = 0
dt
2
RCdt LC
The characteristic equation is
s V
2

s
2
V
2
+ V
2
+ = 0
RC LC
s 1
s
2
+ + = 0
RC LC
a 1
b 1/RC
c 1/LC

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-(1/RC) \(1/RC)
2
4(1)(1/LC)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)


-(1/RC) \(1/R
2
C
2
)

(4/LC)
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= -(1/2RC) \(1/2RC)
2
(1/LC)
Case (a) if
(1/2RC)
2
(1/LC) = 0
(1/2RC)
2
= (1/LC)
that is
1 L
R =
2 C

Then
1
s = -
2RC
So form of solution is:
Nature of roots
s
1
, s
2
= (-1/2RC + 0), (-1/2RC - 0)
s
1
, s
2
= (-1/2RC), (-1/2RC)
Negative real and equal
V
2
(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
te
s2t

V
2
(t) = K
1
e
(-1/2RC)t
+ K
2
te
(-1/2RC)t
(ii)

From equation (i) at t = 0+
dV
2
(0+)

V
2
(0+)

C + + i
L
(0+) = 0
dt R
dV
2
(0+)

-V
1

=
dt RC
At t = 0+
V
2
(0+) = K
1
e
(-1/2RC)0+
+ K
2
(0+)e
(-1/2RC)0+
(ii)
V
1
= K
1
e
0

V
1
= K
1

Differentiating (ii) with respect to t
dV
2
(t)
= (-1/2RC)K
1
e
(-1/2RC)t
+ K
2
[-te
(-1/2RC)t
-

e
(-1/2RC)t
]
dt
At t = 0+
dV
2
(0+)
= (-1/2RC)K
1
e
(-1/2RC)0+
+ K
2
[-(0+)e
(-1/2RC)0+
-

e
(-1/2RC)0+
]
dt


dV
2
(0+)
= (-1/2RC)K
1
e
0
+ K
2
[-e
0
]
dt
-V
1

= (-1/2RC)K
1
(1) + K
2
[-(1)]
RC
V
1

= (1/2RC)K
1
+ K
2

RC
V
1

= (1/2RC)V
1
+ K
2

RC
-V
1

K
2
=
2RC

V
1

V
2
(t) = V
1
e
(-1/2RC)t
- te
(-1/2RC)t
2RC

Q#6.17: The voltage source in the network of the figure is described by the equation,
V
1
= 2 cos 2t for t > 0 and is a short circuit prior to that time. Determine V
2
(t).
Repeat if V
1
= K
1
t for t > 0 and V
1
= 0 for t < 0.
Solution:

V
1
V
2

Here i
L
(0-) = i
L
(0+) = 0 A
V
C
(0-) = V
C
(0+) = 0 = V
2
(0+)
For t > 0
According to KCL
V
2
1 dV
2
1
+ + }(V
2
V
1
)dt = 0 (i)
2 2 dt 1
Differentiating we have

+
-

dV
2
1 d
2
V
2

+ + V
2
V
1
= 0
2dt 2 dt
2

dV
2
d
2
V
2

+ + 2V
2
2V
1
= 0
dt dt
2
dV
2
d
2
V
2

+ + 2V
2
= 2V
1

dt dt
2
dV
2
d
2
V
2

+ + 2V
2
= 2[2 cos 2t]
dt dt
2
dV
2
d
2
V
2

+ + 2V
2
= 4 cos 2t (ii)
dt dt
2
Equation (ii) is a non-homogeneous differential equation
Characteristic equation is
s
2
V
2
+ sV
2
+ 2V
2
= 0
s
2
+ s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 2

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-1 \1
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \1

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \-7
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 i2.646
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 i2.646)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 i1.323)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t



V
2
(t) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)t
(ii)

Complementary solution.
The form of particular solution is
V
2P
= Acos 2t + Bsin 2t (iii)
Substituting (iii) in (ii)
d
2

d
[Acos 2t + Bsin 2t] + [Acos 2t + Bsin 2t] + 2[Acos 2t + Bsin 2t] = 4 cos 2t
dt
2
dt

-2Asin 2t + 2B cos 2t 4Acos 2t 4Bsin 2t + 2Acos 2t + 2Bsin 2t = 4 cos 2t
Equating coefficients of L.H.S & R.H.S
-2A 4B + 2B = 0
-2A 2B = 0
-2A = 2B
-A = B
2B 4A + 2A = 4
2B 2A = 4
B A = 2
-A A = 2
-2A = 2
A = -1
-(-1) = B
B = 1
V
2P
= -1cos 2t + 1sin 2t
V
2P
= -cos 2t + sin 2t
Therefore particular solution is
V
2
= complementary + particular
V
2
= K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)t
+ [-cos 2t + sin 2t]
V
2
= K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)t
- cos 2t + sin 2t (iV)
dV
2

= (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ (-0.5 i1.323)K
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)t
+ 2sin 2t + 2cos 2t
dt
V
2
(0+) 1 dV
2
(0+)

+ + i
L
(0+) = 0
2 2 dt
dV
2
(0+)
= 0
dt
At t = 0+
dV
2
(0+)
=
dt

(-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)0+
+ (-0.5 i1.323)K
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)0+
+ 2sin 2(0+) + 2cos 2(0+)
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
e
0
+ (-0.5 i1.323)K
2
e
0
+ 2sin 0 + 2cos 0
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
(1) + (-0.5 i1.323)K
2
(1) + 2(1)
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K
1
+ (-0.5 i1.323)K
2
+ 2 (V)
At t = 0+ equation (iV)
V
2
(0+) = K
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)0+
+ K
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)0+
- cos 2(0+) + sin 2(0+)
0 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
1
0 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)

1
0 = K
1
+ K
2

1
1 = K
1
+ K
2

(Vi)
K
1
= 1 K
2

1
in (V)
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)(1 K
2
) + (-0.5 i1.323)K
2
+ 2
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323) K
2
(-0.5 + i1.323) + (-0.5 i1.323)K
2
+ 2
0 = -0.5 + i1.323 + 0.5K
2
i1.323K
2
0.5K
2
-

i1.323K
2
+ 2
-1.5 - i1.323 = [0.5 i1.323

0.5

-

i1.323]K
2
-1.5 - i1.323 = [i2.646]K
2
1.5 + i1.323 = [i2.646]K
2

K
2
= 0.5 i0.567

2
in (Vi)
1 = K
1
+ 0.5 i0.567

0.5 + i0.567 = K
1

V
2
= [0.5 + i0.567]e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ [0.5 i0.567]e
(-0.5 i1.323)t
- cos 2t + sin 2t

Part (b)

If V
1
= Kt
dV
2
d
2
V
2

+ + 2V
2
= 2V
1

dt dt
2
dV
2
d
2
V
2

+ + 2V
2
= 2K
1
(a)
dt dt
2

Equation (ii) is a non-homogeneous differential equation
s
2
V
2
+ sV
2
+ 2V
2
= 0
s
2
+ s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 1
C 2


-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-1 \1
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \1

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 \-7
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-1 i2.646
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 i2.646)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 i1.323)
General solution:
v(t) = C
1
e
s1t
+ C
2
e
s2t


V
2
(t) = C
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ C
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)t
(i)

Complementary solution.
The form of particular solution is
From table 6.2
A
1
t
n
B
0
t
n
+ B
1
t
n- 1
+ + B
n 1
t + B
n

V
2P
= At + B (ii)
Substituting equation (ii) in (a)
d
2

d
[At + B] + [At + B] + 2[At + B] = 2K
1
t
dt
2
dt

A + 2At + 2B = 2K
1
t
Equating coefficients
t:
2A = 2K
1

A = K
1
Constants:
A + 2B = 0
K
1
+ 2B = 0
B = -0.5K
1
V
2P
= K
1
t - 0.5K
1

Therefore
Particular solution
= Complementary + particular
V
2
= C
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ C
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)t
+

K
1
t - 0.5K
1
(ii)

Differentiating
dV
2

= (-0.5 + i1.323)C
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ (-0.5 i1.323)C
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)t
+

K
1

dt
At t = 0+ eq. (ii)
V
2
(0+) = C
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)0+
+ C
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)0+
+

K
1
(0+) - 0.5K
1

0 = C
1
e
0
+ C
2
e
0
- 0.5K
1
0 = C
1
(1) + C
2
(1) - 0.5K
1

0 = C
1
+ C
2
- 0.5K
1
(iii)

dV
2
(0+)

= (-0.5 + i1.323)C
1
e
(-0.5 + i1.323)0+
+ (-0.5 i1.323)C
2
e
(-0.5 i1.323)0+
+

K
1

dt
0

= (-0.5 + i1.323)C
1
e
0
+ (-0.5 i1.323)C
2
e
0
+

K
1

0

= (-0.5 + i1.323)C
1
(1) + (-0.5 i1.323)C
2
(1)

+

K
1

0

= (-0.5 + i1.323)C
1
+ (-0.5 i1.323)C
2

+

K
1
(iV)

Putting the value of C
1
from (iii) into (iV)
0

= (-0.5 + i1.323)[0.5K
1
C
2
] + (-0.5 i1.323)C
2

+

K
1
C
2
= 0.250 i0.284K
1
Putting the value of C
2
in (iii)
0 = C
1
+ 0.250 i0.284K
1
- 0.5K
1
C
1
= -0.250 + i0.284K
1
+ 0.5K
1
Putting corresponding values eq. (ii) becomes
V
2
= [-0.250 + i0.284K
1
+ 0.5K
1
]e
(-0.5 + i1.323)t
+ [0.250 i0.284K
1
]e
(-0.5 i1.323)t
+

K
1
t - 0.5K
1

Q#6.18: Solve the following nonhomogeneous differential equations for t > 0.
(a)
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i = 1
dt
2
dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
i(t) = i
C
+ i
P

Complementary solution
s
2
i + 2si + 1i = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 1 = 0


A 1
B 2
C 1

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-2 \2
2
4(1)(1)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

4
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 0
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 0)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -1
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
te
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
V(a constant) A
i
P
= A = 1

i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t
+ 1

(b)
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 5t (c)
dt
2
dt
i(t) = i
C
+ i
P

s
2
i + 3si + 2i = 0

s
2
+ 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-3 \3
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1), (-2)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
(i)

Particular solution
From table 6.2
A
1
t
n
B
0
t
n
+ B
1
t
n- 1
+ + B
n 1
t + B
n

i
P
= At + B (ii)
Putting the value of i
P
from (ii) into eq. (c)
d
2
d
[At + B] + 3 [At + B] + 2[At + B] = 5t
dt
2
dt
3A + 2At + 2B = 5t
2A = 5
A = 2.5
Constants
3A + 2B = 0
3(2.5) + 2B = 0

7.5 + 2B = 0
B = -3.75
i
P
= 2.5t 3.75
i
P
= -15/4 + 5t/2
i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
- 15/4 + 5t/2

(c)
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 10 sin 10t (k)
dt
2
dt
i(t) = i
C
+ i
P

s
2
i + 3si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-3 \3
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1), (-2)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
(i)

Particular solution

From table 6.2
i
P
= A sin 10t + B cos 10t
P
in (k)
d
2
d

[A sin 10t + B cos 10t] + 3 [A sin 10t + B cos 10t] + 2[A sin 10t + B cos 10t] =
dt
2
dt
10 sin 10t
-100A sin 10t 100B cos 10t + 3[10A cos 10t - 10B sin 10t] + 2A sin 10t + 2B cos 10t
= 10 sin 10t
-100A sin 10t 100B cos 10t + 30A cos 10t - 30B sin 10t + 2A sin 10t + 2B cos 10t =
10 sin 10t
Sin
-100A 30B + 2A = 10
-98A 30B = 10
Cos
-100B + 30A + 2B = 0
-98B + 30A = 0
B = 0.306A
-98A 30(0.306A) = 10
-98A 9.18A = 10
-107.18A = 10

A = -0.094
B = 0.306(-0.094)
B = -0.029
Now
i
P
= -0.094 sin 10t + (-0.029) cos 10t
i
P
= -0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
+

[-0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t]

i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
- 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

(d)
d
2
q dq
+ 5 + 6q = te
-t
(m)
dt
2
dt
q(t) = q
C
+ q
P

s
2
q + 5sq + 6q = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6


-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-5 \5
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -2, -3
General solution:
q(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


q(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t

Particular solution
q
P
= (At + B)te
-t
multiplied by t because e
-t
is repeating in both i
P
& i
C

P
in eq. m
d
2
d
[(At + B)te
-t
] + 5 [(At + B)te
-t
] + 6[(At + B)te
-t
] = te
-t

dt
2
dt
At
2
e
-t
- 2Ate
-t
2Ate
-t
+ 2Ae
-t
+ Bte
-t
Be
-t
Be
-t
+ 5[-At
2
e
-t
+ 2Ate
-t
-

Bte
-t
+ Be
-t
]
+ 6[At
2
e
-t
+ Bte
-t
] = te
-t
At
2
e
-t
- 2Ate
-t
2Ate
-t
+ 2Ae
-t
- Bte
-t
Be
-t
Be
-t
- 5At
2
e
-t
+ 10Ate
-t
-

5Bte
-t
+ 5Be
-t

+ 6At
2
e
-t
+ 6Bte
-t
= te
-t

t
2
e
-t
:

A 5A + 6A = 0
2A = 0
A = 0
te
-t
:
-2A 2A + 10A = 1
6B = 3
B = 0.5

e
-t
:
2 B B + 5B = 0
2 + 3B = 0
B = -0.667

When B = 0.5
q
P
= (0t + (0.5))te
-t
q
P
= 0.5te
-t
When B = -0.667
q
P
= (0t + (-0.667))te
-t
q
P
= -0.667te
-t

q(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
- 0.667te
-t
,

K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
+

0.5te
-t

(e)
d
2
V dV
+ 5 + 6V = e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t
(n)
dt
2
dt
V(t) = V
C
+ V
P

s
2
V + 5sV + 6V = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-5 \5
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4)/2, (-6)/2

s
1
, s
2
= -2, -3
General solution:
V(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


V(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t

Particular solution
V
P
= Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
Substituting the value of V
P
in eq. (n)
d
2
d
[Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
] + 5 [Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
] + 6[Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
] = e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t

dt
2
dt
4Ce
-2t
+ 9Ce
-3t
+ 5[-2Ce
-2t
3Ce
-3t
] + 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t

4Ce
-2t
+ 9Ce
-3t
- 10Ce
-2t
15Ce
-3t
+ 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t
e
-2t
4C 10C + 6C = 1
4C 10C + 6C = 1
C = 0
V
P
= (0)e
-2t
+ (0)e
-3t
V
P
= 0
V(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
+ 0
V(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t

Q#6.19: Solve the differential equations given in Prob. 6.18 subject to the following
initial conditions:
dx
x(0+) = 1 & (0+) = -1
dt
where x is the general dependent variable.
(a)
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i = 1
dt
2
dt
i(t) = i
C
+ i
P

s
2
i + 2si + 1i = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 1 = 0
A 1
B 2
C 1

-b \b
2
4ac

s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-2 \2
2
4(1)(1)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

4
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 0
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 0)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -1
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
te
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
V(a constant) A
i
P
= A = 1

i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t
+ 1

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-1)0+
+ K
2
(0+)e
(-1)0+
+ 1
1 = K
1
e
0
+ 1
1 = K
1
(1)

+ 1
K
1
= 0
di
(0+) = -K
1
e
-(0+)
- K
2
(0+)e
-(0+)
+ K
2
e
-(0+)

dt
-1 = -K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

-1 = -K
1
(1)

+ K
2
(1)
-1 = -K
1

+ K
2
-1 = -(0)

+ K
2
-1 = K
2
i(t) = (0)e
(-1)t
+ (-1)te
(-1)t
+ 1

i(t) = - te
-t
+ 1

(b)
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 5t (c)
dt
2
dt
i(t) = i
C
+ i
P

s
2
i + 3si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-3 \3
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1), (-2)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
(i)

Particular solution
From table 6.2
A
1
t
n
B
0
t
n
+ B
1
t
n- 1
+ + B
n 1
t + B
n

i
P
= At + B (ii)
P
d
2
d

[At + B] + 3 [At + B] + 2[At + B] = 5t
dt
2
dt
3A + 2At + 2B = 5t
2A = 5
A = 2.5
Constants
3A + 2B = 0
3(2.5) + 2B = 0
7.5 + 2B = 0
B = -3.75
i
P
= 2.5t 3.75
i
P
= -15/4 + 5t/2
i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
- 15/4 + 5t/2 (b)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-1)0+
+ K
2
e
(-2)0+
- 15/4 + 5(0+)/2
1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
- 15/4
1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)

- 15/4
1 = K
1
+ K
2

- 15/4
1 + 15/4 = K
1
+ K
2

4.75 = K
1
+ K
2
(A)
Differentiating (b) at t = 0+
di
(0+) = -K
1
e
(-1)0+
- 2K
2
e
(-2)0+
+ 5/2
dt
-1 = -K
1
e
0
- 2K
2
e
0
+ 5/2
-1 = -K
1
(1) - 2K
2
(1) + 5/2
-1 = -K
1
- 2K
2
+ 5/2
-1 2.5 = -K
1
- 2K
2
-3.5 = -K
1
- 2K
2

From (A)
K
1
= 4.75 K
2
-3.5 = -[4.75 K
2
] - 2K
2

-3.5 = -4.75 + K
2
- 2K
2
-3.5 + 4.75 = -K
2
1.25 = -K
2
K
2
= -1.25
4.75 = K
1
+ (-1.25)
4.75 + 1.25= K
1

K
1
= 6
Putting corresponding values of K
1
& K
2

i(t) = 6e
(-1)t
+ (-1.25)e
(-2)t
- 15/4 + 5t/2

i(t) = 6e
(-1)t
- 1.25e
(-2)t
- 15/4 + 5t/2


(c)
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 10 sin 10t (k)
dt
2
dt
i(t) = i
C
+ i
P

s
2
i + 3si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-3 \3
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1), (-2)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
(i)

Particular solution
From table 6.2
i
P
P
in (k)
d
2
d

dt
2
dt

10 sin 10t
= 10 sin 10t
10 sin 10t
Sin
-100A 30B + 2A = 10
-98A 30B = 10
Cos
-100B + 30A + 2B = 0
-98B + 30A = 0
B = 0.306A
-98A 30(0.306A) = 10
-98A 9.18A = 10
-107.18A = 10

A = -0.094
B = 0.306(-0.094)
B = -0.029
Now
i
P
= -0.094 sin 10t + (-0.029) cos 10t
i
P
= -0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
+

[-0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t]

i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
- 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-1)0+
+ K
2
e
(-2)0+
- 0.094 sin 10(0+) - 0.029 cos 10(0+) (c)
1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
- 0.094 sin 0 - 0.029 cos 0
1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1) - 0.029 (1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
- 0.029
1.029 = K
1
+ K
2
(y)
Differentiating eq. (c) with respect to t
di
(0+) = -K
1
e
-(0+)
- 2K
2
e
(-2)0+
- 0.094(10) cos 10(0+) + 0.029(10) sin 10(0+)
dt
-1 = -K
1
e
0
- 2K
2
e
0
- 0.94 cos 0 + 0.029(10) sin 0
-1 = -K
1
(1) - 2K
2
(1)

- 0.94 (1)
-1 = -K
1
- 2K
2

- 0.94
0.06 = K
1
+ 2K
2

From eq. (y)
K
1
= 1.029 K
2

0.06 = [1.029 K
2
] + 2K
2

0.06 = 1.029 K
2
+ 2K
2
-0.969 = K
2

2
in (y)

1.029 = K
1
+ (-0.969)
1.029 + 0.969 = K
1

1.998 = K
1

i(t) = 1.998e
(-1)t
+ (-0.969)e
(-2)t
- 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

i(t) = 1.998e
(-1)t
- 0.969e
(-2)t
- 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
(d)
d
2
q dq
+ 5 + 6q = te
-t
(m)
dt
2
dt
q(t) = q
C
+ q
P

s
2
q + 5sq + 6q = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-5 \5
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -2, -3
General solution:
q(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


q(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t


Particular solution
q
P
= (At + B)te
-t
-t
P
& i
C

P
in eq. m
d
2
d
[(At + B)te
-t
] + 5 [(At + B)te
-t
] + 6[(At + B)te
-t
] = te
-t

dt
2
dt
At
2
e
-t
- 2Ate
-t
2Ate
-t
+ 2Ae
-t
+ Bte
-t
Be
-t
Be
-t
+ 5[-At
2
e
-t
+ 2Ate
-t
-

Bte
-t
+ Be
-t
]
+ 6[At
2
e
-t
+ Bte
-t
] = te
-t
At
2
e
-t
- 2Ate
-t
2Ate
-t
+ 2Ae
-t
- Bte
-t
Be
-t
Be
-t
- 5At
2
e
-t
+ 10Ate
-t
-

5Bte
-t
+ 5Be
-t

+ 6At
2
e
-t
+ 6Bte
-t
= te
-t

t
2
e
-t
:

A 5A + 6A = 0
2A = 0
A = 0
te
-t
:
-2A 2A + 10A = 1
6B = 3
B = 0.5
e
-t
:
2 B B + 5B = 0
2 + 3B = 0
B = -0.667

When B = 0.5
q
P
= (0t + (0.5))te
-t
q
P
= 0.5te
-t
When B = -0.667
q
P
= (0t + (-0.667))te
-t
q
P
= -0.667te
-t

q(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
- 0.667te
-t
,

K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
+

0.5te
-t

At t = 0+
q(0+) = K
1
e
-2(0+)
+ K
2
e
-3(0+)
- 0.667(0+)e
-(0+)
,

K
1
e
-2(0+)
+ K
2
e
-3(0+)
+

0.5(0+)e
-(0+)
1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
,

K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1),

K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)

1 = K
1
+ K
2
,

K
1
+ K
2
(y)

q(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
- 0.667te
-t
Differentiating with respect to t at t = 0+
dq
(0+) = -2K
1
e
-2(0+)
-3K
2
e
-3(0+)
- 0.667[-(0+)e
-(0+)
+ e
-(0+)
]
dt
-1 = -2K
1
e
0
-3K
2
e
0
- 0.667[e
0
]
-1 = -2K
1
(1) -3K
2
(1)

- 0.667[1]
-1 = -2K
1
-3K
2

- 0.667
0.333 = 2K
1
+ 3K
2

From eq. (y) K
1
= 1 K
2

0.333 = 2[1 K
2
] + 3K
2

0.333 = 2 2K
2
+ 3K
2
0.333 = 2 + K
2
K
2
= 0.333 - 2
K
2
= -1.667
1 = K
1
+ (-1.667)
K
1
= 2.667
q(t) = 2.667e
-2t
+ (-1.667)e
-3t
- 0.667te
-t

q(t) = 2.667e
-2t
- 1.667e
-3t
- 0.667te
-t

(e)
d
2
V dV
+ 5 + 6V = e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t
(n)
dt
2
dt
V(t) = V
C
+ V
P

s
2
V + 5sV + 6V = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-5 \5
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -2, -3

General solution:
V(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


V(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t

Particular solution
V
P
= Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
P
in eq. (n)
d
2
d
[Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
] + 5 [Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
] + 6[Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
] = e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t

dt
2
dt
4Ce
-2t
+ 9Ce
-3t
+ 5[-2Ce
-2t
3Ce
-3t
] + 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t

4Ce
-2t
+ 9Ce
-3t
- 10Ce
-2t
15Ce
-3t
+ 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t
e
-2t
4C 10C + 6C = 1
4C 10C + 6C = 1
C = 0
V
P
= (0)e
-2t
+ (0)e
-3t
V
P
= 0
V(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
+ 0
V(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
(k)
At t = 0+
V(0+) = K
1
e
-2(0+)
+ K
2
e
-3(0+)

1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
1 = K
1
+ K
2
(A)
Differentiating eq. (k) with respect to t
dV
(0+) = -2K
1
e
-2(0+)
- 3K
2
e
-3(0+)

dt
-1 = -2K
1
e
0
- 3K
2
e
0

-1 = -2K
1
(1) - 3K
2
(1)
-1 = -2K
1
- 3K
2
(B)
K
1
= 1 K
2
-1 = -2[1 K
2
] - 3K
2
(B)
-1 = -2 + 2K
2
- 3K
2

-1 = K
2
1 = K
1
+ (-1)

(A)
2 = K
1

V(t) = 2e
-2t
+ (-1)e
-3t
(k)
V(t) = 2e
-2t
- e
-3t

Q#6.20: Find the particular solutions to the differential equations of Prob. 6.18 for
the following initial conditions:
dx

x(0+) = 2 & (0+) = -1
dt
where x is the general dependent variable.
(a)
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i = 1
dt
2
dt
i(t) = i
C
+ i
P

s
2
i + 2si + 1i = 0
s
2
+ 2s + 1 = 0
A 1
B 2
C 1

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-2 \2
2
4(1)(1)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \4

4
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 \0
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2 0
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 0)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -1
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
te
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
V(a constant) A

i
P
= A = 1

i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
te
(-1)t
+ 1

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-1)0+
+ K
2
(0+)e
(-1)0+
+ 1
2 = K
1
e
0
+ 1
2 = K
1
(1)

+ 1
K
1
= 1
di
(0+) = -K
1
e
-(0+)
- K
2
(0+)e
-(0+)
+ K
2
e
-(0+)

dt
-1 = -K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0

-1 = -K
1
(1)

+ K
2
(1)
-1 = -K
1

+ K
2
-1 = -(1)

+ K
2
0 = K
2
i(t) = (1)e
(-1)t
+ (0)te
(-1)t
+ 1

i(t) = e
-t
+ 1

(b)
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 5t (c)
dt
2
dt
i(t) = i
C
+ i
P

s
2
i + 3si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-3 \3
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \1

s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1), (-2)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
(i)

Particular solution
From table 6.2
A
1
t
n
B
0
t
n
+ B
1
t
n- 1
+ + B
n 1
t + B
n

i
P
= At + B (ii)
P
d
2
d
[At + B] + 3 [At + B] + 2[At + B] = 5t
dt
2
dt
3A + 2At + 2B = 5t
2A = 5
A = 2.5
Constants
3A + 2B = 0
3(2.5) + 2B = 0
7.5 + 2B = 0
B = -3.75
i
P
= 2.5t 3.75
i
P
= -15/4 + 5t/2
i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
- 15/4 + 5t/2 (b)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-1)0+
+ K
2
e
(-2)0+
- 15/4 + 5(0+)/2
2 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
- 15/4
2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)

- 15/4
2 = K
1
+ K
2

- 15/4
2 + 15/4 = K
1
+ K
2

5.75 = K
1
+ K
2
(A)
Differentiating (b) at t = 0+
di
(0+) = -K
1
e
(-1)0+
- 2K
2
e
(-2)0+
+ 5/2
dt
-1 = -K
1
e
0
- 2K
2
e
0
+ 5/2

-1 = -K
1
(1) - 2K
2
(1) + 5/2
-1 = -K
1
- 2K
2
+ 5/2
-1 2.5 = -K
1
- 2K
2
-3.5 = -K
1
- 2K
2

From (A)
K
1
= 5.75 K
2
-3.5 = -[5.75 K
2
] - 2K
2

-3.5 = -5.75 + K
2
- 2K
2
-3.5 + 5.75 = -K
2
2.25 = -K
2
K
2
= -2.25
5.75 = K
1
+ (-2.25)
5.75 + 2.25= K
1

K
1
= 8
Putting corresponding values of K
1
& K
2

i(t) = 8e
(-1)t
+ (-2.25)e
(-2)t
- 15/4 + 5t/2

i(t) = 8e
(-1)t
- 2.25e
(-2)t
- 15/4 + 5t/2

(c)
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 10 sin 10t (k)
dt
2
dt
i(t) = i
C
+ i
P

s
2
i + 3si + 2i = 0
s
2
+ 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-3 \3
2
4(1)(2)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \9

8
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-3 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-3 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-1), (-2)
General solution:
v(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
(i)

Particular solution
From table 6.2
i
P
P
in (k)
d
2
d

dt
2
dt
10 sin 10t
= 10 sin 10t
10 sin 10t
Sin
-100A 30B + 2A = 10
-98A 30B = 10
Cos
-100B + 30A + 2B = 0
-98B + 30A = 0
B = 0.306A
-98A 30(0.306A) = 10
-98A 9.18A = 10
-107.18A = 10

A = -0.094
B = 0.306(-0.094)
B = -0.029
Now
i
P
= -0.094 sin 10t + (-0.029) cos 10t
i
P
= -0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
+

[-0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t]

i(t) = K
1
e
(-1)t
+ K
2
e
(-2)t
- 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
(-1)0+
+ K
2
e
(-2)0+
- 0.094 sin 10(0+) - 0.029 cos 10(0+) (c)

2 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
- 0.094 sin 0 - 0.029 cos 0
2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1) - 0.029 (1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
- 0.029
2.029 = K
1
+ K
2
(y)
Differentiating eq. (c) with respect to t
di
(0+) = -K
1
e
-(0+)
- 2K
2
e
(-2)0+
- 0.094(10) cos 10(0+) + 0.029(10) sin 10(0+)
dt
-1 = -K
1
e
0
- 2K
2
e
0
- 0.94 cos 0 + 0.029(10) sin 0
-1 = -K
1
(1) - 2K
2
(1)

- 0.94 (1)
-1 = -K
1
- 2K
2

- 0.94
0.06 = K
1
+ 2K
2

From eq. (y)
K
1
= 2.029 K
2

0.06 = [2.029 K
2
] + 2K
2

0.06 = 2.029 K
2
+ 2K
2
-1.969 = K
2

2
in (y)
1.029 = K
1
+ (-1.969)
1.029 + 1.969 = K
1

2.998 = K
1

i(t) = 2.998e
(-1)t
+ (-1.969)e
(-2)t
- 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

i(t) = 2.998e
(-1)t
- 1.969e
(-2)t
- 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

(d)
d
2
q dq
+ 5 + 6q = te
-t
(m)
dt
2
dt
q(t) = q
C
+ q
P

s
2
q + 5sq + 6q = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a

-5 \5
2
4(1)(6)

s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)

-5 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -2, -3
General solution:
q(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


q(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t

Particular solution
q
P
= (At + B)te
-t
-t
P
& i
C

P
in eq. m
d
2
d
[(At + B)te
-t
] + 5 [(At + B)te
-t
] + 6[(At + B)te
-t
] = te
-t

dt
2
dt
At
2
e
-t
- 2Ate
-t
2Ate
-t
+ 2Ae
-t
+ Bte
-t
Be
-t
Be
-t
+ 5[-At
2
e
-t
+ 2Ate
-t
-

Bte
-t
+ Be
-t
]
+ 6[At
2
e
-t
+ Bte
-t
] = te
-t
At
2
e
-t
- 2Ate
-t
2Ate
-t
+ 2Ae
-t
- Bte
-t
Be
-t
Be
-t
- 5At
2
e
-t
+ 10Ate
-t
-

5Bte
-t
+ 5Be
-t

+ 6At
2
e
-t
+ 6Bte
-t
= te
-t

t
2
e
-t
:

A 5A + 6A = 0
2A = 0
A = 0
te
-t
:
-2A 2A + 10A = 1
6B = 3
B = 0.5
e
-t
:
2 B B + 5B = 0
2 + 3B = 0
B = -0.667


When B = 0.5
q
P
= (0t + (0.5))te
-t
q
P
= 0.5te
-t
When B = -0.667
q
P
= (0t + (-0.667))te
-t
q
P
= -0.667te
-t

q(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
- 0.667te
-t
,

K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
+

0.5te
-t

At t = 0+
q(0+) = K
1
e
-2(0+)
+ K
2
e
-3(0+)
- 0.667(0+)e
-(0+)
,

K
1
e
-2(0+)
+ K
2
e
-3(0+)
+

0.5(0+)e
-(0+)
2 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
,

K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1),

K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)

2 = K
1
+ K
2
,

K
1
+ K
2
(y)

q(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
- 0.667te
-t
Differentiating with respect to t at t = 0+
dq
(0+) = -2K
1
e
-2(0+)
-3K
2
e
-3(0+)
- 0.667[-(0+)e
-(0+)
+ e
-(0+)
]
dt
-1 = -2K
1
e
0
-3K
2
e
0
- 0.667[e
0
]
-1 = -2K
1
(1) -3K
2
(1)

- 0.667[1]
-1 = -2K
1
-3K
2

- 0.667
0.333 = 2K
1
+ 3K
2

From eq. (y) K
1
= 1 K
2
0.333 = 2[2 K
2
] + 3K
2

0.333 = 4 2K
2
+ 3K
2
0.333 = 4 + K
2
K
2
= 0.333 - 4
K
2
= -3.667
1 = K
1
+ (-3.667)
K
1
= 4.667
q(t) = 4.667e
-2t
+ (-3.667)e
-3t
- 0.667te
-t

q(t) = 4.667e
-2t
- 3.667e
-3t
- 0.667te
-t

(e)
d
2
V dV
+ 5 + 6V = e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t
(n)
dt
2
dt
V(t) = V
C
+ V
P

s
2
V + 5sV + 6V = 0
s
2
+ 5s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-5 \5
2
4(1)(6)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \25

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 \1
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-5 1
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -2, -3
General solution:
V(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


V(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t

Particular solution
V
P
= Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
P
in eq. (n)
d
2
d
[Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
] + 5 [Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
] + 6[Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
] = e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t

dt
2
dt
4Ce
-2t
+ 9Ce
-3t
+ 5[-2Ce
-2t
3Ce
-3t
] + 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t

4Ce
-2t
+ 9Ce
-3t
- 10Ce
-2t
15Ce
-3t
+ 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 5e
-3t
e
-2t
4C 10C + 6C = 1
4C 10C + 6C = 1
C = 0
V
P
= (0)e
-2t
+ (0)e
-3t
V
P
= 0
V(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
+ 0
V(t) = K
1
e
-2t
+ K
2
e
-3t
(k)
At t = 0+
V(0+) = K
1
e
-2(0+)
+ K
2
e
-3(0+)

2 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0


2 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)
2 = K
1
+ K
2
(A)
Differentiating eq. (k) with respect to t
dV
(0+) = -2K
1
e
-2(0+)
- 3K
2
e
-3(0+)

dt
-1 = -2K
1
e
0
- 3K
2
e
0

-1 = -2K
1
(1) - 3K
2
(1)
-1 = -2K
1
- 3K
2
(B)
K
1
= 2 K
2
-1 = -2[2 K
2
] - 3K
2
(B)
-1 = -4 + 2K
2
- 3K
2

-3 = K
2
1 = K
1
+ (-3)

(A)
4 = K
1

V(t) = 4e
-2t
+ (-3)e
-3t
(k)
V(t) = 4e
-2t
- 3e
-3t

d
3
i d
2
i di
2 + 9 + 13 + 6i = K
0
te
-t
sint (u)
dt dt dt
2s
3
i + 9s
2
i + 13si + 6i = 0
X-TICS EQUATION:
2s
3
+ 9s
2
+ 13s + 6 = 0

2 9 13 6

-1 -2 -07 -6


s = -1
(s + 1)(2s
2
+ 7s + 6) = 0
2s
2
+ 7s + 6 = 0
A 2
B 7
C 6

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-7 \7
2
4(1)(6)

s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 \49

24
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 \25
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-7 5
s
1
, s
2
=
2
s
1
, s
2
= (-7 + 5)/2, (-7 5)/2
s
1
, s
2
= (-2)/2, (-12)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1, -6
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
s1t
+ K
2
e
s2t


i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-6t

So 1, -1, -6 are roots of the X-TICS equation.
General solution:
i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-1t
+ K
3
e
-6t
(i)

Particular olution
i
P
=

Fte
-t
cos t + Gte
-t
sin t
P
in (u)
Here in eq. (u) i = i
P
Simplification
I
st
derivative of i
P
:
= F(1)e
-t
cos t + Ft(-e
-t
)cos t + Fte
-t
(-sin t) + G(1)e
-t
sin t + Gt(-e
-t
)sin t + Gte
-t
cos t

= Fe
-t
cos t - Fte
-t
cos t - Fte
-t
sin t + Ge
-t
sin t - Gte
-t
sin t + Gte
-t
cos t

2
nd
derivative of i
P
:
= F[-e
-t
sin t e
-t
cos t] F[e
-t
cos t - te
-t
cos t - te
-t
sin t] F[e
-t
sin t - te
-t
sin t + te
-t
cos t] +
G[e
-t
cos t e
-t
sin t] G[e
-t
sin t - te
-t
sin t + te
-t
cos t] + G[e
-t
cos t - te
-t
cos t - te
-t
sin t]

= -2Fe
-t
sin t 2Fe
-t
cos t + 2Fte
-t
sin t + 2Ge
-t
cos t 2Ge
-t
sin t - 2Gte
-t
cos t

3
rd
derivative of i
P
:
= -2F[e
-t
cos t e
-t
sin t] - 2F[-e
-t
sin t e
-t
cos t] + 2F[e
-t
sin t - te
-t
sin t + te
-t
cos t]
+ 2G[-e
-t
sin t e
-t
cos t] 2G[e
-t
cos t e
-t
sin t] 2G[e
-t
cos t - te
-t
cos t - te
-t
sin t]

= 6Fe
-t
sin t 2Fte
-t
sin t + 2Fte
-t
cos t 6Ge
-t
cos t + 2Gte
-t
cos t + 2Gte
-t
sin t

2[6Fe
-t
sin t 2Fte
-t
sin t + 2Fte
-t
cos t 6Ge
-t
cos t + 2Gte
-t
cos t + 2Gte
-t
sin t] +

9[-2Fe
-t
sin t 2Fe
-t
cos t + 2Fte
-t
sin t + 2Ge
-t
cos t 2Ge
-t
sin t - 2Gte
-t
cos t] +

13[Fe
-t
cos t - Fte
-t
cos t - Fte
-t
sin t + Ge
-t
sin t - Gte
-t
sin t + Gte
-t
cos t] +

6[Fte
-t
cos t + Gte
-t
sin t] = K
0
te
-t
sin t

12Fe
-t
sin t 4Fte
-t
sin t + 4Fte
-t
cos t 12Ge
-t
cos t + 4Gte
-t
cos t + 4Gte
-t
sin t

- 18Fe
-t
sin t 4Fe
-t
cos t + 4Fte
-t
sin t + 4Ge
-t
cos t 4Ge
-t
sin t - 4Gte
-t
cos t +

13Fe
-t
cos t - 13Fte
-t
cos t - 13Fte
-t
sin t + 13Ge
-t
sin t - 13Gte
-t
sin t + 13Gte
-t
cos t +

6Fte
-t
cos t + 6Gte
-t
sin t = K
0
te
-t
sin t
Comparing coefficients
e
-t
sin t:
12F 18F 4G + 13G = 0
-6F + 9G = 0
-2F + 3G = 0 (7)
te
-t
sin t:
-4F + 4G + 4F 13F 13G + 6G = K
0
-3G 13F = K
0
(8)
From eq. (7) F = 1.5G put in (8)
-3G 13(1.5G) = K
0

-3G 19.5G = K
0

-22.5G = K
0

G = -0.045K
0

Put in (7)
-2F + 3(-0.045K
0
) = 0
-2F 0.135K
0
= 0
F = -0.068K
0

i
P
=

(-0.068K
0
)te
-t
cos t + (-0.045K
0
)te
-t
sin t
i
P
=

-0.068K
0
te
-t
cos t - 0.045K
0
te
-t
sin t
i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-1t
+ K
3
e
-6t
+

(-0.068K
0
te
-t
cos t - 0.045K
0
te
-t
sin t)

i(t) = K
1
e
-1t
+ K
2
e
-1t
+ K
3
e
-6t
- 0.068K
0
te
-t
cos t - 0.045K
0
te
-t
sin t (9)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-1(0+)
+ K
2
e
-1(0+)
+ K
3
e
-6(0+)
- 0.068K
0
(0+)e
-(0+)
cos (0+) - 0.045K
0
(0+)e
-(0+)
sin
(0+)
1 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
+ K
3
e
0
1 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1) + K
3
(1)

1 = K
1
+ K
2
+ K
3

Differentiating eq. (9) with respect to t

di
(0+) = -K
1
e
-(0+)
- K
2
e
-1(0+)
- 6K
3
e
-6(0+)
- 0.068K
0
[e
-(0+)
cos (0+)
dt
(0+)e
-(0+)
cos (0+) (0+)e
-(0+)
sin (0+)] - 0.045K
0
[e
-(0+)
sin (0+) (0+)e
-(0+)
sin (0+) +
(0+)e
-(0+)
cos (0+)]
-1 = -K1 K2 6K3 - 0.068K
0
[1]
-1 = -K
1
K
2
6K
3
- 0.068K
0

1 = K
1
+ K
2
+ 6K
3
+ 0.068K
0

Q#6.22: A special generator has a voltage variation given by the equation V(t) = t V,
where t is the time in seconds and t > 0. This generator is connected to an RL series
circuit, where R = 2 O and L = 1 H, at time t = 0 by the closing of a switch. Find the
equation for the current as a function of time i(t).

K L

V(t) i
R

At t > 0
According to KVL
di
L + iR = V(t) (c)
dt
di
+ 2i = t
dt
V(t) = V
C
+ V
P

si + 2i = 0
s + 2 = 0
s = -2
+
-

i
C
= Ke
st
i
C
= Ke
(-2)t

i
C
= Ke
-2t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
A
1
t
n
B
0
t
n
+ B
1
t
n- 1
+ + B
n 1
t + B
n

i
P
= At + B (ii)
P
d
[At + B] + 2[At + B] = t
dt
After simplifications
A + 2At + 2B = t
t:
2A = 1
A = 0.5
Constants:
A + 2B = 0
0.5 + 2B = 0
B = -0.25
i
P
= 0.5t + (-0.25) (ii)
i
P
= 0.5t - 0.25

i(t) = Ke
-2t
+

0.5t - 0.25

At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke
-2(0+)
+

0.5(0+) - 0.25
0 = Ke
0
- 0.25 i(0+) = i(0-) = 0 (due to inductor)
0 = K(1) - 0.25
K = 0.25
i(t) = 0.25e
-2t
+

0.5t - 0.25

Q#6.23: A bolt (flash of lighting) of lightning having a waveform which is
approximated as V(t) = te-t strikes a transmission line having resistance R = 0.1 O
and inductance L = 0.1 H. Find i(t) =?
Solution:

+
-

At t > 0
According to KVL
di
L + iR = V(t)
dt
di
(0.1) + (0.1)i = te
-t
(h)
dt
V(t) = V
C
+ V
P

0.1si + 0.1i = 0
s + 1 = 0
s = -1
i
C
= Ke
st
i
C
= Ke
(-1)t

i
C
= Ke
-1t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
Particular solution
i
P
= (At + B)te
-t
-t
P
& i
C

Putting the value of q
P
in eq. (h)
0.1[-At
2
e
-t
+ 2Ate
-t
-

Bte
-t
+ Be
-t
] + 0.1[At
2
e
-t
+ Bte
-t
] = te
-t
-0.1At
2
e
-t
+ 0.2Ate
-t

0.1Bte
-t
+ 0.1Be
-t
+ 0.1At
2
e
-t
+ 0.1Bte
-t
] = te
-t
Equating coefficients:
t
2
e
-t
:
-0.1A + 0.1A = 0
te
-t
:
0.2A 0.1B + 0.1B = 1
0.2A = 1
A = 5
e
-t
:
0.1B = 0
B = 0
i
P
= (5t + 0)te
-t
i
P
= 5t
2
e
-t

i(t) = Ke
-1t
+

5t
2
e
-t
i(t) = Ke
-t
+

5t
2
e
-t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke
-(0+)
+

5(0+)
2
e
-(0+)

0 = Ke
0

0 = K
i(t) = 0e
-1t
+

5t
2
e
-t

i(t) = 5t
2
e
-t
i(0+) = i(0-) = 0 (due to inductor)

Q#6.24: In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0 with the
capacitor initially unenergized. For the numerical values given, find i(t).

Here
V
C
(0-) = V
C
(0+) = 0 V
&
10e
-(0+)
sin (0+) u(0+)
i(0+) =
10
10e
0
sin (0) u(0+)
i(0+) =
10
i(0+) = 0 Amp.
For t > 0, KVL
1
10i + }idt = 10e
-t
sin t u(t)
(10(10
-6
))
1
10i + }idt = 10e
-t
sin t
(10(10
-6
))
i + 10
4
}idt = e
-t
sin t
di
+ 10
4
i = e
-t
(cost - sin t) (1)
dt
It is a nonhomogeneous differential equation
si + 10
4
i = 0
+
-


s + 10
4
= 0
s = -10
4
Therefore complementary function is
i
C
= Ke
-10, 000t

The form of particular integral is
From table 6.2
i
P
= (Acost + Bsint)e
-t
P
in eq. (1)
-Ae
-t
sint Ae
-t
cost + Be
-t
cost - Be
-t
sint + 10, 000[(Acost + Bsint)e
-t
] = e
-t
(cost - sin t)
-Ae
-t
sint Ae
-t
cost + Be
-t
cost - Be
-t
sint + 10, 000Acoste
-t
+ 10, 000Bsinte
-t

= e
-t
cost - e
-t
sin t
e
-t
sint:
-A B + 10, 000B = -1
-A + 9999B = -1 (2)
e
-t
cost:
-A + B + 10, 000A = 1
B + 9999A = 1 (3)
From (2)
A = 1 + 9999B
B + 9999[1 + 9999B] = 1 (3)
B + 9999 + 9999(9999)B = 1
B + 99980001B = -9998
B[1 + 99980001] = -9998
B[99980002] = -9998
B = -10
-4
A = 1 + 9999(-1/10000)

A = 1 0.9999
A = 10
-4
i
P
= (10
-4
cost + (-10
-4
)sint)e
-t
i
P
= (10
-4
cost - 10
-4
sint)e
-t
Complete solution is
i(t) = Ke-
10, 000t
+ (10
-4
cost - 10
-4
sint)e
-t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke-
10, 000(0+)
+ (10
-4
cos(0+) - 10
-4
sin(0+))e
-(0+)
0 = Ke
0
+ (10
-4
(1) - 10
-4
(0))e
0
0 = K(1) + (10
-4
(1) - 10
-4
(0))(1)

0 = K + 10
-4
K = -10
-4

i(t) = (-10
-4
)e-
10, 000t
+ (10
-4
cost - 10
-4
sint)e
-t

Q#6.25: In the network shown in the accompanying figure, a steady state is reached
with the switch K open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. For the element values given,
determine the current, i(t) for t > 0.
Solution:

0.5 F

R = 1000 O

100 sin 377 t

L = 1 H

By phasors:
V = 100Z0
0
jX
L
= jeL
jX
L
= j(377)(1)
jX
L
= j377
1
-jXC = -j
eC
-jXC = -j5305.04
Therefore
V
I =
R + jX
L
- jX
C

I = 0.0198Z78.53
0

That is
i(t) = 0.0198sin(377t + 78.53
0
)
Also
V
C
= I(-jX
C
)
V
C
= (0.0198Z78.53
0
)(5305.04Z-90
0
)
V
C
= 105.040Z-11.47
0
Therefore
V
C
(t) = 105.040sin(377t + (-11.47
0
))

V
C
(t) = 105.040sin(377t - 11.47
0
)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = 0.0198sin(377(0+) + 78.53
0
)
i(0+) = 0.0198sin(78.53
0
)
i(0+) = 0.0198[0.981]
+
-

i(0+) = 0.019 amp
At t = 0+
V
C
(0+) = 105.040sin(377(0+) - 11.47
0
)
V
C
(0+) = 105.040sin(-11.47
0
)
V
C
(0+) = 105.040[-sin(11.47
0
)]
V
C
(0+) = 105.040[-0.199]
V
C
(0+) = -20.903 Volts
For t > 0
According to KVL
di 1
L + }idt = 100sin377t (d)
dt C
d
2
i i
L + = 100(377)cos377t
dt
2
C
d
2
i i 37700cos377t
+ =
dt
2
LC L
d
2
i i 37700cos377t
+ =
dt
2
(1)(0.5(10
-6
)) 1
d
2
i
+ 2(10
6
)i = 37700cos377t (5)
dt
2

s
2
i + 2(10
6
)i = 37700cos377t
Complementary solution:
s
2
+ 2(10
6
) = 0
s = j1414.21
i
C
= K
1
cos1414.21 t + K
2
sin1414.21 t
Particular solution:
i
P
= Acos377t + Bsin377t
P
in eq. (5)
-(377)
2
Acos377t (377)
2
Bsin(377)t + 2(10
6
)[Acos(377)t + Bsin(377)t] = 37700cos377t
-(377)
2
Acos377t (377)
2
Bsin377t + 2000000Acos377t + 2000000Bsin377t =
37700cos377t
cos377t:
-(377)
2
A + 2000000A = 37700
-142129A + 2000000A = 37700
1857871A = 37700
A = 0.020
sin377t:
(377)
2
B + 2000000B = 0
B = 0

i
P
= 0.02cos377t + (0)sin377t
i
P
= 0.02cos377t
Complete solution:
i(t) = K
1
cos1414.21 t + K
2
sin1414.21 t + 0.02cos377t (Q)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
cos1414.21(0+) + K
2
sin1414.21(0+) + 0.02cos377(0+)
0.019 = K
1
cos(0) + 0.02cos(0)
= K
1
(1) + 0.02(1)
= K
1
+ 0.02
K
1
= 0.019 0.02
K
1
= -0.001
Differentiating eq. (Q) with respect to t
di(t)
= -1414.21K
1
sin1414.21 t + 1414.21K
2
cos1414.21 t + 0.02(-377s)sin377t
dt
From differential eq. (d) at t = 0+
di(0+)
+ V
C
(0+) = 100sin377t (d)
dt
di(0+)
+ V
C
(0+) = 100sin377(0+)
dt
di(0+)
+ (-20.903) = 0
dt

di(0+)
= 20.903
dt

20.903 = -1414.21K
1
sin1414.21(0+) + 1414.21K
2
cos1414.21(0+)
+ 0.02(-377s)sin377(0+)
20.903 = -1414.21K
1
sin0 + 1414.21K
2
cos0 + 0.02(-377s)sin0
20.903 = 1414.21K
2
(1) + 0
20.903 = 1414.21K
2

K
2
= 0.015
Therefore

i(t) = -0.001cos1414.21 t + 0.015sin1414.21 t + 0.02cos377t

Q#6.26: In the network shown in figure, a steady state is reached with the switch K
open. At t = 0, the value of the resistor R is changed to the critical value, R
cr
defined
by equation (6.88). For the element values given, determine the current i(t) for t > 0.
Solution:


L
R
cr
= 2
C

R
cr
= 2(1414.214)
R
cr
= 2828.428 O
For t > 0
According to KVL
di 1
R
cr
i + L + }idt = 100sin377t (x)
dt C
di d
2
i i
R
cr
+ L + = 37700cos377t
dt dt
2
C
di d
2
i
2828.428 + (1) + 2(10
6
)i = 37700cos377t (w)
dt dt
2
s
2
i + 2828.428si + 2(10
6
)i = 0
s
2
+ 2828.428s + 2(10
6
) = 0
A 1
B 2828.428
C 2(10
6
)

-b \b
2
4ac
s
1
, s
2
=
2a
-2828.428 \2828.428
2
4(1)(2000000)
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2828.428 \8000004.952

8000000
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2828.428 \4.952
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
-2828.428 2.225
s
1
, s
2
=
2(1)
s
1
, s
2
= (-2828.428 + 2.225)/2, (-2828.428 - 2.225)/2
s
1
, s
2
= -1413.102, -1415.326


i(t) = K
1
e
-1413.102t
+ K
2
e
-1415.326t

Form of particular integral is
i
P
= Acos377t + Bsin377t
P
in eq. (w)
-(377)
2
Acos377t (377)
2
Bsin377t + 2828.428[-377Asin377t + B377sin377t]
+ 2000000[Acos377t + Bsin377t] = 37700cos377t
-142129Acos377t 142129Bsin377t - 1066317.356Asin377t + 1066317.356Bsin377t
+ 2000000Acos377t + 2000000Bsin377t = 37700cos377t
cos377t:
-142129A + 2000000A = 37700
A = 0.020
sin377t:
142129B - 1066317.356A + 1066317.356B + 2000000B = 0
2924188.356B - 1066317.356(0.020) = 0
2924188.356B = 1066317.356(0.020)
2924188.356B = 21326.34712
B = 0.007
i
P
= 0.020cos377t + 0.007sin377t
Complete solution:

i(t) = K
1
e
-1413.102t
+ K
2
e
-1415.326t
+

0.020cos377t + 0.007sin377t (a)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K
1
e
-1413.102(0+)
+ K
2
e
-1415.326(0+)
+

0.020cos377(0+) + 0.007sin377(0+)
0.019 = K
1
e
0
+ K
2
e
0
+

0.020
0.019 = K
1
(1) + K
2
(1)

+

0.020
-0.001 = K
1
+ K
2
(z)
Differentiating eq. (a) with respect to t at t = 0+
di
(0+) = -1413.102K
1
e
-1413.102(0+)
- 1415.326K
2
e
-1415.326(0+)
+

0.020(-377)sin377(0+) +
dt
0.007(377)cos377(0+) (g)
At t = 0+ eq. (x) gives
di
(0+) = -32.84
dt
-32.84 = -1413.102K
1
e
-1413.102(0+)
- 1415.326K
2
e
-1415.326(0+)
+

0.020(-377)sin377(0+) +
0.007(377)cos377(0+) (g)
-32.84 = -1413.102K
1
e
0
- 1415.326K
2
e
0
+ 0.007(377)cos 0
-32.84 = -1413.102K
1
(1) - 1415.326K
2
(1) + 0.007(377)(1)
-32.84 = -1413.102K
1
- 1415.326K
2
+ 2.639
-32.84 2.639 = -1413.102K
1
- 1415.326K
2

-35.479 = -1413.102K
1
- 1415.326K
2


35.479 = 1413.102K
1
+ 1415.326K
2
From eq. (z)
K
1
= -0.001 K
2

35.479 = 1413.102[-0.001 K
2
] + 1415.326K
2

35.479 = 1413.102[-0.001] 1413.102K
2
+ 1415.326K
2

35.479 = -1.413102 + 2.224K
2

K
2
= 16.588
K
1
= -0.001 16.588
K
1
= -16.589

i(t) = [-16.589]e
-1413.102t
+ [16.588]e
-1415.326t
+

0.020cos377t + 0.007sin377t

Q#6.27: Consider the network shown in figure P6.24. The capacitor has an initial
voltage, V
C
= 10 V. At t = 0, the switch K is closed. Determine i(t) for t > 0.
Solution:
Here
V
C
(0-) = V
C
(0+) = 10 V
V(t) V
C
(t)
i(t) =
10
V(0+) V
C
(0+)
i(0+) =
10
V(0+) = 10e
-(0+)
sin (0+) u(0+)
V(0+) = 10(1)(0)(1)
V(0+) = 0 Volts
0 10
i(0+) =
10
i(0+) = -1 amp.
For t > 0, KVL
1
10i + }idt = 10e
-t
sin t u(t)
(10(10
-6
))
1
10i + }idt = 10e
-t
sin t
(10(10
-6
))
i + 10
4
}idt = e
-t
sin t
di
+ 10
4
i = e
-t
(cost - sin t) (1)
dt
si + 10
4
i = 0

s + 10
4
= 0
s = -10
4
i
C
= Ke
-10, 000t

From table 6.2
i
P
= (Acost + Bsint)e
-t
P
in eq. (1)
-Ae
-t
sint Ae
-t
cost + Be
-t
cost - Be
-t
sint + 10, 000[(Acost + Bsint)e
-t
] = e
-t
(cost - sin t)
-Ae
-t
sint Ae
-t
cost + Be
-t
cost - Be
-t
sint + 10, 000Acoste
-t
+ 10, 000Bsinte
-t

= e
-t
cost - e
-t
sin t
e
-t
sint:
-A B + 10, 000B = -1
-A + 9999B = -1 (2)
e
-t
cost:
-A + B + 10, 000A = 1
B + 9999A = 1 (3)
From (2)
A = 1 + 9999B
B + 9999[1 + 9999B] = 1 (3)
B + 9999 + 9999(9999)B = 1
B + 99980001B = -9998
B[1 + 99980001] = -9998
B[99980002] = -9998
B = -10
-4
A = 1 + 9999(-1/10000)

A = 1 0.9999
A = 10
-4
i
P
= (10
-4
cost + (-10
-4
)sint)e
-t
i
P
= (10
-4
cost - 10
-4
sint)e
-t
Complete solution is
i(t) = Ke-
10, 000t
+ (10
-4
cost - 10
-4
sint)e
-t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke-
10, 000(0+)
+ (10
-4
cos(0+) - 10
-4
sin(0+))e
-(0+)
-1 = Ke
0
+ (10
-4
(1) - 10
-4
(0))e
0
-1 = K(1) + (10
-4
(1) - 10
-4
(0))(1)

-1 = K + 10
-4
K = -1 - 10
-4

i(t) = (-1 - 10
-4
)e-
10, 000t
+ (10
-4
cost - 10
-4
sint)e
-t

Q#6.28: The network of the figure is operating in the steady state with the switch K
open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. Find an expression for the voltage, V(t) for t > 0.
Solution:



V(0-) = V(0+) = I
0
sin et [R
1
+ R
2
]


Equivalent circuit after switching:

For t > 0
According to KCL
dV(t) V(t)
C + = I
0
sin et
dt R
1
dV(t) V(t) I
0
sin et
+ = (u)
dt CR
1
C
1
sV(t) + V(t) = 0
CR
1

1
s + = 0
CR
1

1
s = -
CR
1

V
C
= Ke
-(1/CR1)t

V
P
= Asin et + Bcos et
Putting the value of V
P
in eq. (u)
eAcos et - eBsin et + [1/CR
1
][Asin et + Bcos et] = (I
0
sin et)/C
eAcos et - eBsin et + [1/CR
1
]Asin et + [1/CR
1
]Bcos et = (I
0
sin et)/C


cos et:
eA + [1/CR
1
]B = 0 A = -B/eCR
1

sin et:
-eB + [1/CR
1
]A = I
0
/C
-eB + [1/CR
1
][-B/eCR
1
] = I
0
/C

B = I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]

A = -[I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]/eCR
1

Complete solution
V(t) = Ke
-(1/CR1)t
+

[-[I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]/eCR
1
]sin et + [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]cos et
At t = 0+
V(0+) = Ke
-(1/CR1)0+
+

[-[I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]/eCR
1
]sin e(0+) + [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]cos
e(0+)
I
0
sin et [R
1
+ R
2
] = K(1) + [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]
I
0
sin et [R
1
+ R
2
] = K + [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]

K = I
0
sin et [R
1
+ R
2
] - [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]

V(t) = [I
0
sin et [R
1
+ R
2
] - [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]]e
-(1/CR1)t
+

[-[I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]/eCR
1
]sin
et + [I
0
/C[-e - 1/C
2
R
1
2
]]cos et

Q#6.29: Consider a series RLC network which is excited by a voltage source.
1.Determine the characteristic equation.
2.Locus of the roots of the equation.
3.Plot the roots of the equation.
Solution:

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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.

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